基于MIC集群平台的GMRES算法并行加速

广义极小残量法(GMRES)是最常用的求解非对称大规模稀疏线性方程组的方法之一,其收敛速度快且稳定性良好。Intel Xeon Phi众核协处理器(MIC)具有计算能力强、易编程、易移植等特点。采用MPI+OpenMP+offload混合编程模型将GMRES算法移植到MIC集群平台上。采用进程间集合通信异步隐藏、数据传输优化、向量化以及线程亲和性优化等多种手段,大幅提升了GMRES算法的求解效率。最后将并行算法应用到“局部径向基函数求解高维偏微分方程”问题的求解中。测试表明,CPU节点集群上开启32个进程,并行效率高达71.74%,4块MIC卡的最高加速性能可达单颗CPU的7倍。     

Xeon Phi平台上基于模板优化的3D-GVF场计算加速

3D梯度向量流场（3D GVF field）广泛应用于多种3D图像分析算法中,其计算需要多次迭代,计算量大,如何提高其计算速度具有重要的研究意义。面向Intel Xeon Phi众核集成架构,首次进行了3D GVF场计算的加速优化。首先,挖掘3D图像像素点间存在的天然并行性,发挥众核架构优势,尝试线程级并行（多核）和数据级并行（SIMD）。其次,3D GVF场的计算过程是一种典型的3D 7点模板运算,结合Xeon Phi架构的L2 缓存规格,提出一种高效的数据分块策略,充分挖掘数据的时/空局部性,有效缓解模板计算引起的缓存缺失,提升了计算性能。实验结果表明,引入模板优化技术能显著提升3D GVF场的计算速度,在图像维度为5123时,所提方法在57核Xeon Phi平台上的性能相比在2.6GHz 8核16线程的Intel Xeon E5 2670 CPU上的性能,加速比可达2.77。     

多核/众核平台上推荐算法的实现与性能评估

用OpenCL语言标准设计并实现了推荐系统领域的两种经典算法:交替最小二乘法(Alternating Least Squares,ALS)与循环坐标下降法(Cyclic Coordinate Descent,CCD)。将其应用到CPU,GPU,MIC多核与众核平台上,探索了在该平台上影响算法性能的因子:潜在特征维数与线程个数。同时,将OpenCL实现的两种算法与CUDA和OpenMP的实现进行比较,得出了一系列结论。在同等条件下,与ALS算法相比,CCD算法的精度更高,收敛速度更快且更稳定,但所耗时间更长。ALS和CCD算法基于OpenCL的实现性能不亚于CUDA(CCD 上加速比为1.03x,ALS上加速比为1.2x)和OpenMP的实现(CCD与ALS上加速比大约为1.6~1.7x),并且两种算法在CPU平台上的性能均比GPU与MIC好。     

面向CPU/MIC异构架构的K-Means向量化算法

在大数据背景下,以K-Means为代表的聚类分析对于数据分析和挖掘十分重要。海量高维数据的处理给K-Means算法带来了性能方面的强烈需求。最新提出的众核体系结构MIC（many integrated core）能够为算法加速提供众核间线程级和核内指令级并行,使其成为K-Means算法加速的很好选择。在分析K-Means基本算法特点的基础上,分析了K-Means算法的瓶颈,提出了可利用数据并行的K-Means向量化算法,优化了向量化算法的数据布局方案。最后,基于CPU/MIC的异构架构实现了向量化K-Means算法,并且探索了MIC在非传统HPC（high performance computing）应用领域的优化策略。测试结果表明,K-Means向量化算法具有良好的计算性能和扩展性。     

非线性扩散方程的显式并行计算

在分布共享的多核集群系统中,提出一种求解非线性扩散方程的显式数据分布OpenMP并行计算方法。将数据进行分布式划分后分配到每个OpenMP线程,通过数据拷贝实现同步计算,并设计全局归约算法减少障碍同步次数。性能分析和测试结果表明,该方法在 4核Xeon处理器构成的分布共享集群系统上可扩展到1 024个CPU核,相对于64个CPU核,其加速比为7.06。     

面向CPU+MIC混合异构平台的地震波叠前时间偏移算法并行与优化策略

地震波的叠前时间偏移算法是构造复杂岩层成像最有效的方法之一。地震勘探进入海量数据时代,且叠前偏移算法是数据处理中最费时的环节,对叠前偏移算法做并行计算优化有着重要的研究意义。近年来,高性能并行计算开始进入异构、众核时代,以Intel新一代至强融核MIC(Xeon Phi)为例,新型众核处理器具有成本低、性能高等特点。从最经典的Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移(PKTM)算法出发,基于CPU+MIC异构平台,采用offload编程模式实现对PKTM算法的并行移植与性能优化,对于6 000万规模(8 000×8 000)的应用问题,总的并行模拟时间从357.52s减少到1.66s,性能提升了214.37倍。     

面向MIC协处理器的OLAP外键连接算法

众核架构协处理器Xeon Phi成为新兴的主流高性能计算平台.对于数据库应用而言,内存分析处理是一种计算密集型负载,其主要的性能取决于大事实表与维表之间的内存外键连接性能.本文关注于一种相对于缓存相关的分区哈希连接算法和缓存不相关的无分区哈希连接算法的缓存友好型外键连接算法,以适应Xeon Phi协处理器较小的LLC和高并发线程的特点.通过挖掘OLAP模式中的代理键特征,基于键值匹配的哈希探测操作可以进一步简化为事实表与维表之间基于主-外键参照完整性约束的代理键参照访问,因此复杂的哈希表和CPU代价较高的哈希探测操作可以简化为通过映射外键值为代理键向量内存偏移地址的方法对代理向量直接访问.基于代理向量参照访问的外键连接算法能够简单并高效地应用于Xeon Phi协处理器平台,通过更多的核心和高并发线程来掩盖内存访问延迟.实验中对传统的哈希连接算法（无分区哈希连接算法和基数分区哈希连接算法）和基于代理向量参照技术的外键连接算法在Xeon E5-2650 v3 10核处理器平台和Xeon Phi 5110P 60核协处理器平台进行性能测试和比较,实验结果给出了主流的内存外键连接算法在不同数据集和不同平台上全面的性能特征.     

基于MIC的MRG32k3a并行化设计与实现

随机数产生器在工程模拟等领域获得广泛应用,MRG32k3a是一种性能优异的随机数产生器,但产生速率较慢。针对这种情况,在研究MRG32k3a串行算法的基础上,利用算法并行化理论,提出一种基于MIC(Many Integrated Core)平台的MRG32k3a并行化方法。实验结果表明,该方法能通过Test U01的全部测试,移植到MIC平台后加速比与线程数呈线性增长关系,相对CPU单线程的最佳加速比为17.73。     

基于CPU-MIC异构众核环境的行星流体动力学数值模拟

数值模拟是行星流体动力学研究的主要工具.本文介绍CPU-MIC异构众核平台的行星流体动力学数值模拟,计算并模拟地球外核的磁流体运动.本文在已有工作的基础上~([1-3]),添加了CPU-MIC异构众核环境的数值模拟支持.首先描述了CPU-MIC异构众核环境的上的数值模拟流程,然后给出了MIC上的分布式并行GMRES(m)众核解法器的实现算法.其次,实现了解法器的计算核心稀疏矩阵向量乘(SpMV)在MIC上的分布式并行算法,该SpMV实现了计算-通信重叠、数据传输-计算重叠.再次,为加速行星流体动力学方程收敛,给出了MIC上以SpMV为基本操作的分布式并行多项式预条件子.最后,提出了一些MIC众核平台的优化措施,如多线程、流存储和数据传输优化等.天河2号数值模拟表明相比CPU版的数值模拟,CPU-MIC异构众核环境下数值模拟在单MIC卡和64块MIC卡分别取得了6.93和6.0倍的加速比.     

多核与众核上MNF并行算法与性能优化

高光谱遥感影像降维最大噪声分数变换(maximum noise fraction rotation,简称MNF rotation)方法运算量大,耗时长.基于多核CPU与众核MIC(many integrated cores)平台,研究MNF算法的并行方案和性能优化.通过热点分析,针对滤波、协方差矩阵运算和MNF变换等热点,提出相应并行方案和多种优化策略,量化分析优化效果,设计MKL(math kernel library)库函数实现方案并测评其性能;设计并实现基于多核CPU的C-MNF和基于CPU/MIC的M-MNF并行算法.实验结果显示,C-MNF算法在多核CPU取得的加速比为58.9~106.4,而基于CPU/MIC异构系统的M-MNF算法性能最好,加速比最高可达137倍.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).