接触氧化/水解酸化/SBR法处理中药废水

针对吉林省力源药业股份有限公司生产废水的水质情况，选用了生物接触氧化—水解酸化—SBR工艺，经处理后可使出水水质达到GB8978—1996的一级标准。     

甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)生产废水处理工程实例

针对某集团公司排放的甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)生产废水,采用自然冷却/一体化全混微电解/芬顿氧化/中和絮凝沉淀工艺进行物化预处理后,再与聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产废水以及其他杂排水形成综合废水。采用水解酸化/好氧活性污泥/生物接触氧化处理和末端混凝沉淀/末端氧化深度处理的组合工艺处理综合废水。工程实践表明,物化预处理可大幅降低TDI生产废水中有机污染物浓度和生物毒性,生化和深度处理能够稳定有效处理综合废水,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)的一级标准。     

高浓度变性淀粉生产废水的处理

高浓度变性淀粉生产废水经过混凝沉淀后采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器进行厌氧生物处理，最后再经活性污泥好氧处理，其出水水质可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准。     

分流预处理——兼氧串联好氧工艺处理农药废水

针对农药生产废水污染物种类多、成分复杂、毒性大等特点，采用分流预处理—兼氧串联好氧工艺进行处理。结果表明，该系统对无机盐、有机磷、COD、NH3-N等均有很好的去除效果，分流预处理对保证后续生物处理系统的正常运行起到了重要的作用。处理出水水质达到广东省地方排放标准《水污染物排放限值》（DB44／26--2001）的二级排放标准，系统年污水处理成本为68．5万元。     

丁苯橡胶废水处理的工艺研究及设计

丁苯橡胶废水具有有机组分复杂、难降解等特点,采用MBR/Fenton氧化/固定化曝气生物滤池为主体的组合工艺进行处理。运行结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,出水水质可稳定达到天津市《污水综合排放标准》(DB 12/356—2008)的二级标准,可为该类生产废水的处理提供科学依据和借鉴。     

以造纸废水为主的某污水处理厂工艺设计

在以造纸废水为主的某污水厂的设计过程中,根据水质特点及回用要求,对板纸生产废水采用水解酸化/射流曝气池/曝气生物滤池/活性炭吸附工艺处理,对生活纸废水采用水解酸化/射流曝气池/活性炭吸附工艺处理,并根据调试情况在板纸生产废水处理工艺中引入芬顿法,从而保证了出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。     

两相厌氧-好氧工艺处理中药生产废水

两相厌氧消化与接触氧化法的串联，极大地提高了中药生产废水中难降解有机物质的可生化性和去除率，整个工艺系统的COD去除率稳定于95％以上。该工艺处理效率高、运行稳定、易于管理，系统出水水质稳定、抗冲击负荷能力强。     

水解酸化/氧化沟/混凝砂滤工艺处理造纸中段废水

根据废水来源、污染成分和造纸生产废水回用水质要求,宁夏昊盛纸业有限公司采用水解酸化/供气式低压射流曝气改良氧化沟/混凝砂滤工艺处理中段生产废水(3.6×104 m3/d)。运行结果表明,此工艺设计合理,运行效果良好,出水水质达到了《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544—2008)。     

乳酸生产废水处理扩建工程设计及运行

某公司因扩大生产,其生产废水的水质和水量发生了较大变化,原处理构筑物难以满足处理要求。基于废水水质特点,采用IC+AO+BIOFOR处理技术并在原构筑物基础上进行工程扩建,工艺系统运行稳定,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)的一级标准。     

微电解/光合细菌氧化/接触氧化/生物炭处理糠醛废水

糠醛生产废水属于高浓度有机废水,针对其水质、水量特点,采用微电解/光合细菌氧化/生物接触氧化/生物炭处理工艺。在进水COD、BOD5、SS的质量浓度分别为8 337~15 692、2 100~4 030、100~300 mg/L,pH值为2~3的条件下,经处理后出水水质能够达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)的二级排放标准。实践证明,该工艺处理效果好,运行稳定,对其他高浓度废水处理具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Part I. Identifying anthropogenic markers in surface waters influenced by treated effluents: a tool in potable water reuse

In potable water reuse, treated wastewater becomes part of the drinking water supply. An important question associated with this practice is whether or not the organic quality of the treated wastewater is chemically different from that of non-human impacted water. This question was addressed in a case study of indirect potable water reuse where the organic matrix of the South Platte River was analyzed upstream and downstream of the discharge of treated wastewater effluent using conventional water quality parameters combined with pyrolysis-GC/MS. Effluent-derived organic material (EfOM) was found to be more aliphatic and had higher organic nitrogen and halogen content compared to organic material derived from "natural" (non-anthropogenic) sources (NOM). Seasonal changes that resulted from the change in the contributions of aquatic and terrestrial sources were not observed in EfOM; but they were strongly observed in NOM under the control of natural processes. Using principal component and factor analyses, the pyrolysis fragments of phenol, alkyl-phenols, and acetic acid were identified as the seasonal indicators for the NOM set of samples. In contrast, benzaldehyde, benzonitrile, chlorobutanoic acid, furancarboxaldehyde, and methylfurancarboxaldehyde were identified as the indicators for wastewater inputs for the EfOM set of samples. Overall, the results from conventional water quality parameters and pyrolysis-GC/MS revealed that: (1) EfOM bears a chemical signature distinct from NOM and (2) under the conditions of this study, EfOM discharged to the South Platte River persisted and controlled organic quality at downstream points.     

酒精生产企业废水处理工艺的评价与优化

酒精生产企业大多以玉米、谷类为原料,副产物为饲料,所排放废水属于高浓度有机废水,污染严重.其处理方法多为厌氧/好氧生化,厌氧技术处理效率高,运行费用低,但对废水的预处理要求较高.介绍了酒精生产废水的来源及水质情况,以某酒精厂为实际案例,分析了该厂废水处理设施存在的问题及原因,提出了气浮/UASB/CASS组合工艺,结果表明改进后的工艺运行稳定,处理效果好,可为同类企业的废水处理提供借鉴.     

分流预处理-兼氧串联好氧工艺处理农药废水

针对农药生产废水污染物种类多、成分复杂、毒性大等特点,采用分流预处理-兼氧串联好氧工艺进行处理.结果表明,该系统对无机盐、有机磷、COD、NH3-N等均有很好的去除效果,分流预处理对保证后续生物处理系统的正常运行起到了重要的作用.处理出水水质达到广东省地方排放标准《水污染物排放限值》(DB 44/26-2001)的二级排放标准,系统年污水处理成本为68.5万元.     

Treatment of recalcitrant wastewater from ethanol and citric acid production using the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and the macrophyte Lemna minuscula

Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to develop a procedure for biological treatment of recalcitrant anaerobic industrial effluent (from ethanol and citric acid production) using first the microalga Chlorella vulgaris followed by the macrophyte Lemna minuscula. This recalcitrant dark-colored wastewater, containing high levels of organic matter and low pH, prevents the growth of microalgae and macrophytes, and therefore, could not be treated by them. Therefore, the wastewater was diluted to 10% of the original concentration with wash water from the production line. Within 4 days of incubation in the wastewater, C. vulgaris population grew from 5 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(6) cells/mL. This culture reduced ammonium ion (71.6%), phosphorus (28%), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (61%), and dissolved a floating microbial biofilm after 5 days of incubation. Consequently, L. minuscule was able to grow in the treated wastewater (from 7 to 14 g/bioreactor after 6 days), precipitated the microalgal cells (by shading the culture), and reduced other organic matter and color (up to 52%) after an additional 6 days of incubation. However, L. minuscula did not improve removal of nutrients. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining microalgae and macrophytes for bioremediation of recalcitrant industrial wastewater.     

Reuse of urban wastewater treated by a combined stabilisation pond system in Benslimane (Morocco)

The aim of this paper is to study the performance of a combined waste stabilisation pond after three years of functioning and the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigating potatoes and lettuce culture. The combined ponds showed good functioning conditions and excellent performances either for organic load (90%), faecal coliform (6 log units) or helminth eggs (100%) and produced a high and perennial effluent quality. The effluent could be used for non-restrictive irrigation, with a clear improvement of culture production and hygienic quality for both fruits and soil.     

Effects of anthropogenic inputs on the organic quality of urbanized streams

Due to arid conditions, population growth, and anthropogenic impacts from agricultural and urban development, wastewater effluent makes up an increasingly large percentage of surface water supplies promoting concerns about the potential ecological and human health effects associated with the organic quality of surface waters receiving treated wastewater discharge. Anthropogenic inputs alter the quality and quantity of organic carbon and also affect the ability of aquatic ecosystems to retain or transform carbon and other nutrients. In this paper, we use pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) as a tool to examine whether the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in suburban streams influenced by anthropogenic inputs displays an organic signature that is structurally different from natural organic material (NOM). Py-GC/MS was not only able to differentiate among stream sites that received discharge from upstream wastewater treatment plants and those that did not, but also distinguished stream sites influenced significantly by storm water. Distinct organic signatures were evident in stream waters with upstream wastewater treatment plant discharges regardless of the distance from effluent discharge, indicative of the persistent nature of effluent-derived organic material (EfOM). The pyrolysis fragments of 3-methyl-pyridine, 2-methyl-pyridine, pyrrole, and acetamide were identified as indicators of EfOM, supporting previous research that has suggested that protein and aminosugar derivitives are possible wastewater markers. Furthermore, pyrolysis fragments associated with soil polycarboxylic acids correlated highly with stream sites having the least anthropogenic influences.     

光合细菌法处理高浓度有机废水工艺探讨

介绍了光合细菌的能量与物质代谢过程,并在此基础上探讨了光合细菌应用于废水处理时工艺条件的选择与控制。由于光合细菌能高效利用废水中的低分子脂肪酸、醇并具有多种代谢途径,因此在高浓度有机废水的处理中具有很大的优势。     

Behaviour of pharmaceutical products and biodegradation intermediates in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. A microcosm experiment

Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSFCWs) are a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for sanitation in small communities. SSFCWs are designed to remove suspended solids and organic matter from wastewater but there is little information on the effect of the characteristics of organic matter on the removal efficiency of specific contaminants. In this paper, carbamazepine, ibuprofen and clofibric acid were continuously injected into two SSFCW microcosms fed with synthetic wastewater containing different organic matter sources: dissolved (glucose) and particulate (starch). The response curves of carbamazepine and ibuprofen were compared with that of clofibric acid, which was used as a conservative tracer. The removal efficiencies were found to be independent of the organic matter type (i.e. dissolved or particulate). Carbamazepine was removed inefficiently (5%) by bed sorption, whereas ibuprofen was removed by degradation (51%). In addition, the behaviour of the two main ibuprofen biodegradation intermediates (carboxy and hydroxy derivatives) supported that the main ibuprofen elimination pathway occurs in aerobic conditions.     

Hydrogen and electricity production from a food processing wastewater using fermentation and microbial fuel cell technologies

Hydrogen can be produced from fermentation of sugars in wastewaters, but much of the organic matter remains in solution. We demonstrate here that hydrogen production from a food processing wastewater high in sugar can be linked to electricity generation using a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to achieve more effective wastewater treatment. Grab samples were taken from: plant effluent at two different times during the day (Effluents 1 and 2; 735+/-15 and 3250+/-90 mg-COD/L), an equalization tank (Lagoon; 1670+/-50mg-COD/L), and waste stream containing a high concentration of organic matter (Cereal; 8920+/-150 mg-COD/L). Hydrogen production from the Lagoon and effluent samples was low, with 64+/-16 mL of hydrogen per liter of wastewater (mL/L) for Effluent 1, 21+/-18 mL/L for Effluent 2, and 16+/-2 mL/L for the Lagoon sample. There was substantially greater hydrogen production using the Cereal wastewater (210+/-56 mL/L). Assuming a theoretical maximum yield of 4 mol of hydrogen per mol of glucose, hydrogen yields were 0.61-0.79 mol/mol for the Cereal wastewater, and ranged from 1 to 2.52 mol/mol for the other samples. This suggests a strategy for hydrogen recovery from wastewater based on targeting high-COD and high-sugar wastewaters, recognizing that sugar content alone is an insufficient predictor of hydrogen yields. Preliminary tests with the Cereal wastewater (diluted to 595 mg-COD/L) in a two-chambered MFC demonstrated a maximum of 81+/-7 mW/m(2) (normalized to the anode surface area), or 25+/-2 mA per liter of wastewater, and a final COD of <30 mg/L (95% removal). Using a one-chambered MFC and pre-fermented wastewater, the maximum power density was 371+/-10 mW/m(2) (53.5+/-1.4 mA per liter of wastewater). These results suggest that it is feasible to link biological hydrogen production and electricity producing using MFCs in order to achieve both wastewater treatment and bioenergy production.     

Ozone and biofiltration as an alternative to reverse osmosis for removing PPCPs and micropollutants from treated wastewater

This pilot-scale research project investigated and compared the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and other micropollutants from treated wastewater by ozone/biofiltration and reverse osmosis (RO). The reduction in UV₂₅₄ absorbance as a function of ozone dose correlated well with the reduction in nonbiodegradable dissolved organic carbon and simultaneous production of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). BDOC analyses demonstrated that ozone does not mineralize organics in treated wastewater and that biofiltration can remove the organic oxidation products of ozonation. Biofiltration is recommended for treatment of ozone contactor effluent to minimize the presence of unknown micropollutant oxidation products in the treated water. Ozone/biofiltration and RO were compared on the basis of micropollutant removal efficiency, energy consumption, and waste production. Ozone doses of 4-8 mg/L were nearly as effective as RO for removing micropollutants. When wider environmental impacts such as energy consumption, water recovery, and waste production are considered, ozone/biofiltration may be a more desirable process than RO for removing PPCPs and other trace organics from treated wastewater.