重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

安徽铜陵矿区不同功能区域土壤中重金属对微生物及酶活性的影响

为揭示土壤微生物及酶活性与重金属污染的内在关系,并建立土壤重金属污染水平的酶活性及生物学参数表征体系,以安徽铜陵狮子山矿区周边土壤为研究对象,测定矿区内不同功能区域（采矿区、选矿区、堆矿区、尾矿库以及菜园）土壤中w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）和基础呼吸、微生物量碳含量、代谢熵等理化性质以及6种土壤酶（脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶）的活性.结果表明,所选矿区不同功能区域的内梅罗综合污染指数（P_N）依次为堆矿区（10.77）>采矿区（4.38）>选矿区（4.06）>尾矿库（2.55）>菜园（1.35）;4种重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb）的单因子指数（P_i）依次为Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb.不同功能区域内6种土壤酶活性之间有显著差异并呈不同程度变化,且均以菜园土壤酶活性为最大,其中,过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均可以有效地表征w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）和w（Pb）的水平.与基础呼吸或者微生物量碳含量指标相比,代谢熵能更好地表征土壤环境污染状况.研究显示,土壤酶活性、代谢熵与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb这4种重金属含量均呈极显著相关,因此可通过测定土壤酶活性和代谢熵等生物学参数为矿区土壤环境质量评价及生态修复提供参考依据.      

磷肥和稻草对土壤重金属形态、微生物活性和植物有效性的影响

采用原位化学固定法,通过向土壤中添加修复剂磷肥和稻草,研究其对土壤中重金属形态、植物有效性和土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:添加磷肥和稻草可改变土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的形态分布,使土壤中重金属高植物有效性的酸提取态比例降低;其中以磷肥+稻草组下降最多,酸提取态Cu比例从对照的50.4%降至8.7%,酸提取态Cd从56.2%降至29.5%,酸提取态Zn从32.9%降至25.1%,酸提取态Pb从21.1%降至检测限以下.磷肥、稻草及磷肥+稻草修复土壤后,4种重金属在油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的含量显著降低,且油菜干生物量由对照的0.46 g分别增至0.97、1.53和2.28 g.同时土壤中微生物活力得到提高,土壤微生物生物量碳由对照的19.16 mg/kg最高增至966.71 mg/kg,而代谢呼吸率由对照的21.95 mg/(kg.h)最大升至158.63 mg/(kg.h).证明磷肥和稻草可降低重金属对油菜和土壤微生物的毒性胁迫,改善污染土壤质量,促进植物和土壤微生物的生长.      

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

湖南某铅锌矿土壤重金属形态分析及淋溶液pH值对其淋滤的影响

为了解有色金属矿区土壤重金属形态及pH值对其迁移的影响,选取对土壤环境影响较大的Hg、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu元素进行研究。采用欧共体参比司的三步连续提取法研究了某铅锌矿区周边农田10个土壤样品中重金属的形态分布,根据重金属形态中酸可提取态重金属的百分比,可得6种重金属的迁移能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Hg;用2.3、4.1、5.6、7.2四个不同pH值的淋滤液淋溶尾砂矿柱50 d,检测数据显示,酸度的提高可以显著促进尾矿砂中重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)的溶出;除Zn元素外,其他元素在50 d内的溶出量均随时间的推移而降低。根据不同检测时间段内淋溶液溶浸出的重金属元素含量分析可知,重金属对酸性淋滤的敏感程度顺序为Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd。综合分析得出该农田重金属污染严重程度顺序为Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu>Hg>Cr。     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting

The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

Effect of heavy metals on soil nematode communities in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory

The influence of Cu and Zn on soil nematode communities was examined along a pollution gradient with increasing distance from a metallurgical factory. Total and available heavy metal contents were used to study the effects of heavy metals on nematode abundance, trophic groups and ecological indices. The results demonstrated significant correlations between the number of total nematodes, bacterivores, plant-parasites and the total and available heavy metals. Bacterivores and plant-parasites were the dominant trophic groups. Significant differences in different sampling sites were found only in the number of bacterivores（P〈0.01）. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index（W）, trophic diversity index（TD）, evenness index（J＇） and dominance index（λ） were found to be sensitive to soil pH and C/N ratios. Significant correlations were found between the total nematodes （TNEM）, some genera （A crobeloides, Aphelenchoides, Cephalobus, Ditylenchus, Mesorhabditis, Tetylenchus and Tylenchus） and distance from the factory.     

内蒙古包头铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及其评价

对位于内蒙古草原生态系统的包头尾矿库区和白云鄂博铁矿开采区土壤中重金属的污染状况进行了调查研究,旨在为治理草原矿区的土壤重金属污染提供理论依据.结果表明,包头尾矿库区周围不同方向的土壤都受到了重金属Pb、Cu、Zn和Mn的污染,单项污染指数法评价表明各重金属污染程度为Mn〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu;内梅罗综合污染指数法评价表明...     

设施菜地土壤重金属累积及影响因素研究

为了解设施菜地土壤重金属累积规律及影响因,通过在全国8个省具有代表性的设施蔬菜产区采集土壤和肥料样品,系统研究了设施栽培年限、肥料施用、土壤性质对设施菜地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd累积量及活度的影响.结果表明:与露天栽培相比,设施条件下随着栽培年限的延长,土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度均呈明显的累积趋势,栽培年限>15a时的设施土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度分别是露天栽培土壤的1.57、2.16、1.67、3.28、1.96、2.00倍.Pearson分析表明设施菜地土壤Cu、Zn、Cd均与土壤SOM呈极显著相关,说明其在来源上较强的相似性,进一步对设施栽培土壤主要投入品中Cu、Zn、Cd含量分析表明,猪粪、商品有机肥及土壤调理剂中Cu、Zn均超过了100mg/kg,Cd超过了1.0mg/kg,且投入量较大,是设施栽培土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd的主要贡献者,而秸秆和部分化肥(如尿素、硫酸钾)中的Cu、Zn、Cd含量均极低,对设施栽培土壤累积贡献微乎其微.pH值和CEC是影响Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中累积活度的关键因素,其中随着pH值的升高土壤Cu活度表现了先升高后下降的趋势,而土壤Cd活度则表现了持续下降的趋势,仅在pH<6.26时达到了显著相关水平;土壤CEC的升高对土壤Cu活度表现了先下降后升高再下降的趋势,土壤Cd活度表现了先升高后缓慢下降再升高的趋势,而土壤Zn活度仅在CEC<5.83时随着CEC升高表现下降显著线性相关趋势.因此,防止设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn、Cd的累积与污染,选择重金属含量低的肥料和调控土壤理化特性(尤其是pH值、CEC)则是缓解设施栽培土壤重金属累积速率进而确保蔬菜质量安全的有效途径.     

污泥对樟子松生物量及其重金属积累和土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同剂量污泥(体积分数,即污泥体积占污泥和沙土总体积的百分比,分别为:0、20%、33.3%、50%和100%)施用于风沙土条件下,污泥剂量对樟子松幼苗生物量及其对重金属的累积和土壤中重金属有效性的影响.结果表明,在养分含量低的风沙土中,施用污泥能够显著提高樟子松幼苗生物量,最适剂量为50%;污泥剂量的增加可促进樟子松植株对重金属的吸收和累积,在最适剂量(50%)条件下,樟子松植株中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的累积量分别是对照(不施污泥)的18.0、8.9、17.1、11.5倍;樟子松植株重金属吸收速率顺序为:ZnCuPbCd,而迁移系数顺序为:ZnCdCuPb;土壤中有效态重金属含量随污泥剂量的增加而增加,而植株收获后土壤中有效态重金属下降幅度均小于对照.     

包头城区土壤重金属空间分布特征及污染评价

为考察包头城区土壤重金属污染现状,在包头城区范围内布设88个采样点,测定土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr的含量,并分析其空间分布特征及相关关系,评价其污染状况。结果表明:人类活动强烈干扰了包头城区土壤,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn普遍超标,且均在冶金工业区出现极大值;城区土壤重金属呈现由工业生产、交通运输及燃煤活动共同作用的复合污染态势;5种重金属综合评价结果为重度污染,其中Cd的单因子指数均值达到7.05,已对居民健康造成威胁和危害。     

基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价

针对土壤重金属污染评价的不确定性,采用模糊数对其进行描述.在土壤重金属含量满足正态或对数正态分布检验基础上,构建了基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价方法.以江苏省T市为例进行评价方法实证分析,结果表明:除As出现轻度污染外,其他重金属含量均处于清洁水平,其中Hg、Cu、Zn处于局部轻度污染状态,各重金属富集污染程度排序为:As ＞Cu＞ Hg＞ Zn＞ Ni＞ Cr＞ Cd＞ Pb,研究区土壤重金属污染综合评价为清洁水平,As、Hg、Cu 、Zn应该作为相关部门污染控制的重点对象.与传统的三角模糊数方法的评价结果相比,该方法能更为精确的描述不同重金属含量的隶属度大小,评价结果所包含的信息更为全面、准确.     

西南典型碳酸盐岩高地质背景区农田重金属化学形态、影响因素及回归模型

土壤重金属化学形态是决定重金属生物活性和生物毒性的重要因素,是科学评价西南碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属生态风险的关键.为了探明碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态分布情况,选择贵州省典型碳酸盐岩分布区,以第二次全国土壤普查图斑为采样单元,在农田中采集土壤表层样品309件,利用改进的Tessier七步顺序提取法,分析了As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属的水溶态（F1）、离子交换态（F2）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）、弱有机结合态（F4）、铁锰氧化物结合态（F5）、强有机结合态（F6）和残渣态（F7）这7种化学形态.结果发现,土壤中重金属As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn残渣态比例均超过50%,有效组分（F1~F3）比例均小于5%,潜在生物有效组分（F4~F6）比例低于45%,活性较低,生态风险不高.Cd的有效组分和潜在生物有效组分占比分别为55.49%和29.37%,远高于其他重金属,基于土壤重金属形态的生态风险远小于基于土壤总量的生态风险.逐步回归方程可以有效建立Cd、Cu和Pb生物有效组分与影响因素之间的关系.重金属全量和pH值是影响碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态的重要因子,受研究区长期土法炼锌活动和碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中重金属元素倾向于在残渣态中富集的影响,土壤有机质（OM）和氧化物含量对土壤重金属化学形态影响相对较小.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass

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Effect of heavy metals on soil microbial activity and diversity in a reclaimed mining wasteland of red soil area

The microbial biomass, basal respiration and substrate utilization pattern in copper mining wasteland of red soil area, southern China, were investigated. The results indicated that soil microflora were obviously different compared with that of the non-mine soil. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were negatively affected by the elevated heavy metal levels. Two important microbial ecophysiological parameters, namely, the ratio of microbial biomass C（ Cmic ）/organic C（ Corg ） and metabolic quotient（qCO2 ） were closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There was a significant decrease in the Cmic/Corg ratio and an increase in the metabolic quotient with increasing metal concentration. Multivariate analysis of Biolog data for sole carbon source utilization pattern demonstrated that heavy metal pollution had a significant impact on microbial community structure and functional diversity. All the results showed that soil microbiological parameters had great potential to become the early sensitive, effective and liable indicators of the stresses or perturbations in soils of mining ecosystems.     

煤矿周围土壤中铜、锌污染状况及特征分析

以陕西省神木县西沟乡六道沟流域作为研究区域,对六道沟煤矿周围的土壤中的铜、锌的含量进行了研究,着重分析了煤矿开采是否对周围土壤造成重金属污染以及重金属在煤矿周围土壤中的分布特征。结果表明该区域仅有部分土壤遭受铜、锌的轻度污染,即煤矿开采会对周围土壤造成不同程度的污染,且铜、锌含量随着距煤矿距离的增大而递减,并随采样深度增加而递减。     

2种组配改良剂对稻田土壤重金属有效性的效果

为研究2种组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)和HZ(羟基磷灰石+沸石)对土壤重金属的生物有效性以及水稻吸收累积重金属的影响,在湘南某矿区附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量(0,2,4,8g/kg)的两种组配改良剂,并进行了水稻种植的田间试验.结果表明,施用2~8g/kg组配改良剂LS和HZ均能使土壤pH值和CEC含量显著增加,有机质含量变化不明显,LS比HZ更能提高土壤pH值和CEC含量.施用2~8g/kg组配改良剂LS能使土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的TCLP提取态含量分别降低25.7%~52.2%、12.7%~25.7%、6.4%~17.2%和8.6%~23.4%,施用2~8g/kg HZ使土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的TCLP提取态含量分别降低57.6%~80.1%、7.0%~40.9%、2.3%~22.7%和4.5%~33.2%.两种组配改良剂能显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的生物有效性,抑制水稻植株对Pb和Cd的吸收,土壤Pb、Cd和Cu的TCLP提取态含量与水稻根系和糙米中Pb、Cd和Cu的含量之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,TCLP提取态含量能较好的表示重金属在土壤中的生物有效性.     

中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化对污泥重金属风险及稳定性的影响

通过分析中温厌氧消化+机械脱水以及热水解预处理+高温厌氧消化工艺过程中重金属含量与形态的变化,研究了中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化工艺对污泥重金属风险、形态及稳定性的影响.结果表明,中温厌氧消化工艺增加了污泥中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险增强.高温厌氧消化工艺降低了污泥Cd和Cr的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险降低.其中,N厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd和Zn,S厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd;Cd是6种重金属风险系数最高的,是污泥潜在生态危害的最大贡献者.中温厌氧消化后,污泥中Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn的可还原态和可氧化态所占质量分数之和降低;Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni的残渣态所占质量分数降低.可见,中温厌氧消化后,污泥重金属的潜在毒性和稳定态向直接毒性转化.高温厌氧消化后,污泥Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的可交换态所占质量分数降低;Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的残渣态所占质量分数亦降低,可见,高温厌氧消化后,重金属的直接毒性和稳定态向潜在毒性转化.     

长江经济带工业区土壤重金属污染特征与评价

长江经济带是我国经济快速发展区之一,高度密集的工业活动正加剧该区域的环境压力.工业活动是场地土壤重金属污染的重要来源,但长江经济带工业区土壤重金属污染的空间分布及典型行业污染特征仍不清楚.从中国知网和Web of Science等公共数据库获取了长江经济带11个省市193个工业区表层土壤8种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、P...