神木煤-CH_4微波共热解产物生成规律研究

以半焦作为微波吸收剂和CH4裂解催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了CH4气氛下神木煤微波热解特性,对CH4气氛下神木煤-半焦混合物在不同温度(450℃~700℃)下微波热解产物的生成规律进行了研究,并与相同条件的N2气氛下微波热解结果进行了比较.研究表明,CH4气氛下神木煤的微波热解半焦产率比N2气氛下的半焦产率低;而焦油产率和热解水产率高于相同条件N2气氛下的焦油和热解水产率.在CH4气氛下煤-半焦混合物微波热解,H2和CO产率高于N2气氛下的结果,而CO2产率低于N2气氛下微波热解的CO2产率.综合对比两种气氛下热解产物的生成规律可知,在半焦催化作用下,CH4在微波加热条件下可以实现对神木煤的直接加氢,提高煤的热解转化率.     

气氛对依兰低阶煤流化床快速热解产物分布的影响

利用流化床快速热解反应器对依兰次烟煤快速热解进行了试验研究,分析了气氛条件对热解产物分布的影响。试验结果表明:热解气体产率随热解温度的升高而增加;热解焦油存在最大产率温度,在N_2,H_2,CO和CO_2气氛下对应的最大产率温度分别为670,650,720和700℃;与N_2气氛相比,H_2和CO气氛可提高焦油产率50%以上,CO_2气氛则仅在较高热解温度(650℃)下显著影响焦油产率;通过元素分析,热解气氛中H_2,CO_2和CO的存在可提高焦油的氢碳比,同时降低S和N元素的含量。     

新疆伊犁南台子煤热解耦合CO变换反应的研究

为探索提高焦油产率的新途径,以新疆伊犁南台子煤为研究对象,考察了CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合对焦油产率的影响。采用常压固定床反应器,B205为变换催化剂,分别考察了热解气氛、反应温度对南台子煤热解反应的影响。结果表明,CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合条件下,热解温度在450℃~650℃范围,焦油产率随温度的升高而增大;650℃之后,焦油产率保持稳定。在热解温度650℃、其他反应条件完全一致、CO变换反应与煤热解反应耦合条件下,焦油产率分别为N2、H2气氛中焦油产率的1.62倍和1.43倍。半焦和焦油的红外分析表明,CO变换反应生成的活性氢参与了芳烃的加成反应,使氢数量增多,提高了焦油产率。     

热解温度和反应气氛对输送床煤快速热解的影响

在连续进料量为1.2 kg·h~(-1)的输送床反应器中考察了热解温度和反应气氛对不连沟次烟煤快速热解的影响。N_2气氛下,随着煤热解温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,600℃时达到最大值10.3%;对应的半焦产率下降,气体产率以及气油比增加。高温促进了煤挥发分的释放以及挥发分在气相中的二次反应,部分产物从固相和液相产品转化为气相产品,氢气、甲烷和乙烯等气体组分的产率明显增加。700℃下,H_2气氛能够抑制挥发分二次反应的发生,起到稳定自由基和加氢的作用,显著提高焦油产率和油品品质,同时有利于甲烷的生成。CO气氛在一定程度上同时提高了轻质和重质焦油产率。CO_2和水蒸气能够促进焦油的二次反应,特别是重质焦油的裂解,具有一定的提质作用,但会导致焦油产率下降。CH_4气氛促进了重质焦油组分的生成,使得热解焦油产率提高。     

反应气氛对平朔煤热解反应性能的影响

在固定床反应器上研究了平朔煤在N2,H2,CH4/CO2和CH4/CO2(catalyst)不同热解气氛下的煤热解性能.主要考察了不同热解气氛下的热解温度和升温速率对焦油、水、半焦产率以及脱硫率的影响.结果表明,甲烷在催化剂的作用下能够产生大量的CHx基团,CHx基团能使煤热解产生的自由基更稳定,从而提高焦油产率.平朔煤在CH4/CO2(catalyst)气氛下热解的焦油产率最高,在600℃的热解温度下,焦油、水、半焦产率和脱硫率分别为33.5%,25.8%,69.5%和25.3%(质量分数),其中焦油产率为相同条件下H2和N2气氛下热解的1.6和1.8倍.     

热解温度和反应气氛对输送床煤快速热解的影响

在连续进料量为1.2 kg·h^-1的输送床反应器中考察了热解温度和反应气氛对不连沟次烟煤快速热解的影响。N₂气氛下,随着煤热解温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,600℃时达到最大值10.3%;对应的半焦产率下降,气体产率以及气油比增加。高温促进了煤挥发分的释放以及挥发分在气相中的二次反应,部分产物从固相和液相产品转化为气相产品,氢气、甲烷和乙烯等气体组分的产率明显增加。700℃下,H₂气氛能够抑制挥发分二次反应的发生,起到稳定自由基和加氢的作用,显著提高焦油产率和油品品质,同时有利于甲烷的生成。CO气氛在一定程度上同时提高了轻质和重质焦油产率。CO₂和水蒸气能够促进焦油的二次反应,特别是重质焦油的裂解,具有一定的提质作用,但会导致焦油产率下降。CH₄气氛促进了重质焦油组分的生成,使得热解焦油产率提高。     

大同煤热解和加氢热解过程中产物生成规律的研究

在压力2MPa,温度350—650℃范围内,对比研究了大同煤分别在氮气和氢气气氛下热解过程中产物的分布和气体生成规律。研究表明,煤的热解和加氢热解转化率和水产率都随温度上升而增加;在热解条件下,焦油产率在500℃出现最大值。氢气对煤热解转化只有超过一定温度才具有促进作用,此时与热解相比具有较高的CO、CH4和C2^＋产率以及较低的CO2产率。     

多层床煤热解提高油气品质的机理研究

利用两段固定床对三层床煤依次经过450℃低温、650℃中温和900℃高温的分级热解过程进行模拟实验,研究了上两段中低温和下两段中高温热解相邻两段之间的相互作用,揭示了多层床煤热解提高油气品质的机理。通过中低温热解的相互作用,焦油中轻质组分(沸点低于360℃的馏分)含量增加,热解气中CH_4含量增加,H_2含量减小,说明中低温热解主要通过半焦对热解产物的原位催化提质作用而提高焦油品质。通过中高温热解的相互作用,焦油收率和焦油中轻质组分含量增加,CH_4和CO含量升高,H_2含量下降,表示中高温热解的主要作用是在富含H_2气氛下热解提高焦油收率和品质.实验结果表明,多层床煤热解主要通过半焦的原位催化提质和富H_2气氛的协同作用而提高热解油气品质.     

福城煤的热解特性研究

采用固定床反应器对福城煤进行热解特性研究,选择不同热解终温在氮气气氛下进行实验,确定焦油收率最高的热解终温为650℃;选择不同的温升速率,以650℃为热解终温进行热解反应,热解温升速率的升高有利于煤的热裂解,表现为总挥发物的量增加,残余半焦的量减少。     

热解气催化活化促进石河子烟煤热解的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/MgO,Co/MgO和Ni/MgO催化剂,利用固定床反应器对石河子烟煤在热解气气氛下的催化热解行为进行了研究,考察热解气在催化剂作用下对煤热解焦油产率、半焦产率、轻重油比例以及焦油族组成的影响,并与相同条件下N2气氛和热解气气氛热解特性进行了对比分析.结果表明,三种催化剂对煤在热解气中的热解都有促进作用,其中Ni/MgO催化剂对提高焦油产率最明显.在气体流量为400mL/min,热解温度为550℃,Ni/MgO为催化剂的条件下,焦油产率为7.33%,与相同条件下在N2气氛和热解气气氛下热解相比,焦油产率分别提高了78%和42%.而Co/MgO催化剂对提高轻油的作用较明显.这表明热解气催化活化对煤热解有较好的促进作用,可抑制缩聚反应,提高焦油的产率和改善焦油的品质.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。