Chemometric Characterization and Classification of Selected Freshwater and Marine Fishes from Turkey Based on their Fatty Acid Profiles

The fatty acid (FA) profiles of edible muscle of selected commercially important freshwater and marine fish species from Turkey were investigated. The fatty acid compositions of freshwater fish species were 23.00–29.60% saturated (SFA), 25.70–36.50% monounsaturated (MUFAs), and 26.59–31.92% polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs), whereas the fatty acid compositions of marine fish consisted of 21.08–36.90% (SFA), 18.03–51.45% MUFAs, and 20.92–53.17% PUFAs. There was a wide variation and significant (P < 0.05) differences among the fatty acid profiles of the freshwater and marine fish samples, including differences in the SFA, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, DHA, DHA/EPA, total n-3 PFAs, total n-6 PUFAs and n-3/n-6 values. In addition, the cheap marine fish species such as anchovy and European pilchard, bogue are better dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs than more expensive species such as bluefish, Atlantic mackerel, sea bream and sea bass. Through the application of two multivariate statistical methods, Principal Component and Hierarchical Analysis, fish species from Turkey waters were classified according to the geographical locations categorized in terms of fatty acid profiles. Clustering by fish species also gave rise to defined groups.     

Effects of Fats and Oils on Rheological, Fatty Acid Profile and Quality Characteristics of South Indian Parotta

Keeping in view the present day demand for foods with healthy fats, the effect of different fats namely hydrogenated fat (HF) and bakery fat (BF); oils—sunflower oil (SFO), soyabean oil (SBO), olive oil (OLO), palm oil (POO) and coconut oil (CNO) separately at the level of 7.5 % on the rheological, fatty acid profile and quality characteristics of parotta was studied. Addition of fats and oils decreased Farinograph water absorption, Amylograph peak viscosity, Alveograph resistance of dough to deformation and increased average abscissa at rupture. In the micrographs of parotta dough with fats, the protein matrix appeared thick and intact, whereas in the case of parotta dough with oils the protein matrix appeared slightly less intact. The spread ratio and overall quality of parotta with oils were higher than fats. The highest overall quality score was observed for parotta with OLO, followed in decreasing order by SFO, SBO, CNO, POO, HF and BF. Determination of fatty acid profile showed that the parottas with fats contained a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA), while parottas with oils had no TFA. During storage up to 48 h, the parottas with oils remained softer than the parottas with fats.     

Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of 15 Marine Fish Species from the Southeast Coast of Brazil

Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in edible meat of fifteen marine fish species caught on the Southeast Brazilian coast and two from East Antarctic. Most of the fish had lipid amounts lower than 10% of their total weight. Palmitic acid (C16:0) predominated, accounting for 54–63% of the total amount of saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) was the most abundant (49–69%) monounsaturated fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), accounting for 31–84% of n-3 PUFA. n-3 PUFA level were highest in Antarctic fish meat, comprising 45% of the total fatty acid content, which consisted of mainly EPA (16.1 ± 1.5 g/100 g lipids) and DHA (24.8 ± 2.4 g/100 g lipids). The amounts of EPA + DHA in g/100 g of lipids on the Southeast Brazilian coast and Antarctic fish species investigated were found to be similar: 42.0 ± 1.7 for Bonito cachorro, 41.0 ± 2.3 for Atum, and 39.4 ± 1.8 for peixe porco, respectively. All the studied species exhibited an n-3/n-6 ratio higher than 3, which confirms the great importance of Southeast Brazilian coast fish as a significant dietary source of n-3 PUFA.     

微生物细胞脂肪酸的组成分析

应用气相色谱—质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对微生物细胞脂肪酸的组成进行了分析.结果表明,菌体的代谢状态分为两个时期:菌体生长期和油脂积累期;菌体细胞主要积累油酸(C18:1)、软脂酸(C16:0)和棕桐油酸(C16:1);通过发酵,最终得到的微生物油脂脂肪酸组成为:油酸(C18:1)64.80％、软脂酸(C16:0)19...     

棉籽酸化油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱法分析了棉籽酸化油的脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质进行了研究。分析结果表明,棉籽酸化油的含油率为91.33%,酸值为144.35mgKOH/g,碘值为116.58gI2/100g,皂化值为199.80mgKOH/g;其主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(21.29%)、硬脂酸(2.29%)、油酸(23.72%)、亚油酸(50.23%)和亚麻酸(0.39%),其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达74%,具有很高的工业利用价值。     

Estimation of Protein and Fatty Acid Composition in Shell-Intact Cottonseed by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Rapid and accurate analysis of cottonseed protein content and the composition of fatty acids (especially, saturated fatty acids) is often required in cotton production and breeding programs. This study aimed to establish a set of effective estimation models for these parameters. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration equations using partial least-squares regression for protein concentration, oil concentration, and five fatty acids of shell-intact cottonseeds were established based on 90 varieties, and the prediction abilities of the calibration models were verified using 45 other varieties. The prediction abilities of the NIRS calibration equations were basically consistent with external validation results. Each equation was assessed based on the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD_p). Protein content and seed total fatty acid (STA) content had high RPD_p values (3.687 and 3.530, respectively), whereas cottonseed kernel total fatty acid (KTA) content, linoleic acid (18:2), stearic acid (18:0), myristic acid (14:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) exhibited relatively high RPD_p (2.866, 2.836, 2.697, 2.676, and 2.506, respectively). The calibration model for oleic acid (18:1) had a low RPD_p (1.945). The results indicated that NIRS can be used to rapidly determine contents of STA, KTA, protein, stearic acid (18:0), myristic acid (14:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) in shell-intact cottonseed.     

Structural Determination and Occurrence in Ahiflower Oil of Stearidonic Acid Trans Fatty Acids

Several marine oils and seed oils on the market contain relevant quantities of stearidonic acid (18:4n‐3, SDA). The formation of 18:4n‐3 trans fatty acids (tFA) during the refining of these oils necessitates the development of a method for their quantification. In this study, 18:4n‐3 was isolated from Ahiflower and isomerized to obtain its 16 geometric isomers. The geometric isomers of 18:4n‐3 were isolated by silver ion HPLC (Ag⁺‐HPLC) and characterized by partial reduction with hydrazine followed by gas chromatography analysis. The elution order of all 16 isomers was established using a 100 m × 0.25 mm 100% poly(biscyanopropyl siloxane) capillary column and at the elution temperature of 180 °C. The 4 mono‐trans‐18:4n‐3 isomers produced during the refining of oils rich in 18:4n‐3 were chromatographically resolved from each other, but c6,t9,c12,c15‐18:4 coeluted with the tetra‐cis isomer. These 2 fatty acids (FA) were resolved by reducing the separation temperature to 150 °C, but this change caused tetra‐cis‐18:4n‐3 to coelute with t6,c9,c12,c15–18:4. Combining the results from 2 isothermal separations (180 and 150 °C) was necessary to quantify the 4 mono‐trans 18:4n‐3 FA in Ahiflower oil.     

木本油料脂肪酸组成、提纯及其应用研究进展

木本油料是我国传统工业油料,应用领域广泛,可作为优质的食用植物油的来源,也可作为生产生物柴油的原料,并且还被用于饲料添加剂和化妆品行业。木本油料中C12~C18不饱和脂肪酸含量高,易被人体吸收,不同提取技术(压榨法、水酶法、超声波辅助法、浸出法等)对木本油料的脂肪酸组成及含量的影响较小。本文对橡胶籽油、核桃油、椰子油、山苍子核仁油、牡丹籽油、油茶籽油和棕榈油等7种木本油料的资源量、应用情况做了简单介绍,并综述了7种木本油料的脂肪酸组成及其提取纯化技术,重点介绍了木本油料中的中长碳链不饱和脂肪酸的提纯技术,并对提纯后的月桂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的应用进行了综述和展望。     

Lower Plasmatic Levels of Saturated Fatty Acids and a Characteristic Fatty Acid Composition in the Ovary Could Contribute to the High-Fertility Phenotype in Dummerstorf Superfertile Mice

In recent decades, fertility traits in humans as well as in farm animals have decreased worldwide. As such, it is imperative to know more about the genetics and physiology of increased or high fertility. However, most of the current animal models with reproductive phenotypes describe lower fertility or even infertility (around 99%). The “Dummerstorf high-fertility lines” (FL1 and FL2) are two unique mouse lines selected for higher reproductive performances, more specifically for higher number of pups per litter. We recently described how those superfertile mice managed to increase their reproductive phenotype by doubling the ovulation rate and consequently the litter size compared to the unselected mice of the same founder population. FLs show an unusual estrous cycle length and atypical levels of hormones that link reproduction and metabolism, such as insulin in FL1 and leptin in FL2. Moreover, we described that their higher ovulation rate is mostly due to a higher quality of their oocytes rather than their sheer quantity, as they are characterized by a higher quantity of high-quality oocytes in antral follicles, but the quantity of follicles per ovary is not dissimilar compared to the control. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the lipid composition of the fertility lines from plasma to the gonads, as they can connect the higher reproductive performances with their metabolic atypicalities. As such, we analyzed the fat content of FLs and fatty acid composition in plasma, liver, fat, oocytes of different quality, and granulosa cells. We demonstrated that those mice show higher body weight and increased body fat content, but at the same time, they manage to decrease the lipid content in the ovarian fat compared to the abdominal fat, which could contribute to explaining their ovarian quality. In addition, we illustrate the differences in fatty acid composition in those tissues, especially a lower level of saturated fatty acids in plasma and a different lipid microenvironment of the ovary. Our ongoing and future research may be informative for farm animal biology as well as human reproductive medicine, mostly with cases that present characteristics of lower fertility that could be reversed following the way-of-managing of Dummerstorf high-fertility lines.     

Fatty Acid Composition of the Oil from Developing Seeds of Different Varieties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Fatty acid composition and moisture and oil content were determined for Montola-2001 and Centennial safflower varieties at three different harvest dates from flowering to maturity, which were grown as autumn and spring crops in two different locations in 2001–2002 and 2002–2003. The experiment was carried out using split–split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Sowing dates affected oil content and fatty acid compositions significantly (P < 0.01), whereas moisture content in both years was not significantly affected. Moisture content declined 15 days from flowering period to maturity, while oil content increased. The rate of the palmitic acid formation decreased in both varieties 15 days from flowering period to maturity, whereas formation rates of the oleic and linoleic acids increased in Montola-2001 and Centennial varieties, respectively.     

HPLC法测定肉制品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸

建立用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器测定肉制品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸的方法。肉制品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸经水蒸气蒸馏,用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器测定,外标峰面积法定量。苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸在2~100 mg/kg范围内呈良好的线性关系,3个水平(2.0、20.0、80.0 mg/kg)添加苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸的回收率为84.3%~91.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.04%~2.06%,检出限为2.0mg/kg。此方法具有简单、快速、准确等优点,适用于脂肪含量较高的肉制品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、脱氢乙酸的测定。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Irvingia gabonensis and Treculia africana Seed Lipids and Phospholipids

Lipid compositions of two non-conventional oilseeds (Irvingia gabonensis and Treculia africana) were studied. Total lipids were extracted by the Folch method and phospholipids were isolated by solid phase extraction. Fatty acid compositions of total lipids and phospholipids were determined by gas chromatography. Phospholipid classes and tocopherols were quantified by HPLC. The major fatty acids in I. gabonensis seed total lipids were myristic (41.4–48.9 %) and lauric (39.8–46.8 %) while those in T. africana seed were linoleic (29.1–31.4 %) and oleic (22.9–25.9 %). The principal fatty acid at the sn-2 position of I. gabonensis seed triacylglycerols was myristic (49.5 %) while that of T. africana was linoleic (50.6 %). Phospholipid content of crude T. africana seed oil was 3.3 % and that of I. gabonensis was 0.1–0.3 %. The composition and distribution of saturated fatty acids in I. gabonensis seed lipids suggest that it may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Igbo people in Nigeria that use the seed as food ingredient.     

Analysis of Fatty Acid and Lignan Composition of Indian Germplasm of Sesame to Evaluate Their Nutritional Merits

An attempt was made to individually analyze a germplasm collection of 54 indigenous Indian sesame cultivars for fatty acid and lignan composition of their seed oil by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The entries varied in their fatty acid and lignan composition. The mean percentage contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids ranged between 10–22, 5–10, 38–50, 18–43 and less than 1 whereas sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin scored between 3–37, 27–67, 20–59 of the total percentage of lignan, respectively. The highest percentage of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) was obtained in Var‐9 (1.3 % of the total fatty acids). Among the lignans, high sesamin content is considered to be significant, particularly in terms of long shelf life and nutraceutical value of sesame seed oil. The study has broadened our understanding related to differential biochemical composition of the rich sesame germplasms, thereby providing us with a useful groundwork for identifying potential targets and suitable cultivars for genetic engineering approaches to be undertaken in order to improve the nutritional quality of sesame oil, which in turn would be beneficial towards human health.     

Longitudinal Assessment of Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition Throughout Pregnancy and Post Partum

Transfer of fatty acids from mother to fetus during pregnancy is a requirement for optimal fetal growth. We report a longitudinal study of full maternal erythrocyte fatty acid profile assessed at each trimester of pregnancy [mean 12.5 (range 8–14), 26.1 (24–28) and 35.5 (33–38) weeks’ gestation] and in the post partum period [18.1 (12–26) weeks]. The study recruited healthy women (n = 47) from routine antenatal clinics at the Princess Royal Maternity Unit, Glasgow, Scotland. There were increases in 16:1n7 (22%, p = 0.0005), 24:1n9 (13%, p = 0.0032), 22:5n6 (25%, p = 0.0003), 18:3n3 (41%, p = 0.0007) and 22:6n3 (20%, p = 0.0005) concentrations during pregnancy. The greatest increases took place between gestations at sampling of 12.5 and 26.1 weeks. The change in 16:1n7 concentration between gestations at sampling of 12.5 and 35.3 weeks was negatively associated with maternal booking body mass index (r = −0.40, p = 0.006). The change in 22:6n3 concentration was correlated with the change in 24:1n9 (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). In samples taken four months post partum, 14:0 concentration was lower (29%, p = 0.0002) and 24:0 concentration (15%, p = 0.0009) and n6/n3 ratio (11%, p = 0.0019) were higher than at a gestation at sampling of 12.5 weeks. In conclusion, several fatty acids are specifically mobilised during pregnancy. The correlation between maternal 22:6n3 and 24:1n9 suggests that mobilisation of these fatty acids may be coordinated. The inverse relationship between 16:1n7 and maternal central obesity warrants further investigation.     

Assessment of Trans Fatty Acid Level in French Fries from Various Fast Food Outlets in Karachi,Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to determine the trans fat level in French fries sold in different fast food outlets in Karachi. In the present study, attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the quantification of trans fatty acid (TFA). A number of studies have been reported on trans fat in different regions of the world, but no categorical study has yet discussed the trans fat in fast food products in Karachi. Amongst the samples examined, the total trans fatty acid content was in the range of 0.11 ± 0.01–24.00 ± 0.25 %. Most of the samples contain a high percentage of TFA. There is an urgent need to monitor and regulate the level of trans fat in order to reduce the health risk to the consumers of fast food items in Karachi, Pakistan.     

An Empirical Equation for Estimation of Kinematic Viscosity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biodiesel

Kinematic viscosity (µ) is an important physical property of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and biodiesel. In this work, the Martin's rule of free energy additivity is extended to cover the kinematic viscosity of saturated and unsaturated FAME commonly found in nature. The proposed model can also be extended to estimate kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity of a FAME or a biodiesel can be easily estimated from its carbon number (z), number of double bonds (n_d) at different temperatures (T) without a prior knowledge of the viscosity of individual FAME. Both z_ave and n_d(ave) can be derived from its fatty acid composition. Thus, kinematic viscosity of biodiesel at temperatures between 20 and 100 °C and at atmospheric pressure can be estimated. The average absolute deviation (AAD) estimated at 20–100 °C for saturated, unsaturated FAME, biodiesels and biodiesel blends are 4.15, 3.25, 6.95 and 2.79 %, respectively. The biodiesels collected in this study (191 data points) have the z_ave and n_d(ave) between 14.10 and 17.96 and 0.21–1.54, respectively. The standard deviation was 0.249. The proposed model would be good for estimation of viscosity of biodiesel containing normal fatty acids, generally found in biodiesel feed stocks.     

The Fatty Acid Profile and Phenolic Composition of Descurainia sophia Seeds Extracted by Supercritical CO2

Oil and phenolics were extracted from Descurainia sophia (Sophia) seeds by a supercritical CO₂ system. Extractions were conducted in two sequential steps, first using 100 % CO₂ and then adding 10 % ethanol as co‐solvent. The extracts were collected in each step using two separate collectors operating at different pressures. The extraction run was 3 and 4 h for the first period, and 2 h for the second period. The majority of the oil was collected in the first extraction period while phenolic compounds were obtained in the second extraction period. A combined mode of static/dynamic extraction (3 h running and 1 h soaking in CO₂) was also used in the first extraction period, which enhanced the total extraction yield (29.3 ± 0.5 %) and was comparable to the 4 h extraction yield (31.4 ± 0.1 %). The total fatty acid (FA) content of oil in collector 1 (0.94 g) was nearly twice that in collector 2 (0.60 g). The oil contained 14 FAs with α‐linolenic being predominant (48.5 %), with a total 91.1 % unsaturated FAs, a ω3/ω6 ratio of 2.7, and an erucic acid content of 6.2 %. More than 10 phenolic compounds were detected by HPLC in the Sophia seed extracts of which sinapic acid was the dominant compound. Sophia seed extracts showed high levels of antioxidant activity. These results suggest that Sophia seed oil and phenolics have the potential for functional food and pharmaceutical applications.     

Composition of Rice Bran Stearin from Various Refineries Across China

In this study, we evaluated the composition of rice bran stearin (RBS) from various refineries across China. Here, we report the physicochemical parameters of RBS. The slip melting point ranged from 20.8 to 35.3 °C. The free fatty acid content (0.05–0.27 %) and peroxide value (0.34–3.70 mequiv oxygen/kg) was quite low, indicating that the RBS was of good quality. The iodine value ranged from 85.8–102.9 g/100 g, indicating a high unsaturated bond content. There was a significant difference in the unsaponifiable matter content (1.20–3.87 %) among RBS samples. The oxidative stability index (OSI) ranged from 0.56 to 5.85 h. The palmitic acid content in RBS refined by molecular distillation was significantly higher than the RBS that was refined physically and chemically. The major triacylglycerol was LLO/OLL, PLL/LPL, OLO, PLP, OOO and POO (L, linoleic acid; O, oleic acid; P, palmitic acid). RBS contained high levels of micronutrients, including total tocopherols (23.3–117.9 mg/100 g), oryzanol (0.1–2.1 %), and total sterols (682.9–1787.3 mg/100 g). Moreover, three different kinds of solid fat curves were distinguished. The results presented here are probably the first report regarding RBS on an industrial scale, meanwhile the potential utilization of RBS is discussed.     

Fatty acid and 3‐hydroxy fatty acid composition of two Hypericum species from Turkey

The fatty acid compositions of flowering tops of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum retusum Aucher (Guttiferae) were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The major components were C16:0 (24.87%), C18:3 n‐3 (21.94%), 3‐OH‐C18:0 (18.46%) and 3‐OH‐C14:0 (14.22%) for H. perforatumL. and 3‐OH‐C14:0 (28.29%), C18:0 (16.47%) and C16:0 (14.17%) for H. retusum Aucher. Besides widespread plant fatty acids, 3‐hydroxy fatty acids, namely 3‐hydroxytetradecanoic acid (3‐OH‐C14:0) and 3‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (3‐OH‐C18:0) were also obtained.