水文气象研究进展

从面向流域的定量降水估测与预报、流域水文模型、水文气象耦合预报三个方面系统介绍水文气象研究进展。研究指出,融合天气雷达、卫星遥感及实况降水等多源信息是精细化定量降水估测产品的主要发展方向;采用多模式降水预报集成技术是提高定量降水预报精度的重要途径;分布式水文模型是流域水文模型的发展方向;引入定量降水预报的水文气象耦合预报模式可以延长洪水预报预见期,水文集合预报是水文预报方法的有效解决途径,而数值预报模式与水文模型的双向耦合模式是另一重要发展方向。     

新疆托里一次暴雨洪水气象水文特征分析

利用现有的气象、水文资料，对1988年7月22日发生在托里县城的特大暴雨洪水进行了分析，揭示出气象、地理、洪水等自然现象间的链接关系，有助于对山区突发暴雨型洪水成因、特征和防御有进一步认识。     

Potential increase of flood hazards in Korea due to global warming from a high-resolution regional climate simulation

Because of the importance of the changes in the hydrologic cycle, accurate assessment of precipitation characteristics is essential to understand the impact of climate change due to global warming. This study investigates the changes in extreme precipitation with sub-daily and daily temporal scales. For a fine-scale climate change projection focusing on the Korean peninsula (20 km), we performed the dynamical downscaling of the global climate scenario covering the period 1971?C2100 (130-year) simulated by the Max-Planck-Institute global climate model, ECHAM5, using the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) regional climate model, RegCM3. While annual mean precipitation exhibits a pronounced interannual and interdecadal variability, with the increasing or decreasing trend repeated during a certain period, extreme precipitation with sub-daily and daily temporal scales estimated from the generalized extreme value distribution shows consistently increasing pattern. The return period of extreme precipitation is significantly reduced despite the decreased annual mean precipitation at the end of 21^st century. The decreased relatively weak precipitation is responsible for the decreased total precipitation, so that the decreased total precipitation does not necessarily mean less heavy precipitation. Climate change projection based on the ECHAM5-RegCM3 model chain clearly shows the effect of global warming in increasing the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation, even without significantly increased total precipitation, which implies an increased risk for flood hazards.     

美国水文气象科研业务考察纪实

NOAA和USGS是美国主要从事气象和水文业务与科研的两大联邦政府部门,随着NASA将科学任务重点从太空科学转向地球科学,除了继续开展卫星观测技术和遥感数据的开发和应用之外还关注水文气象领域的研究。作为国际山地中心主持的“兴都-库什-喜马拉雅地区卫星遥感降水估算”项目的内容之一,本人于2011年5~6月参加了由国际山地中心(ICIMOD)组织的赴美交叉学习活动,先后参观和考察了NOAA和USGS的主要部门和其他一些相关单位,与NASA科学家进行了广泛的交流。本文简要介绍了这些单位开展的水文气象业务和科研工作、卫星遥感应用情况以及学习访问期间的感想与体会,对提高我们目前的相关业务和科研工作以及体制机制的创新方面有一定的借鉴意义。     

琼江两次洪水过程的水文气象分析

对2012年7月3—5日和2013年6月30日至7月1日四川盆地东南部四川省和重庆市交界处的琼江流域两次洪水过程的水文气象条件进行了分析。利用数字高程模型DEM提取了琼江流域的河网分布和河道距离出口的分布,结合标准化时间距离方法客观地反映了降水（尤其是强降水）的时空分布情况。SWAN输出的组合反射率因子拼图表明两次琼江流域的强降水均由多段强降水雨带导致,对流系统多在右岸支流源头新生,移向与河流流向一致,在干流产生洪水的叠加效应。由于“6．30”过程中强回波几乎覆盖整个琼江流域长达约16 h,导致严重的洪水叠加效应,洪水漫过原有河道形成大面积滞洪区,洪水行至下游河段回归河槽时,加之河道收窄,造成下游水文站洪峰时间滞后。     

金塔绿洲解放村水库夏季晴天水文气象效应的数值模拟

利用非静力中尺度数值模式RAMS,模拟了金塔绿洲南部边缘面积约为6 km2的小水库(解放村水库)夏季晴天的水文气象效应。结果表明:金塔绿洲附近的解放村水库面积虽然很小,但水库水体具有比较明显的"暖湖"、"冷湖"和"湿岛"效应,且有明显的湖风出现。敏感性试验表明水库水体总的作用是冷却作用,最大降温幅度为2.2℃;水库水体对风场有加速作用,最大增幅为1.4 m.s-1;水库水汽的影响高度能达到650 m左右,下风岸影响的最大距离约为3 km,上风岸约为300 m。     

A copula-based multivariate analysis of Canadian RCM projected changes to flood characteristics for northeastern Canada

In the present work, climate change impacts on three spring (March–June) flood characteristics, i.e. peak, volume and duration, for 21 northeast Canadian basins are evaluated, based on Canadian regional climate model (CRCM) simulations. Conventional univariate frequency analysis for each flood characteristic and copula based bivariate frequency analysis for mutually correlated pairs of flood characteristics (i.e. peak–volume, peak–duration and volume–duration) are carried out. While univariate analysis is focused on return levels of selected return periods (5-, 20- and 50-year), the bivariate analysis is focused on the joint occurrence probabilities P1 and P2 of the three pairs of flood characteristics, where P1 is the probability of any one characteristic in a pair exceeding its threshold and P2 is the probability of both characteristics in a pair exceeding their respective thresholds at the same time. The performance of CRCM is assessed by comparing ERA40 (the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis) driven CRCM simulated flood statistics and univariate and bivariate frequency analysis results for the current 1970–1999 period with those observed at selected 16 gauging stations for the same time period. The Generalized Extreme Value distribution is selected as the marginal distribution for flood characteristics and the Clayton copula for developing bivariate distribution functions. The CRCM performs well in simulating mean, standard deviation, and 5-, 20- and 50-year return levels of flood characteristics. The joint occurrence probabilities are also simulated well by the CRCM. A five-member ensemble of the CRCM simulated streamflow for the current (1970–1999) and future (2041–2070) periods, driven by five different members of a Canadian Global Climate Model ensemble, are used in the assessment of projected changes, where future simulations correspond to A2 scenario. The results of projected changes, in general, indicate increases in the marginal values, i.e. return levels of flood characteristics, and the joint occurrence probabilities P1 and P2. It is found that the future marginal values of flood characteristics and P1 and P2 values corresponding to longer return periods will be affected more by anthropogenic climate change than those corresponding to shorter return periods but the former ones are subjected to higher uncertainties.     

Hydrometeorological conditions of the Volga region and current climate changes

The maps are presented of seasonal air temperature and precipitation amount anomalies averaged for the whole Volga region and adjacent territory for two time periods, 1946–1977 and 1978–2008. It is demonstrated that the considerable differences in the thermal and moistening regimes of the Volga region exist for these two periods. The relation is described between the variations of temperature and precipitation amount and the circulation types according to Vangengeim-Girs classification as well as the possibility to use these data for specifying the climatic scenarios obtained on the basis of physically complete hydrodynamic models.     

水文气象安全问题国际会议简介

地球系统科学联盟(ESSP)缘起日益严重的全球环境变化(GEC)问题。GEC是由人类活动和自然过程相互交织的系统驱动     

水文气象安全问题国际会议简介

2006年9月26-29日在俄罗斯首都莫斯科召开了水文气象安全问题(对于极端气候变化社会学预测和适应性)国际会议。根据WMO报告指出,在全球各种灾害中,水文气象灾害约占总灾害的85％。因此,研究全球及各个地区水文气象灾害安全问题就成为各国科学家和政策制定者以及公众关心的重大问题。会议的中心是围绕极端气候     

Hydrometeorological application of an extratropical cyclone classification scheme in the southern United States

Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in the southern United States are often overlooked when compared with tropical cyclones in the region and ETCs in the northern United States. Although southern ETCs are significant weather events, there is currently not an operational scheme used for identifying and discussing these nameless storms. In this research, we classified 84 ETCs (1970–2009). We manually identified five distinct formation regions and seven unique ETC types using statistical classification. Statistical classification employed the use of principal components analysis and two methods of cluster analysis. Both manual and statistical storm types generally showed positive (negative) relationships with El Ni?o (La Ni?a). Manual storm types displayed precipitation swaths consistent with discrete storm tracks which further legitimizes the existence of multiple modes of southern ETCs. Statistical storm types also displayed unique precipitation intensity swaths, but these swaths were less indicative of track location. It is hoped that by classifying southern ETCs into types, that forecasters, hydrologists, and broadcast meteorologists might be able to better anticipate projected amounts of precipitation at their locations.     

长江防汛水文气象信息网络改造的原则和技术

考虑到长江防汛水文气象信息局域网的结构、带宽和安全措施已滞后，长江水利委员会水文局按照实用性、可靠性、安全性、可扩展性、经济性和先进性这6条原则，于2001年对该网络系统进行了更新改造，其改造卓有成效。该文着重对此网络的软件和硬件改造技术分别作了介绍。     

发挥海洋水文气象资源优势,加快北海南珠产业发展

为了加快南珠产业的发展,对北海市沿海的地理环境、气候特征及水文条件进行分析,提出了如何加快南珠产业发展的对策     

Hydrometeorological processes in semi-arid western India: insights from long term isotope record of daily precipitation

Long term (2005–2016) daily precipitation isotope data (δ18O, δD and d-excess) from Ahmedabad in semi-arid Western India are examined in light of various meteorological parameters and air parcel trajectories to identify prominent patterns in the isotopic character and discern the underlying hydrometeorological processes. One of the most prominent and systematic annual patterns is the isotopic depletion (average δ18O: − 2.5‰ in Jun–Jul; − 5.2‰ in Aug–Sept) in the second half of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), which is observed in the 11 out of the 12 years of this study. Four geographically feasible causal factors have been examined if they contribute to observed late monsoon isotopic depletion. These factors are: (1) increased contribution of terrestrially recycled vapor; (2) intra-seasonal change in sea-surface, surface-air and cloud base temperatures; (3) increased rain-out fraction from marine vapor parcel; and (4) increase in relative proportion of convective rain. It is inferred from the present study that isotopic depletion in the second half of ISM is associated with: (1) increased contribution (45% from 36%) of terrestrially recycled moisture; (2) 1.9° C lower cloud base temperature; (3) increased rainout fraction due to decreased wind velocity (6.9 m/s from 8.8 m/s); and (4) an increase of 22.3% in the proportion of convective rain. Daily rain events with atypical isotopic composition (20‰ < d-excess < 0‰) are ascribed mainly to local weather perturbations causing sudden updraft of moist air facilitating terrestrial recycling of water vapor.     

From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for Flood Risk Prediction

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River basin.Significant precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in China.Instead of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United States.Such a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire domain.Priorities in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.     

暴雨洪涝淹没模型在洪灾损失评估中的应用

为了开展客观定量的暴雨洪涝灾害评估,探讨了基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的暴雨洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程,其核心环节有两部分：估算因降水造成的淹没范围和建立适用的经济损失评估模型。其中暴雨洪涝淹没模型以最大坡降算法和曼宁公式计算暴雨洪涝汇流过程,通过给定汇流时间得到研究区域的淹没面积和水深;经济损失评估模型由直接经济损失和间接经济损失构成,直接经济损失由淹没范围内各类财产的价值乘以其相应的损失率得到。以武汉市江夏区2010年7月一次暴雨洪涝灾害过程为例给出了整个评估流程的实现过程,结果表明基于暴雨洪涝淹没模型的洪涝灾害损失评估业务流程物理意义清楚,表达了暴雨-径流-洪涝灾害全过程,可用以提高洪涝灾害影响评估的定量化程度,同时也为暴雨洪涝风险管理提供一定的依据。     

Diagnostic of the massive flood event and flood hazard mapping in Tons River basin

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This study diagnoses the Satna flood event in the Tons River basin. The occurrence of this intense flood is attributed to the rainfall associated with the...