CLEFIA算法的不可能差分密码分析

为研究分组密码CLEFIA抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,使用了两类9轮不可能差分路径,给出了相关攻击结果。基于一条9轮不可能差分路径,利用轮函数中S盒差分分布表恢复密钥,攻击了11轮的CLEFIA。改进了关于14轮的CLEFIA-256的不可能差分攻击的结果,将数据复杂度降低到2104.23,时间复杂度降低到2221.5。同时,在两条不可能差分的基础上,根据轮密钥之间的关系,使用Early-abort技术和S盒差分分布表,分别给出12轮CLEFIA-128和13轮CLEFIA-128的不可能差分攻击。     

CLEFIA-128算法的不可能差分密码分析

研究13轮CLEFIA-128算法,在9轮不可能差分攻击的基础上,提出一种未使用白化密钥的不可能差分密码分析方法。猜测每个密钥,筛选满足轮函数中S盒输入输出差分对的数据对。利用轮密钥之间的关系减少密钥猜测量,并使用Early Abort技术降低计算复杂度。计算结果表明,该方法的数据复杂度和时间复杂度分别为2120和2125.5。     

SMS4算法的不可能差分攻击研究

为研究分组加密算法SMS4抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,使用了14轮不可能差分路径,给出了相关攻击结果。基于1条14轮不可能差分路径,对16轮和18轮的SMS4算法进行了攻击,改进了关于17轮的SMS4的不可能差分攻击的结果,将数据复杂度降低到O(269.47)。计算结果表明:攻击16轮SMS4算法所需的数据复杂度为O(2¹⁰³),时间复杂度为O(2⁹²);攻击18轮的SMS4算法所需的数据复杂度为O(2¹⁰⁴),时间复杂度为O(2123.84)。     

用不可能差分法分析12轮ESF算法

轻量级分组密码算法ESF是一种具有广义Feistel结构的32轮迭代型分组密码,轮函数具有SPN结构,分组长度为64比特,密钥长度为80比特。为了研究ESF算法抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,基于一条8轮不可能差分路径,根据轮密钥之间的关系,通过向前增加2轮、向后增加2轮的方式,对12轮ESF算法进行了攻击。计算结果表明,攻击12轮ESF算法所需的数据复杂度为O(2⁵³),时间复杂度为O(260.43),由此说明12轮的ESF算法对不可能差分密码分析是不免疫的。     

SKINNY-n-n算法和MANTIS算法的相关密钥分析

通过分析SKINNY算法的密钥扩展算法特性以及算法结构,给出了两类SKINNY-n-n算法的相关密钥不可能差分区分器,而后据此对19轮的SKINNY算法进行了攻击,得到了对于SKINNY-64-64和SKINNY-128-128攻击所需数据复杂度分别为2~(55)、2~(104)个选择明文,计算复杂度分别为为2~(40. 82)次19轮SKINNY-64-64加密和2~(77. 76)次19轮SKINNY-128-128加密,存储复杂度分别为2~(48)和2~(96)。此外,针对SKINNY算法族中的低延迟变体-MANTIS算法,利用其FX结构以及密钥扩展算法的Tweakey结构,首先基于α映射,给出了一类平凡相关密钥差分特征;而后找到一种1轮循环结构,借此构造了对于MANTIS_(r core)的相关密钥矩阵区分器(1≤r≤6);最后,利用现有的对于MANTIS_5的攻击结果,改进得到了一类新的相关密钥差分路径,将区分器概率提高到2~(28. 35),有效降低攻击所需复杂度。     

ESF算法的不可能差分密码分析

分析研究了分组密码算法ESF抵抗不可能差分的能力,使用8轮不可能差分路径,给出了相关攻击结果。基于一条8轮的不可能差分路径,根据轮密钥之间的关系,通过改变原有轮数扩展和密钥猜测的顺序,攻击了11轮的ESF,改善了关于11轮的ESF的不可能差分攻击的结果。计算结果表明:攻击11轮的ESF所需要的数据复杂度为O(2⁵³),时间复杂度为O(2³²),同时也说明了11轮的ESF对不可能差分是不免疫的。     

CLEFIA-128/192/256的不可能差分分析

对分组密码算法CLEFIA进行不可能差分分析.CLEFIA算法是索尼公司在2007年快速软件加密大会(FSE)上提出来的.结合新发现和新技巧,可有效过滤错误密钥,从而将算法设计者在评估报告中给出的对11圈CLEFIA-192/256的攻击扩展到11圈CLEFIA-128/192/256,复杂度为2103.1次加密和2103.1个明文.通过对明文附加更多限制条件,给出对12圈CLEFIA-128/192/256的攻击,复杂度为2119.1次加密和2119.1个明文.而且,引入一种新的生日筛法以降低预计算的时间复杂度.此外,指出并改正了Tsunoo等人对12圈CLEFIA的攻击中复杂度计算方面的错误.     

基于轮密钥分步猜测方法的Midori64算法11轮不可能差分分析

本文提出了一个Midori64算法的7轮不可能差分区分器,并研究了Midori64算法所用S盒的一些差分性质。在密钥恢复过程中,提出将分组的部分单元数据寄存,分步猜测轮密钥的方法,使时间复杂度大幅下降。利用这个区分器和轮密钥分步猜测的方法,给出了Midori64算法的11轮不可能差分攻击,最终时间复杂度为 次11轮加密,数据复杂度为 个64比特分组。这个结果是目前为止对Midori64算法不可能差分分析中最好的。     

SPECK算法的不可能差分分析

分析了SPECK2n(2n=64,96,128)算法在不可能差分分析下的安全性。首先利用模加法差分的扩散性质,找到了SPECK2n(2n=64,96,128)算法的7轮不可能差分区分器。其次,基于找到的7轮不可能差分区分器,给出了SPECK64/128算法和SPECK128/256算法的11轮不可能差分分析,以及SPECK 96/144算法的10轮不可能差分分析,恢复了全部主密钥。这是SPECK2n/4n(2n=64,96,128)算法的首个不可能差分分析结果。     

Piccolo缩减轮数的相关密钥不可能差分分析*

Sony在2011年提出的Piccolo算法密钥分为80bit(Piccolo-80)和128bit(Piccolo-128)。设计者使用包括相关密钥不可能差分在内的多种攻击方法对算法进行了安全分析,认为对于Piccolo的相关密钥不可能差分攻击分析只能实现11轮（80bit）和17轮（128bit）,但并未给出具体分析过程和实例。本文使用U-method方法对Piccolo算法进行了相关密钥不可能差分分析,并最终给出11轮和17轮的差分路径实例。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).