固井水性环氧树脂水泥石力学性能研究

针对油井水泥石易脆裂而造成油气井层间封隔失效的问题,通过实验研究了水性环氧树脂含固化剂的掺入对油井水泥石力学性能的影响,利用单轴抗压强度实验考察了不同加量的环氧树脂对水泥浆力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:60％环氧树脂占比的树脂水泥石,其28 d的抗压强度可以达到51 MPa,抗拉强度可以达到5.1 MPa.相较于油井水泥石28 d抗压强度提高了47％,28 d抗拉强度提高了98％.其弹性模量降低至1.8 GPa,相较于油井水泥石降低了76.5％.通过实验说明,水性环氧树脂能有效提高水泥石的抗压、抗拉强度,降低弹性模量.结合微观形貌观察,高掺比树脂在水泥石固化后形成的三维网状结构与附着在网状结构上的水泥水化产物,能够改善水泥石的强度和韧性.     

DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系研究与应用

针对大庆油田低压易漏井固井及油井后期射孔、压裂等增产措施造成的水泥环脆裂问题,研发了DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系,应用聚能射孔模拟试验方法研究分析了水泥石各种力学性能(抗折强度、抗冲击功、弹性模量),阐述了纤维材料对提高水泥石韧性和防漏作用机理。现场试验表明,DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系具有良好的防漏堵漏、增韧和抗冲击作用,水泥浆各项性能满足了固井施工的技术要求。     

稻壳灰对油井水泥性能的影响及作用机理初探

为了改善油井水泥石力学性能及孔隙结构,研究了稻壳灰对油井水泥浆及水泥石性能的影响.通过测试掺有稻壳灰的水泥浆和空白样的水泥浆体的性能,以及不同掺量下水泥石的力学性能及渗透率和孔隙度,研究其对油井水泥性能的影响;利用XRD和TG测试,对稻壳灰水泥石和空白样进行物性分析,同时通过SEM对水泥石的微观形貌进行对比分析,初步探索稻壳灰对油井水泥石性能的作用机理.实验结果表明:稻壳灰对油井水泥浆的基本性能影响甚微;但其对水泥石的力学性能影响较大,与空白样对比,稻壳灰掺量为15％时,水泥石24h抗压强度提高56％,抗拉强度提高46％,孔隙度降低42％;同时,研究表明稻壳灰中含有的高活性非晶SiO2通过与水化产生的Ca(OH)2反应生成硅酸钙凝胶,能提高水泥石中的胶凝相,降低水泥石的空隙,达到提高水泥石力学性能的目的.     

DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系研究与应用

针对大庆油田低压易漏井固井及油井后期射孔、压裂等增产措施造成的水泥环脆裂问题，研发了DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系，应用聚能射孔模拟试验方法研究分析了水泥石各种力学性能（抗折强度、抗冲击功、弹性模量），阐述了纤维材料对提高水泥石韧性和防漏作用机理。现场试验表明，DZF-1防漏增韧水泥浆体系具有良好的防漏堵漏、增韧和抗冲击作用，水泥浆各项性能满足了固井施工的技术要求。     

碳酸钙晶须改善固井水泥浆性能研究

随着油气勘探向深部地层和低渗透油气藏的延伸,对固井水泥浆性能尤其是水泥环的力学性能提出了更高的要求.针对目前固井用纤维所存在的问题,研究了碳酸钙晶须这一无机矿物纤维对固井水泥浆性能的改善作用.实验包括:①晶须水泥浆的流变性和失水量等常规工程性能;②晶须水泥石的1d、3d、7d、14d和28 d抗压强度、抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度,使用6265型机械性能测试仪,在不破坏水泥试样的情况下测试了水泥石的抗压强度和杨氏模量发展;③使用5265型静胶凝强度测试仪,测试了水泥浆的静胶凝强度发展,以评价其防气窜性能;④晶须水泥石的孔径和渗透率测试;⑤用扫描电镜对水泥石微观形貌进行观察,探讨了增强机理.结果表明:①晶须水泥浆工程性能良好;②碳酸钙晶须显著改善水泥石的力学性能,晶须加量为10％时,水泥石28 d抗压强度、抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度提高33.34％、45％和39.28％;③碳酸钙晶须水泥杨氏模量发展稳定,静胶凝强度发展迅速,防气窜性能良好;④晶须加量为10％时,孔隙度较空白试样降低23.4％,渗透率下降14.3％;⑤增强机理在于碳酸钙晶须的桥联、控制微裂纹产生和扩展及纤维拔出耗能作用,减缓裂纹的产生和延展.     

碳纤维与胶乳液协同作用对固井水泥浆力学性能的影响

为提高水泥石在井下抵抗外部载荷破坏的能力,需要对油井水泥材料增强增韧,碳纤维和胶乳液是油井水泥常用的改性材料.为研究碳纤维与胶乳液协同作用对水泥浆力学性能的影响,通过在水泥浆中加入不同配比的碳纤维和胶乳液,测试了水泥浆常规性能和力学性能,并使用扫描电镜对水泥石的微观结构进行观察.试验表明,相比较单掺碳纤维和单掺胶乳液的水泥石,两种材料协同作用水泥石力学性能提高.在0.2％碳纤维和1％胶乳液加量协同作用下的水泥石抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度分别为35.44 MPa、11.15 MPa、2.08 kJ/m2,弹性模量达到5.8 GPa.通过扫描电镜观察可以发现,胶乳的网状结构和碳纤维的桥接作用综合提高水泥石性能,有效的控制了水泥石微裂隙的发展,从而提高水泥石的力学性能.     

针状硅灰石微粉改善固井水泥浆性能研究

油井水泥是一种脆性材料,其抵抗外力破坏的能力较差,不利于油气井开发.为解决这一问题,研究了一种兼有矿物微粉和纤维特性的硅灰石微粉对油井水泥性能的影响,评价了不同加量的针状硅灰石微粉水泥浆的常规性能、抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度,并测试了水泥石应力-应变曲线,最后使用扫描电镜对针状硅灰石微粉水泥石微观形貌进行观察.研究结果表明,与纯水泥浆相比,硅灰石微粉加量在0.5％～4％时,流变影响最大时流变仪300转读数大于300,稠化时间最大缩短18 min,失水量最大下降13 mL,养护1 d水泥石气体渗透率最大下降38.3％.养护28 d后,加入4％硅灰石微粉的水泥石较空白水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度分别提高了17.6％、20.9％、21.1％.加入3％硅灰石微粉的水泥石弹性模量比空白试样降低约26.9％.针状硅灰石微粉在水泥石中分散,在水泥石内部形成"搭桥"作用,可在一定程度上阻止水泥石裂纹发生和扩展,起到增强水泥石力学性能的作用.     

等离子改性岩沥青对油井水泥石的韧性化改造

针对油井水泥环易脆裂,抗冲击能力差的问题,系统研究了岩沥青对油井水泥石力学性能和微观结构的影响.采用低温等离子体技术对岩沥青颗粒进行表面亲水性处理,解决了岩沥青的憎水现象.通过红外光谱分析,等离子改性后的岩沥青中出现-COOH吸收峰.机械性能测试表明:岩沥青的加入提高了油井水泥石的抗拉强度和变形能力.观察水泥石的微观形貌发现,水泥水化产物与镶嵌于水泥水化产物中的改性岩沥青颗粒形成良好的胶结并构成了CRA水泥石的骨架.岩沥青的加入提高了CRA水泥石的粘弹性,其网络约束的作用使得裂缝间的摩擦力增大,消耗掉一部分外力功,对载荷起到缓冲作用,从而提高了水泥石的抗冲击性能和形变能力.     

短切碳纤维对油井水泥基复合材料性能的影响

为保证油气井固井长期封固的有效性,需要在油井水泥基材料中添加增强增韧材料改善水泥浆性能。针对短切碳纤维对油井水泥基复合材料性能的影响,研究了短切碳纤维加入到油井水泥基材料中的流变性、稠化时间、失水量以及抗压强度、抗折强度和抗冲击强度,最后对碳纤维水泥石微观形貌进行观察。实验结果表明,碳纤维对水泥浆流变性和稠化时间影响较小,对水泥浆施工无不利影响,碳纤维的加入可以有效降低水泥浆的失水量;在0.4%碳纤维加量范围内,水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度随着碳纤维加量增大均有不同程度的增大。养护28 d后,0.4%碳纤维水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度较空白水泥石分别提高19.1%、34.4%、21.1%;短切碳纤维水泥浆凝固形成水泥石后,纤维通过粘结力和机械咬合力限制水泥试件中局部裂缝的扩展,同时也消耗水泥石破坏能量,从而增强力学性能。研究结果为碳纤维在油井水泥基材料中的应用提供借鉴与参考。     

高韧性油井固井材料的性能与应用

针对射孔和增产措施使油井水泥环产生脆性破坏.带来层间流体窜流和套损率上升等难题,开发了一种新型增韧剂HD[合成橡胶粉H的质量分数(下同)w=5.5%;特种化纤D的w=0.2%].评价了掺HD水泥石的力学性能和微观结构及水泥浆的工程性能.结果表明:掺HD油井水泥石的韧性和弹性均被显著提高,抗冲击功提高了198%～222%,Young模量降低了38%～40%;掺HD(w=5.7%),减阻剂USZ(w=-O.2%),降滤失剂F17B(w=1.2%)和晶体膨胀剂F17A(w=3%)水泥浆综合性能满足固井施工的基本要求.对不同水泥环中应力波传播速率的计算和模拟射孔实验表明:水泥石弹性模量的降低有利于韧性的提高.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.