颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床治疗经验

目的 探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤(ICCA)的治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析55例经病理证实的颅内海绵状血管瘤病人的临床资料.其中采用常规开颅方式手术30例,神经导航手术19例,立体定向手术6例.结果 全切除52例,大部切除3例.术后无死亡,无颅内出血.术后主要并发症为感染、脑水肿和脑梗死,对症治疗后均好转.结论 神经导航手术是...     

神经导航定位颅内海绵状血管瘤显微外科切除

目的研究神经导航技术在颅内海绵状血管瘤显微切除手术中的作用和效果。方法对18例颅内海绵状血管瘤病人术前采用神经影像导航定位,对病灶进行三维重建,制订手术治疗计划,术中根据手术计划选择手术入路与手术范围。结果17例全切除,1例脑干病灶部分残存。定位准确,平均误差(2.0±1.2)mm。术后2例出现一过性轻偏瘫。结论神经导航系统可精确定位颅内海绵状血管瘤,使手术入路的设计更为合理,有效保护病人神经功能,减少并发症。     

立体定向辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤

目的 探讨利用立体定向技术,辅助皮层电极监测,开放显微手术切除导致顽固性癫痫的脑内海绵状血管瘤,提高微创手术的治疗效果.方法 26例顽固性癫痫病例,MRI示脑内海绵状血管瘤(直径在0.5～2.5 cm),视频脑电图检查诊断与MRI定位一致.10例采用常规显微手术切除,16例利用立体定向技术,放置硅胶管引导显微手术切除病灶,辅助皮层脑电图监测确认致痫灶切除.结果 手术时间:常规组为3.5小时,定向组为2.3小时.病灶全切率:常规组80%(8/10),定向组93.7%(15/16).全部病例得到随访,时间平均18个月,常规组癫痫消失8例,脑电图记录到癫痫波2例,临床癫痫发作2例.定向组癫痫消失14例,脑电图记录到癫痫波2例,临床癫痫发作1例.结论 在没有导航系统的条件下,立体定向引导显微开放手术,辅助皮层电极监测,切除以顽固性癫痫为症状的海绵状血管瘤是一种定位精确、微创、安全、有效的方法.     

35例颅内海绵状血管瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤手术方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012~2019年手术治疗的35例颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床资料。21例采用神经导航辅助开颅手术治疗,10例采用立体定向手术,4例采用直接开颅手术治疗。结果 33例颅内海绵状血管瘤全切除,2例次全切;术后症状缓解17列,无变化16例,加重3例;无手术死亡病例。结论 针对具体情况,联合应用神经导航、立体定向、电生理技术切除颅内海绵状血管瘤,是一种安全有效的方法。     

神经导航下引导切除颅内海绵状血管瘤

目的 探讨神经导航技术在颅内海绵状血管瘤手术中的应用价值。方法术前对9例脑深部（肼胝体2例，海马4例，额叶2例，顶叶1例）海绵状血管瘤的病 人进行磁共振扫描，数据输入神经导航系统，手术时进行导航注册配准，术中在导航棒引导下找寻病灶并完整切除。结果术中导航注册误差在2mm左右，9例病人均达到全切除，术后未出现并发症。结论神经导航手术有助于脑深部海绵状血管瘤的准确找寻与切除，是一种安全，有效，并发症少的微侵袭手术方法。     

神经导航下微创切除颅内小病灶

目的总结我科在神经导航辅助下微创手术治疗颅内小病灶的经验。方法我科自2005年3月至2006年12月在神经导航系统辅助下微创手术治疗69例颅内小病灶，其中脑膜瘤26例，胶质瘤13例，转移癌10例，脑囊虫9例，海绵状血管瘤6例，脑脓肿3例，炎性肉芽肿2例。结果导航平均实际误差≤2．0mm，均一次性准确找到病灶。病灶全切除62例，次全切除7例。术前症状均得到控制和好转，术后无死亡，无神经导航误差引起的并发症。全部病例恢复良好。结论神经导航辅助微创手术治疗颅内小病灶手术准确、安全，减少了术中的盲目性和并发症的发生。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床特征与显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床特征、影像学特点和显微外科手术治疗方法.方法总结分析广州医学院第二附属医院神经外科自1998年1月至2008年6月收治的189例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者的临床表现、神经影像学特征及显微外科手术治疗方法等资料. 结果 183例颅内海绵状血管瘤位于脑实质内,以头痛、癫痫及出血为主要临床表现,均全切除病灶;6例位于脑外中颅窝底区,其中全切除病灶5例,病灶活检1例. 结论 显微外科手术治疗颅内海绵状血管瘤是一种安全和有效的方法,其疗效满意.     

术中超声辅助神经导航在颅内小病灶手术中的应用

目的探讨术中超声辅助神经导航在颅内小病灶手术中的临床价值。方法总结分析2010年1月至2012年12月我院经术中超声辅助神经导航手术的颅内小病灶18例患者的临床资料,重点分析术中纠正脑移位的意义、超声图像的价值和手术操作技巧。结果颅内小病变18例患者,12例术中发现单纯神经导航脑移位2～8mm,平均4.3mm。术中应用超声辅助神经导航技术定位病灶准确性100%。18例患者,经术后影像学证实病变全切除17例,大部分切除1例。术后偏瘫1例,术后出血1例并经原切口入路清除。术后无死亡病例。结论超声可以纠正神经导航的脑移位,术中超声显示海绵状血管瘤和钙化病变边界最好。术中超声辅助神经导航技术对于寻找定位深部或功能区小病灶意义重大。     

神经导航术中脑移位的研究

目的定量研究不同神经导航手术中的脑移位,评价术中脑移位对神经导航手术定位准确性的影响。方法在73例颅脑手术中应用StealthStation神经导航系统指导手术操作,制作骨瓣前在骨窗外作对照参考点,然后分别测量硬膜、皮层和病灶移位程度,并分别对不同病理性质肿瘤的移位情况进行分析。结果平均注册误差(2.13±0.74)mm,术中持续准确性为(1.17±0.67)mm;所有73例的硬膜、皮层和病灶移位程度分别为(2.80±2.48)mm、(5.14±4.05)mm以及(3.53±3.67)mm。胶质瘤组的硬膜、皮层和病灶移位均是最大的,而海绵状血管瘤组以及颅底肿瘤组的移位明显低于胶质瘤组。结论术中脑移位是影响神经导航手术定位准确性的重要因素,对不同性质和部位病变术中脑移位的了解有助于指导手术操作。     

中央区及其附近病灶的神经导航手术与传统开颅手术的对比研究

目的比较神经导航与传统开颅两种手术方法对切除中央区及其附近的病灶的临床疗效。方法30例中央区及其附近病灶的病人随机分成两组,分别接受神经外科导航手术和传统开颅手术,比较病灶的位置、大小、骨瓣大小、手术前后神经系统损害程度。结果神经导航手术组骨瓣面积为(28.62±11.83)cm2,传统开颅手术组骨瓣面积为(39.32±13.07)cm2,两者差异显著(P=0.04);术后神经系统并发症神经导航组为2/15,传统组为10/15,差异极其显著(P=0.008)。结论神经导航手术组与传统手术组相比具有定位准确、侵袭性小、并发症少等优点。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.