莲藕中的酶促褐变及其控制

由酚酶催化的酶促反应是引起莲藕褐变的主要原因,简要论述了莲藕中酶促褐变的机理,并在此基础之上讨论了控制的方法,其中亚硫酸盐、Vc、半脱氨酸及有机酸等化学试剂可以作为抗褐变剂有效地延缓和抑制莲藕的褐变。     

鲜切甘薯酶促褐变调控的研究

采用不同浓度的D-异抗坏血酸钠和柠檬酸分别处理鲜切甘薯,研究其在10℃贮藏过程中的酶促褐变反应,揭示不同褐变抑制剂对鲜切甘薯酶促褐变的调控机制。结果表明,0.5%～1.5%D-异抗坏血酸钠和低浓度(0.01%～0.03%)柠檬酸均延缓了鲜切甘薯酶促褐变的发生,有效抑制了PPO和POD的活性,降低了总酚含量;但高浓度(≥0.05%)柠檬酸处理反而加速了酶促褐变反应的进行。比较两种褐变抑制剂,D-异抗坏血酸钠抑制效果更好,其最佳浓度为1.0%。     

果蔬酶促褐变机理的研究进展

酶促褐变对果蔬在加工保鲜过程中的品质有重大影响，有关酶促褐变机理的相关研究也越来越多。本文整理归纳了国内外围绕褐变机理进行的多酚氧化酶和酚类底物的相关研究，包括对多酚氧化酶种类、催化位点、提取、分离、纯化、活性测定方法的介绍；酚类化合物种类、含量变化及其变化原因的阐述；酚类酶促氧化反应、醌的生成途径、次级代谢过程、氧化终产物特性以及抗褐变剂抑制酶促褐变机理的报道，以期为酶促褐变机理的系统深入研究提供借鉴与参考。     

甘蔗压榨提汁过程褐变抑制研究？

制糖脱色成本占糖浆精制成本的1/3,而酶促褐变是蔗汁颜色加深的一个主要原因。本文探讨了制糖压榨过程中褐变对蔗汁颜色变化的影响,进一步研究了亚硫酸盐对蔗汁酶促褐变的抑制。结果表明：褐变对蔗汁色值贡献率大于50%,前10 min褐变速度最快;蔗梢蔗汁相对于成熟蔗茎蔗汁酶促褐变程度高;压榨后立即预灰能减少酶促褐变色素生成;多酚氧化酶活性在蔗汁预灰pH大于9.5时为0,在pH6.0~6.5最高;3 mmol/L NaHSO3的添加量能完全抑制蔗汁酶促反应发生。研究可为甘蔗制糖工艺的改进提供依据。     

鲜切果蔬酶促褐变机理及控制研究进展

介绍酶促褐变的机理及与褐变相关的酶,并从物理、化学等方面介绍了一些新近发展的酶促褐变抑制方法.     

果蔬褐变及其影响因素研究进展

果蔬贮藏、加工过程中的褐变包括酶促褐变和非酶褐变(Maillard反应、焦糖化反应、抗坏血酸氧化变色和多酚类氧化缩合)。发生酶促褐变必须具备酚类物质、酚酶和氧3个条件,影响因素有pH、温度和O2等。非酶褐变的影响因素因褐变类型的不同而存在差异。     

果汁褐变及其影响因素研究进展

果汁加工及贮藏过程中的褐变包括酶促褐变和非酶促褐变(美拉德反应,酚类物质氧化变色、焦糖化褐变和抗坏血酸氧化褐变)两种情况。影响酶促褐变的因素有温度、pH、氧气、抑制剂和酚类化合物等,非酶褐变的影响因素因褐变类型的不同存在差异。各种非酶褐变类型问存在复杂关系。     

南果梨果汁非酶促褐变反应机制研究

通过监测南果梨果汁在不同温度贮藏过程中非酶促褐变反应的褐变指数（browning index,BI）及5-羟甲基糠醛（5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF）、总酚、抗坏血酸、游离氨基酸、还原糖的含量,探究其非酶促褐变反应的主要反应机制和影响因素。通过动力学方程表达各反应进行的情况和主次关系,结果表明,南果梨果汁非酶促褐变的主要反应机制是美拉德反应和抗坏血酸氧化分解反应,多元酚氧化缩合反应和焦糖化反应在南果梨果汁非酶促褐变反应体系中影响较小。在不同的贮藏温度下,5-HMF和抗坏血酸的含量变化规律均符合零级反应动力学模型,随着贮藏温度的升高,南果梨果汁的非酶促褐变反应速度加快。     

“黑美人”马铃薯多酚氧化酶的特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,在413nm处测定黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了温度、pH、底物浓度对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程,探讨了L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、EDTA及亚硫酸氢钠五种抑制剂对酶促褐变的抑制效果。结果表明:黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶最适反应pH为6.3;最适反应温度为35℃;酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,以邻苯二酚为底物,Km=0.0011mol/L,Vmax=142.23U/min.g;动力学方程为V=142.23[S]/(0.0011+[S]);五种抑制剂均对PPO酶促褐变具有抑制作用,其强弱依次为亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>EDTA>柠檬酸。     

乙醇冷藏处理对鲜切马铃薯酶促褐变的抑制及其机理研究

以鲜切马铃薯为原料,研究了乙醇处理对其多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、褐变指数(BI)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以及酶促褐变底物L-酪氨酸和L-多巴的紫外和红外光谱图的变化来研究乙醇处理对鲜切马铃薯酶促褐变抑制机理。结果表明,分别用4%、5%、6%体积分数的乙醇溶液处理后的鲜切马铃薯在贮藏过程中,PPO活性、POD活性、BI值和MDA含量均低于对照组,且5%体积分数的乙醇溶液处理对酶促褐变的抑制效果最优;通过酶促褐变底物的紫外及红外光谱图可知,乙醇溶液处理对马铃薯酶促褐变的底物的结构没有产生影响,由此可知,乙醇溶液是通过抑制PPO、POD等相关酶的活性来抑制鲜切马铃薯的酶促褐变。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.     

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LYSOZYME

The quantitative analysis of the reaction products of the water activity dependent nonenzymatic glycosylation of lysozyme was not straightforward. Difficulties arose in the determination of the number of bound glucose molecules because glycosylation leads to glucose mediated protein aggregation, and the likely presence of a mixture of relatively labile Schiff-base intermediates, and the more stable ketoamine products generated by Amadori rearrangement. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor protein aggregation; periodate oxidation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC, emerged as the most promising methods to quantitate the degree of glycosylation. Possible interpretations are advanced to explain the apparent discrepancies in degree of glycosylation suggested by the different analytical methods evaluated.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．