Ho:YAG激光治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的临床观察

目的 总结应用Ho:YAG激光治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的方法及疗效。方法 术前经膀胱镜，病理诊断为浅表性膀胱肿瘤患者52例。单发39例。多发13例，肿瘤共87个，经膀胱镜置入光纤，直视下应用脉冲式Ho:YAG激光切除，汽化膀胱肿瘤及基肿瘤基底周围膀胱粘膜。结果 52例中，9例局麻下门诊完成，术后未留置导尿管，43例留置导尿管1-3d。手术时间10-40min，平均25min，术后创面无瘤细胞残留，术中术后无出血，膀胱穿孔，闭孔神经反射等并发症，7例输尿管口肿瘤术后输尿管口无狭窄，输尿管无种植，50例术后随访3-31个月，6例复发，复发率12%。结论 Ho:YAG激光治疗膀胱肿瘤简单易行，无并发症，在治疗输尿管口肿瘤及常规电切镜不易达到的肿瘤具有优势，是治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的一种方法。     

经尿道Ho：YAG激光治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的临床分析（附92例报告）

目的：总结经尿道钬激光（Ho：YAG激光）治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的临床体会。方法：2005年7月～2008年2月对92例浅表性膀胱癌患者采用Ho：YAG激光治疗,其中肿瘤单发56例,多发36例。肿瘤直径0．5～4cm。术前病理检查均提示为低级别尿路上皮癌。11例年老和一般情况差者采用局麻。结果：手术均一次成功,术后创面基底及创缘病理检查无残余肿瘤,术后均按常规方法用化疗药物行膀胱灌注,并定期随访,每3个月复查膀胱镜。手术时间平均18min（10～50min）,出血极少,无膀胱穿孔及术后继发出血等并发症。术后留置导尿1～3天,最短14h。局麻患者术后即可进食并起床活动。术后住院1～3天,其中43例为Et间手术（入院当天手术,第2天出院）。术后随访平均15个月（2～31个月）,12例复发（13．3％）,再次激光或电切治疗。结论：经尿道Ho：YAG激光治疗浅表性膀胱癌安全,微创,患者耐受性好,疗效与传统TURBT相似。     

不同入路钬激光治疗表浅膀胱肿瘤

目的 :探讨不同入路钬激光 (Ho∶YAG)治疗表浅膀胱肿瘤 (SBC)的方法及疗效。方法 :采用钬激光经尿道及经皮入路共切除肿瘤 6 0例 ,肿瘤病理分级G1～G2 ,临床分期T1～T2 。结果 :手术均一次成功 ,无膀胱穿孔等并发症 ,激光手术时间 :6～ 38min ,平均 19min。平均出血量 <5ml,创面基底及创缘随机活检无肿瘤残留 ,术后均行丝裂霉素膀胱灌注。随访 3～ 2 4个月 ,平均 13个月 ,3例术后 6～ 8个月异位复发 ,复发率为 5 %。结论 :经尿道钬激光切除膀胱肿瘤简单易行 ,安全有效 ,对于无法经尿道途径得到满意治疗的SBC ,经皮膀胱肿瘤输尿管镜下钬激光切除术是一种较理想的微创的手术方法     

钬激光联合膀胱灌注治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤(附30例报告)

目的　总结应用钬激光 (Ho :YAG激光 )治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的疗效。　方法　采用钬激光经尿道切除肿瘤 ,联合术后膀胱灌注治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤 30例。男 2 5例 ,女 5例。平均年龄 5 4岁。肿瘤单发 15例、多发 15例。病理分级G1～G2 ,分期T1～T2 。肿瘤直径 0 .2～ 3.5cm。　结果　手术均一次成功 ,术后创面基底及创缘病理检查无残余肿瘤 ,术后均行吡柔比星膀胱灌注化疗。手术时间平均 18min ,术中平均出血量 <15ml,无膀胱穿孔或术后继发性出血等严重并发症。 30例随访 3～ 14个月 ,平均 7.5个月 ,复发 1例 ,复发率 3%。　结论　经尿道钬激光切除膀胱肿瘤操作简单 ,疗效确切 ,术中、术后无严重并发症 ,是治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的一种理想手术方法。     

经尿道钬激光联合膀胱灌注治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤52例

目的：探讨应用钬激光联合膀胱灌注治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的方法和效果。方法：对浅表性膀胱肿瘤52例患者应用钬激光经尿道切除肿瘤,术后联合膀胱灌注治疗。结果：全部患者均一次手术成功,手术时间12~55 min,术中无闭孔神经反射发生,无膀胱穿孔及明显出血等严重并发症。随访8~48个月,复发3例。结论：经尿道钬激光切除膀胱肿瘤方法简便,疗效可靠,无严重并发症,是治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的一种较理想的方法。     

软性膀胱镜下铥激光切除治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌18例分析

目的 评价软性膀胱镜下铥激光切除治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效及安全性.方法 本组18例,均经病理证实为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌, 共有肿瘤22枚,直径平均1.5 cm(0.5～3.0 cm).所有患者均在喉罩麻醉下行软性膀胱镜下铥激光肿瘤切除.术后常规丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗,定期行膀胱镜检查.结果 18例患者全获随访,平均随访1年(3～18个月),平均手术时间30 min(20～40 min),术中无膀胱穿孔等并发症;4例多发肿瘤患者术后需膀胱冲洗;所有患者均获得肿瘤分期;无尿道狭窄;复发3例,包括异位复发2例,原位复发1例.结论 软性膀胱镜下铥激光切除治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌具有损伤小、无手术盲区、无闭孔神经反射,切割精确等优点,可作为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的有效治疗方式之一,尤其适合一些特殊情况下的经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术.缺点是对于体积较小的肿瘤难以获得术后病理.     

2μm激光分层汽化切割膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤

目的 分析应用2 μm激光汽化切割术治疗膀胱肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 采用骶管麻醉,经尿道膀胱镜2μm激光汽化切割术治疗56例膀胱肿瘤患者,共切除肿瘤68个.术中分层汽化切割膀胱壁,逐层切除标本并分别送病理检查.观察手术时间,术中出血情况,术中及术后并发症.肿瘤病理分期以及术后随访等情况.结果 56例患者均可耐受手术;单个肿瘤平均治疗时间为7 min.本组患者手术时间4～15 min,平均(8.8±3.3)min;术中出血量极少,无闭孔神经反射,术后亦无继发出血,膀胱穿孔1例;术后肿瘤病理分期:T1期40例患者,共47个肿瘤,T2期16例患者,共21个肿瘤;术后随访12～17个月,平均14.5个月,复发3例,1例复发两次,总复发率5.3%.无原位复发.结论 2μm激光汽化切割术治疗膀胱肿瘤是一种安全有效的新方法.由于2μm激光可以做到对膀胱壁全层进行精细的分层汽化切除,不仅可以有效地治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤,也适用于治疗部分浸润性膀胱肿瘤.     

用软性膀胱镜和Nd:YAG激光治疗复发性浅表膀胱肿瘤

浅表性膀胱肿瘤容易复发,反复采用经尿道肿瘤切除术常发生尿道狭窄,膀胱萎缩、膀胱输尿管逆流等合并症。作者将软性膀胱镜和掺钕钇铝石榴石激光(Nd:YAG激光)联合应用取得较好效果。患者18例,均为Ta或T1复发性浅表膀胱肿瘤,形态为乳头状有蒂,肉眼呈非浸润性,大小约1cm左右。使用欧林帕斯软性膀胱镜(CYF-2),激光器的导光束为4Fr的石英纤维,9例用接触型刀头,9例为非接触型照射。患者取仰卧位,在粘膜麻醉下进行治疗,通过监视器画面观察,先行肿瘤活检,再用激光照射,使肿瘤或周围     

膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤激光切除术与电切术的临床疗效对比研究

目的:探讨膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤激光切除术与电切术的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2012年11月至2014年8月行膀胱肿瘤激光切除或电切术的163例患者,其中85例行激光切除术(激光组),电切组78例,对比分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、术后导尿管留置时间、术后住院时间及随访情况。结果:163例均顺利完成手术,激光组与电切组手术时间[(24.2±2.4)min vs.(29.7±2.4)min]、术后留置导尿管时间[(2.83±0.96)d vs.(3.19±0.91)d]差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),激光组闭孔神经反射发生率低于电切组,术中出血量[(19.5±3.7)mL vs.(26.5±2.3)mL]低于电切组。两组患者术后均随访36个月,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示两组无瘤生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.406),术后3年总体复发率差异无统计学意义。结论:与传统膀胱肿瘤电切术相比,激光切除的手术时间短,并发症发生率低,可作为膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤切除术安全、可靠的替代术式,并且激光切除术可获取完整的术后病理组织,对于判断预后及后续治疗方案的制定具有重要作用。     

经尿道绿激光膀胱部分切除术治疗膀胱肿瘤初探

目的分析应用经尿道绿激光行膀胱部分切除术治疗膀胱肿瘤的手术方法、安全性与疗效。方法 2011年7月至2012年10月在本院应用经尿道绿激光膀胱部分切除术治疗的24例膀胱肿瘤患者,共切除肿瘤29个。术中以绿激光沿肿瘤周围全层切开并在肌层与外层结缔组织间剥离膀胱壁,将肿瘤及其基底部膀胱壁整块切除。记录手术时间、术中出血情况、术中术后并发症、肿瘤病理结果及术后随访结果。结果 24例患者均可耐受手术,本组患者手术时间10~23分钟,平均(14.2±4.3)分钟;术中出血量极少或几乎不出血,无闭孔神经反射,术后亦无继发出血,术后留置导管1~3天,无需膀胱冲洗。术后病理示T1期18例,T2期6例,随访12个月,复发1例,无原位复发。结论经尿道绿激光膀胱部分切除术治疗膀胱肿瘤,疗效确切,安全可靠。     

The use of the Nd:YAG laser in urology

The use of the neodymium:YAG(Nd:YAG) laser in urology in still in its infancy. To date, the most widely published application of this laser is in the treatment of bladder carcinoma. We have utilized the Nd:YAG laser in 23 treatments for superficial bladder tumors. The laser has both advantages and shortcomings, which are thoroughly addressed. In our hands the laser has been a safe instrument for the treatment of these lesions, although we do not recommend its use for tumors greater than 3 cm. We have treated two patients with invasive disease one week prior to planned cystectomy. In one case, no residual tumor was found at cystectomy, while the second patient had viable tumor only in an untreated area. Two patients were successfully treated with the laser for intractable bladder bleeding, one each with primary and secondary bladder tumor. Seven patients with condylomata acuminata were treated with laser therapy. All had excellent results without complication. One patient with urethral bleeding secondary to trauma was treated without success, while one patient with a urethral hemangioma was well treated with the Nd:YAG laser. Thus the Nd:YAG laser would appear to have a place in the urologic armamentarium, but whether it is cost-effective for widespread use remains to be seen.     

Use of Nd:YAG laser in treatment of bladder cancer

A total of 53 patients were treated with neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and followed up for two years. Three patients had carcinoma in situ (CIS); 4 had Ta lesions; and 28 had TINxMo, 8 had T2NxMo, and 10 had T3NxMo lesions. The patients with CIS received a combination of Nd:YAG laser and intravesical bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) instillation. The remainder of the patients received no supplementary chemotherapy. No tumor recurrence was noted in those with Ta lesions. Tumor recurred in 18 per cent of patients with T1 lesions, and 33 per cent of those with T2 lesions; 80 per cent of patients with T3 lesions had resistant or residual tumors. In patients with CIS, there was no tumor recurrence. Nd:YAG laser is effective in Ta, T1, and T2 bladder cancers, with low recurrence rate and minimal complications. In very select, high-risk patients with small lesions, and in those who refuse cystectomy, there may be a place for laser therapy for either palliation or definitive treatment of T3 invasive tumors of the bladder.     

The contact Nd:YAG laser system in the treatment of bladder cancer: a preliminary report in 48 patients

A synthetic contact sapphire endoprobe attached to the quartz fiber of a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser had been used in the transurethral treatment of bladder tumors. A total of 68 operations have been carried out in 48 patients. The contact probe was placed directly into the tumor under direct vision. Using 15-20 watts of laser energy, the tumor blanched and underwent necrosis. The technique was easy to apply, and bleeding was minimal. Damage to the ureteral orifice and ureter in the bladder wall at repeat cystoscopy appeared less than with conventional electrocautery or noncontact laser treatment. The technique of contact Nd:YAG laser surgery will have an important role in the transurethral treatment of bladder tumors.     

Laser treatment in urology: Our experience with neodymium: YAG and carbon dioxide lasers

Laser surgery is currently considered as an effective alternative in the treatment of several urological diseases. We report on our three-year experience treating recurrent superficial low grade bladder carcinoma in 80 patients using Neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG) laser. A decrease in local tumour recurrence rate (11%) was observed, but the overall not treated arearecurrence was 45%. No complications were noted when the procedure was carried out on outpatient basis. Furthermore, we have been treating successfully urogenital condylomata using Nd: YAG and carbon dioxide (CO₂) lasers in 364 patients. In addition we describe the use of Nd: YAG laser in the percutaneous treatment of a patient with bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.     

Nd:YAG laser therapy for palliation of recurrent squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of laser photo-thermoablation for palliation of recurrent squamous cell tumors of the oral cavity. STUDY DESIGN/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients were treated with the Nd:YAG laser (power output was 50 W) delivered through a curved oral handpiece. RESULTS: Ten patients are alive, 7 with tumor remission, and 3 with persistent disease with an average follow-up of 16 months (range = 2-36). A total of 29 tumor sites received laser treatment with 17 (58%) completely ablated. Stratified by tumor site Nd:YAG treatment led to complete local response in 8/10 buccal mucosa, 2/5 retromolar trigone, 2/2 tongue, 2/5 gingiva, 1/2 floor of mouth, 2/4 hard palate. CONCLUSIONS: Nd:YAG laser treatment of recurrent oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma can be performed safely and repeated as needed to achieve tumor palliation. However, extended follow-up may be needed before convincing evidence of long-term therapeutic benefits is obtained.     

Holmium:YAG laser treatment of recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma: initial clinical experience

PURPOSE: To review our initial experience with the holmium laser in patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We treated 41 patients having 71 recurrent superficial transitional-cell tumors of the bladder between December 1994 and September 1997 using the holmium:YAG laser under local anesthesia. The laser treatment was carried out as a part of the follow-up flexible cystoscopy protocol, and topical anesthesia was used. The mean follow-up was 14 months (range 3-33 months). RESULTS: There were 13 recurrent tumors in the treated area and 38 recurrences in the untreated areas. Of interest, a subgroup of 10 patients were treated before 1994 with cystodiathermy and later on with the holmium:YAG laser at various times during their follow-up. The local recurrence rate with cystodiathermy was 32% compared with 10% after laser treatment (P = 0.39). A questionnaire study of 33 patients showed complete satisfaction with the treatment. Only 2 (6%) elected to have a further procedure under general anesthesia. In the series, 83% scored their pain as 2 or less of 10 on a visual analog scale. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of complications, high patient satisfaction, and ability to be used in the outpatient setting make the holmium:YAG laser an attractive alternative in the treatment of recurrent superficial cancer of the bladder.     

Lasers in urology

Our 9-year clinical experience with the Nd:YAG laser indicates that the conventional methods of tumor treatment in urology should be considered in urothelial tumors. In benign tumors of the genitalia and in penile cancer, the laser application is superior to all other conventional methods of treatment. Stone destruction by laser-induced shock waves could become very interesting, not only in urinary tract stones but also in gall bladder stones.     

Use of the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma

This is the first North American report describing the use of the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser to treat patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. Fifteen patients, with a total of 52 recurrent superficial bladder tumors, underwent endoscopic laser photoablation of their lesions. No intraoperative or delayed complications occurred. At follow-up cystoscopy performed 3 months after lasing, four patients (27%) were without disease; eight patients (53%) had out-of-field recurrences; and three patients (20%) were classified as having in-field recurrences. We conclude that using the Ho:YAG for endoscopic treatment of patients with superficial bladder tumors is both feasible and clinically useful and that the lack of perceived pain or discomfort during lasing, as well as the lack of need for an in-dwelling urethral catheter, makes it advantageous for selected patients over conventional electroresection techniques. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Carcinoma of penis treated with neodymium YAG laser

Sixteen men with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were treated primarily with the Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Five patients had TIS, 9 had T1 tumors, and 2 had T2 carcinoma. All patients had refused traditional therapy of partial penectomy and gave informed consent as to the investigational nature of the Nd:YAG laser photoradiation therapy. Circumcisions and deep tissue biopsies were performed on all patients prior to tumoricidal neodymium photoradiation treatment. The patients were followed from twelve to thirty-six months. At follow-up, 5 patients with TIS had no evidence of recurrent cancer. Of the 9 patients with T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, 6 (67%) were tumor-free at a mean follow-up of twenty-six months. The 2 men with T2 carcinoma of the penis had reduction of the tumor mass but were not cured. The obvious advantage of the Nd:YAG laser in treating carcinoma of the penis is preservation of the penis eliminating disfiguring amputation.     

Evaluation of changes in oxygen tension as indicators of RIF-1 tumor response to Nd:YAG laser heating

Heat-induced oxygen tension changes in RIF-1 tumors in C3H male mice were analyzed in an attempt to correlate these changes with tumor response to Nd:YAG laser heating. A low power, microprocessor-controlled Nd:YAG laser was used to superficially heat 250–300 mm³ tumors to base temperatures of 44, 45, 46, or 48°C for 30 minutes via a flexible 600 μm quartz fiberoptic with a terminating microlens. A glass, Clark-style microelectrode was inserted into the center of each tumor allowing real time measurement of the tumor's oxygenation status before, during, and after heating. Results showed that heating at 44°C caused a greater than 2-fold increase in oxygen tension during heating, while a temperature of 48°C caused a brief initial increase in oxygen tension followed by a decrease to below pretreatment values. There was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between relative tumor oxygen tension during and post-heating and tumor growth delay. A significant correlation (P<0.05) was also seen between tumor base temperature during heating and tumor growth delay. It appears from our initial data that single point oxygen tension measurements in small RIF-1 tumors may be useful indicators of this model's response to Nd:YAG laser heating. This result may allow for modification of heating parameters (temperature/time) during treatment to optimize thermal response. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.