一种基于带宽估计的MANET网络拥塞避免机制

针对MANET 网络提出了一种基于带宽估计的拥塞避免机制。该机制通过实时地监测无线节点链路的工作状态,来估计节点的可用带宽,从而获得节点的拥塞程度指标,根据包的类型进行拥塞控制。带宽估计不需要与其他节点进行状态信息交换,降低了系统开销。拥塞避免机制缓解了无线网络的拥塞状态,提高了网络性能。     

一种基于IEEE 802.11e的多跳无线网络拥塞控制协议

多跳无线网络中网络拥塞的出现将严重降低网络的性能。基于802.11e提供的区分业务类型的信道接入优先级机制,提出了一种对尽力而为(best-effort)类型业务动态调整其优先级进行网络拥塞控制的协议。该算法的主要思想是对发生网络拥塞的节点提升其业务流传输的优先级使其获得更多的传输机会以缓解拥塞状况,并对严重的网络拥塞状况采取反向施压的策略降低上游节点业务流的转发速率。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地提高了网络重负载情况下的吞吐量。     

一种自适应的无线传感器网络拥塞缓解机制

提出一种自适应的拥塞缓解机制。当无线传感器网络发生拥塞时,尝试在拥塞节点附近建立新路径,路径建立失败时引入公平汇聚机制,按汇聚数据流权重大小比例限制上游节点速率以减少源节点数据发送率。仿真实验表明,该机制减少了能耗,降低了丢包率,使重要的数据能实时、公平地传送到目的节点。     

一种基于CICQ的动态重路由交换机制

多径路由交换机制能够通过改变到达网络交换节点的流量分布缓解交换系统的端口争用.本文深入探讨了多下一跳交换机制在核心交换网实施的可能性,提出了一种支持动态重路由的交换结构MHRS和支持多下一跳流量均衡的转发表管理结构HMFT.MHRS算法根据交换系统当前拥塞度实施交换系统内部的动态重路由,实现网络流量的实时动态均衡.HMFT对多下一跳交换节点进行QoS度量和区分,从而为不同业务需求提供不同转发路径.理论分析和仿真结果表明:以MHRS和HMFT算法为构件的网络交换系统能够获得良好的时延和吞吐量保障.     

基于多网关的无线Mesh网络负载均衡调度算法

网关节点的效率决定了无线Mesh网络(WMN)的传输性能,如何有效地解决WMN网关负载均衡问题是非常重要的.在已有的WMN负载均衡算法基础上,提出一种新的基于多网关协作机制的WMN负载均衡调度算法.该算法以源节点到网关节点的跳数信息和网络负载信息相结合作为网关的选择和切换标准,通过多个网关的协作机制,结合高效的网关选取和调度算法实时地对网关业务进行分流;通过一种快速平滑的网关切换方式对其进行调度,从而有效地缓解拥塞网关节点的负载压力,提高WMN的Internet接入性能.性能分析结果表明:该算法可在多个网关间直接实现负载均衡,减少了网络拥塞,提高了网络性能.     

IEEE 802.16 Mesh模式下的跨层拥塞控制

基于IEEE802.16Mesh网络,提出了一种拥塞控制策略.每个节点通过自身拥塞情况进行局部拥塞控制,同时利用节点间的协同能力在每相邻两跳内的3个结点间进行拥塞控制.通过跨层机制反馈整条传输链路的拥塞情况,并在链路源节点进行数据发送调节.仿真结果表明,这种基于跨层反馈的拥塞控制策略(CLFC2)能有效缓解链路拥塞状况,在负荷严重的情况下能提供更好的通信质量.     

基于滑模变结构的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制

基于滑模变结构机制,讨论了节点级和链路级同时发生拥塞情况下的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制问题.对于节点级拥塞和链路级拥塞分别提出了准滑模控制策略.链路级拥塞采取节点输出流量最小的数据包优先进行传输的原则,实现了拥塞控制的跨层设计,大大降低了各节点排队时间,能够有效缓解拥塞的发生.仿真结果表明,该算法实现了较高的吞吐量和较低的延迟,提高了整个网络的服务质量.     

基于压缩感知的拥塞控制机制

针对无线传感网络(WSN)的拥塞问题,提出一种压缩感知与速率控制相结合的拥塞缓解方法。针对局部拥塞,通过开环逐条反压机制调整上游节点的发送速率,从而快速缓解局部拥塞;针对全局拥塞,各节点采用压缩感知的方法采集数据,减小采集信息的冗余,从而缓解全局性拥塞。拥塞缓解后,节点正常采样,以此来保证数据的真实度。仿真结果表明,该方法对WSN的拥塞具有较好的控制效果。     

基于数据分组到达时间的无线ad hoc拥塞避免算法

提出一种新型基于通信数据分组到达时间的拥塞避免算法,以数据分组的到达时间差异来判断网络带宽的拥塞情况,为发送端速率控制提供拥塞控制的依据.在模型控制中建立VTP虚拟传输协议,实现拥塞避免和实时传输协议之间解耦合.该算法通过对拥塞控制建模和优化,较好地解决了针对ad hoc网络的实时流媒体传输的带宽适应性难题.     

无线网络中基于流媒体传输的自适应TFRC机制

在无线网络高误码率的环境下, 经典TFRC机制会将无线误码丢包误认为拥塞丢包, 导致吞吐量过度降低. 针对无线网络实时流媒体业务的传输控制问题, 提出了一种改进型动态自适应TFRC机制(Adaptive-TFRC). 它在接收端利用丢包区分参数来真实反映网络的状态(即拥塞或者误码), 然后反馈至发送端, 同时对经典TFRC机制的吞吐量模型公式进行改进, 最终能够根据实时网络条件动态自适应地调节传输速率. 仿真结果表明, Adaptive-TFRC机制能够有效地提高网络吞吐量, 降低实时业务流的延时抖动, 同时能够进一步改善TCP业务的友好性传输, 从而保证无线网络实时流媒体的服务质量.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).