不同含气量对-3℃养护环境下混凝土渗透性能的影响

在-3 ℃养护环境下,采用加速渗透法中的ASTM C1202直流电量法,就28 d时不同含气量对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响进行了试验研究.研究结果表明:含气量越大越能够提高混凝土抗氯离子渗透试验中的初始电流,最大电流增量及氯离子迁移电量,与标养下抗氯离子渗透性规律不同;含气量越大越能够降低混凝土的抗压强度,与标养下混凝土抗压强度规律相同.-3 ℃养护条件对混凝土的抗压强度影响较大,而对混凝土的渗透性能影响更大,即对混凝土的耐久性影响更大.     

低温变温(5℃→-3℃)养护下不同水灰比混凝土抗氯离子渗透性试验研究

为了研究低温变温(5℃→-3℃)养护条件下不同水灰比(0.24、0.27、0.31、0.38)混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性,采用直流电量法对低温变温养护下和标准养护下养护28 d的混凝土进行了抗氯离子渗透性研究.试验结果表明:低温变温养护下混凝土的电通量随着水灰比的增大而增大,这与标准养护下混凝土电通量的规律一致;低温变温养护下混凝土电通量与标养下混凝土电通量的比值随着水灰比的增大而减小;低温变温养护条件下混凝土的电通量是标准养护下混凝土的1.60～1.65倍;低温变温养护条件下混凝土的初始电流是标准养护下混凝土的1.55～1.58倍.说明在低温变温养护条件下混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性较差.     

在等强度下-3℃与标准养护环境引气混凝土渗透性能与孔结构的关系

为了研究等强度下引气混凝土渗透性能与孔结构的关系,在-3 cc养护及标养下进行了不同引气剂掺量的混凝土孔结构及抗氯离子渗透试验,测试了-3℃养护84 d与标养下28 d时混凝土的孔结构的分布规律及电通量的变化规律.结果表明,标养28 d时混凝土的气泡平均孔径、气泡平均孔径、孔隙率及比表面积均小于-3℃养护84d时混凝土的气泡平均孔径、气泡平均孔径、孔隙率及比表面积;-3℃养护下混凝土的电通量是标养下的3～4倍左右,混凝土的电通量随含气量的升高而逐渐增大,即抗氯离子渗透性提高,而在标养下随着含气量的增大,混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性先增强后减弱.     

不同养护条件下同等强度混凝土抗氯离子渗透性和细观结构对比分析试验研究

为研究不同养护条件下同强度混凝土抗氯离子渗透性和细观孔结构的差异,采用气孔分析法和直流电量法对-3℃养护条件下养护56 d和标准养护条件下养护28 d的抗压强度基本一致的混凝土的细观孔结构和电通量进行了测试.试验结果表明:两者抗压强度基本相同,孔隙率也基本相同,但-3℃负温养护条件下养护56 d混凝土的气孔间距系数和平均气孔直径明显大于标准养护条件下养护28 d的同种混凝土,粗大孔明显增多;-3℃负温养护条件下养护56 d的混凝土电通量值也明显大于标准养护条件下养护28 d的混凝土.在-3℃养护条件下,混凝土中部分液相水很快转化成冰,一方面降低了水泥的水化速率,另一方面,因水结成冰产生膨胀内应力,使内部孔结构劣化严重,故出现上述现象.因此,强度不能作为衡量混凝土性能优劣的唯一指标,强度相同而养护温度不同时,其抗氯离子渗性和细观孔结构也不同.     

养护条件及龄期对引气混凝土强度和渗透性影响规律研究

本试验主要研究负温(-3℃)和低温(3℃)不同养护条件下,引气混凝土在7 d、14 d、28 d、56 d、84 d和112 d不同龄期内强度增长规律及引气混凝土在28 d、56 d、84 d和112 d不同龄期内渗透性能变化规律。通过与标准养护条件下相应龄期引气混凝土抗压强度及渗透性能对比,得出了不同养护条件下引气混凝土随龄期增长强度损失率及渗透性能增长率。结果证明,试验龄期内引气混凝土强度损失率范围负温和低温下分别是22.40%~41.00%、7.97%~18.26%;渗透性能增长率范围,负温下约为76.52%~114.35%,低温下则在12.34%~47.86%之间波动。同时对该引气混凝土渗透性及强度实验数据进行回归分析,得到不同养护条件下线性相关系数。数据显示,负温(-3℃)养护条件下引气混凝土线性相关系数小于低温(3℃)养护条件下引气混凝土线性相关系数,说明养护温度影响混凝土渗透性与强度的线性相关性。通过掌握渗透性与强度的辩证关系,可为冬季防水工程施工中耐久混凝土配合比设计提供理论支持及参考依据。     

养护温度和水灰比对混凝土微观孔结构及抗氯离子渗透性影响研究

为研究养护条件和水灰比对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性与微观孔结构的影响规律与程度,采用压汞法和RCM法对-3℃养护条件下和标准养护条件下的不同水灰比的混凝土28 d微观孔结构和氯离子渗透系数进行了测试.试验结果表明:-3℃负温养护条件下混凝土的临界孔径和最可几孔径明显大于标准养护条件下的同种混凝土,孔径粗化严重,粗大孔明显增多,其氯离子渗透系数也明显大于标准养护条件下的混凝土,与孔结构的发展规律一致.标准养护条件下,随着水灰比的提高,混凝土水泥石孔结构劣化,混凝土抗氯离子渗透性减弱;但在-3℃养护条件下,混凝土水泥石孔结构随着水灰比的提高呈现出先优化后劣化的趋势,混凝土抗氯离子渗透性变化规律亦与之相同.     

负温养护条件及水灰比对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性和细观结构影响试验研究

为研究养护条件和水灰比对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性和细观孔结构的影响规律与程度,采用气孔分析法和直流电量法对-3℃养护条件下和标准养护条件下的不同水灰比的混凝土28 d细观孔结构和电通量进行了测试.试验结果表明:-3℃负温养护条件下的混凝土气孔间距系数和平均气孔直径明显大于标准养护条件下的同种混凝土,孔径粗化严重,粗大孔明显增多;-3℃负温养护条件下的混凝土电通量值也明显大于标准养护条件下的混凝土,与细观孔结构测试结果一致.标准养护条件下,随着水灰比的提高,混凝土细观孔结构随之劣化,抗氯离子渗透性减弱;但在-3℃养护条件下,混凝土细观孔结构随着水灰比的提高反而优化,抗氯离子渗透性亦随之变强,究其原因,在-3℃养护条件下,随着水灰比提高,混凝土中液相水含量随之增大,水化反应更加充分,故出现上述现象.水灰比对细观孔结构和抗氯离子渗透性的影响程度较养护条件小,且随着水灰比的增大,养护条件对其影响程度减弱.     

电伴热预养护条件对混凝土受冻临界强度的影响

电伴热预养护是一种保证预拌混凝土冬期施工养护温度和强度增长的简单高效的方法。本文采用7 d恒负温(-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-15 ℃)一次冻结转标准养护的试验,研究电伴热预养护不同温度和时间对一种高坍落度C30普通混凝土抗压强度的影响。依据混凝土受冻临界强度的定义,确定基于电伴热预养护条件下的混凝土受冻临界强度值及其合理的预养护时间。结果表明:与标准养护相比,经电伴热高温预养护的混凝土抗压强度均得到了提高,但电伴热预养护温度宜控制在30 ℃,较高的预养护温度下强度发展速率和R_-7+28(负温养护7 d再转标养28 d的抗压强度)值反而降低;当预养护温度为30 ℃,硬化温度不低于-15 ℃时,合理的预养护时间在36～48 h之间;恒负温(-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-15 ℃)硬化条件下,采用电伴热预养护的混凝土受冻临界强度的范围是6.6～17.8 MPa,为混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值的22.0%～59.3%。研究旨在比较电伴热预养护制度对普通混凝土力学性能的影响,进而指导相关工程应用。     

养护温度对喷射混凝土性能影响的试验研究

为探究不同地温环境对喷射混凝土性能的影响,本研究在实验室模拟相应温度条件,开展不同养护温度下喷射混凝土强度、耐久性及混凝土与岩石粘结强度的研究.结果表明,在25～40℃养护条件下,随养护温度的提高,喷射混凝土的抗压强度、混凝土与岩石的粘结强度呈增大趋势,但在60℃养护条件下抗压强度和粘结强度均降低并随龄期呈先增大后降低的趋势;25～60℃养护条件下的混凝土抗渗等级都为最高等级,氯离子渗透性皆处于低级;随温度升高,其抗渗性、抗氯离子渗透性、抗碳化能力均有所降低.     

养护条件对负温环境下客运专线高性能混凝土强度的影响

结合客运专线负温环境下高性能混凝土施工养护的方式,研究早期先标养后自养和先自养后标养的养护方式对混凝土强度的影响.研究表明,负温条件下,混凝土在标准条件下需要养护14 d可以达到混凝土的设计强度,在此基础上,根据不同的养护条件,可以适当增减混凝土的养护时间来确保混凝土抗压强度.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.