湘南汝城盆地火山岩岩石地球化学及其成因意义

汝城盆地基性火山岩系由辉绿岩、玄武岩和玄武质火山碎屑岩组成，属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系。基性火山岩系具有同一岩浆源区。岩石微量元素出现弱的LILE富集和Ta，Nb，Ti的亏损。强不相容元素比值反映岩浆源区明显偏离原始地幔组分，具有富集型异常地幔岩浆源区特征。岩浆源区同时受到地壳物质混染和来自先前消减残留板片流体或熔体交代的双重改造作用。在陆内拉张构造条件下富集型异常地幔岩浆源区的部分熔融是制约汝城盆地基性火山岩形成的主要因素。     

湘东南汝城盆地火山岩的元素地球化学及源区性质讨论

湘东南汝城盆地火山岩系由辉绿岩、玄武岩和玄武质火山碎屑岩组成 ,属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系。玄武岩全岩K Ar年龄为 ( 12 8 4± 4 2 )Ma ,辉绿岩全岩K Ar年龄为 ( 112 1±3 2 )Ma。元素地球化学分析表明火山岩系具有同一岩浆源区 ,其形成以部分熔融方式为主。岩石微量元素出现大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U的富集和高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ti的亏损。强不相容元素含量的比值表明岩浆源区明显偏离原始地幔组分 ,具有富集型地幔的特征。岩浆源区主要受到地壳物质混染以及来自消减残留板片析出流体的交代改造作用。     

A case of simple magma mixing in the Columbia River Basalt Group: The Wilbur Creek,Lapwai, and Asotin flows,Saddle Mountains Formation

Three small sequential Saddle Mountains flows, occupying similar areas on the Columbia Plateau, were erupted over a short interval of time. In the Lewiston Basin area the middle flow of the trio (Lapwai) has intermediate mineralogy and lies on a straight mixing line between the other two flows for virtually all twenty-five elements analyzed. Systematic changes in the ratios of incompatible elements demonstrate that these relationships are a result of magma mixing rather than either crystal fractionation or variable degrees of partial melting. The Lapwai flow has a composition approximately midway between the two homogeneous end members and is itself relatively homogeneous. This implies efficient mixing between equal amounts of Asotin and Wilbur Creek magmas and suggests that mixing was completed in a magma reservoir prior to eruption. The Wilbur Creek and Asotin end members have isotopic features which are believed to result from different degrees of assimilation of crustal material by magma derived from an enriched mantle source (Carlson 1984). The mixing processes described here cannot be related to that earlier mantle/crust mixing process.     

微量元素和Pb同位素对西藏雅鲁藏布构造带日喀则蛇绿岩形成环境的制约

西藏南部雅鲁藏布构造带分布有一系列蛇绿岩体。人们对这些蛇绿岩体的形成环境仍然存在较大的争议。雅鲁藏布构造带中段日喀则蛇绿岩路曲和大竹曲岩体镁铁质岩石的微量元素和Pb同位素特征指示其母岩浆起源于亏损地幔源区。这些镁铁质岩石的La/Sm和Sm/Yb比值显示其岩浆产生于尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔经过大约10%部分熔融作用。综合岩相学和全岩主量元素特征暗示这些镁铁质岩石形成于无水玄武质岩浆。而且这些镁铁质岩石的微量元素和REE元素配分模式均非常相似于N-MORB,除了弱Nb-Ta负异常。这些特征表明路曲和大竹曲岩体形成于大洋中脊环境。此外,路曲和大竹曲镁铁质岩石的Pb同位素结果指示其地幔源区与印度洋MORB地幔域具有相似的地球化学特征。这些镁铁质岩石N-MORB标准化微量元素模式显示弱Nb-Ta负异常可能是由于其地幔源区交代了古老的俯冲带物质。     

Plume-related mantle source of super-large rare metal deposits from the Lovozero and Khibina massifs on the Kola Peninsula, Eastern part of Baltic Shield: Sr, Nd and Hf isotope systematics

The two world’s largest complexes of highly alkaline nepheline syenites and related rare metal loparite and eudialyte deposits, the Khibina and Lovozero massifs, occur in the central part of the Kola Peninsula. We measured for the first time in situ the trace element concentrations and the Sr, Nd and Hf isotope ratios by LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer) in loparite, eudialyte an in some other pegmatitic minerals. The results are in aggreement with the whole rock Sr and Nd isotope which suggests the formation of these superlarge rare metal deposits in a magmatic closed system. The initial Hf, Sr, Nd isotope ratios are similar to the isotopic signatures of OIB indicating depleted mantle as a source. This leads to the suggestion that the origin of these gigantic alkaline intrusions is connected to a deep seated mantle source—possibly to a lower mantle plume. The required combination of a depleted mantle and high rare metal enrichment in the source can be explained by the input of incompatible elements by metasomatising melts/fluids into the zones of alkaline magma generation shortly before the partial melting event (to avoid ingrowth of radiogenic isotopes). The minerals belovite and pyrochlore from the pegmatites are abnormally high in ⁸⁷Sr /⁸⁶Sr ratios. This may be explained by closed system isotope evolution as a result of a significant increase in Rb/Sr during the evolution of the peralkaline magma.     

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩地球化学特征与成因研究

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩的成分从石英拉斑玄武质到橄榄拉斑玄武质,以相对较高的大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Th、U等)丰度和弱到中等亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)为特征,岩石地球化学的总体特征类似于初始裂谷的拉斑玄武岩,而与大陆拉斑玄武岩所表现出的强烈亏损高场强元素Nb和Ta的地球化学特征明显不同。该拉斑玄武质岩浆喷发前曾经历过较小程度(约4．5％)的以橄榄石为主的矿物分离结晶,玄武岩的母岩浆则是源区物质经过约15％的部分熔融形成的,源区物质可能包含了来自下地幔的FOZO和富集型大陆岩石圈地幔两种组分。大别造山带内及前、后陆地区古近纪拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征具有可比性,意味着随着大别造山带山根的拆沉,来自下地幔的FOZO岩浆(可能以地幔柱的形式)上涌,对大陆岩石圈的地幔部分发生了大规模的改造,使得原性质明显不同的两大岩石圈地幔在会聚带附近其地球化学分区性变得模糊。所形成的玄武岩总体具有较多的FOZO特征,但(除造山带内部)也不同程度地保留有岩石圈地幔的性质。     

玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境的Th／Hf—Ta／Hf图解判别

Th,Ta,Hf是一组耐熔强亲岩浆元素，由于地球化学性质的相似性，其相互之间的比值关系能将深部作用的地球化学过程较好地恢复出来，玄武岩类，是原始玄武岩浆形成的岩石的Ta/Hf及Th/Hf比值，能较好地反映其源区的Th,Ta,Hf之间的分异特征，在一般情况下，这一特征与某种确定的大地构造环境有密切关系和确定的因果联系，可用来判别玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境及其源区Th,Ta,Hf分异特征，本文根据典型大地构造环境玄武岩类的Th,Ta,Hf数据，提出了玄武岩类形成的大地构造环境判别的Th/Hf-Ta/Hf双对数图及判别方法。     

哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床Ⅰ号含矿岩体铂族元素地球化学特征及其构造意义

白马寨I号岩体是哀牢山—金沙江构造带白马寨Cu-Ni矿区内最大的一个含矿基性—超基性岩体,从中心向边缘依次由含矿橄榄岩、矿化辉石岩和辉长岩3个相带组成环状体。从中心相到边缘相,岩石中SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O和K2O含量逐渐增加,TFe、MgO含量降低;稀土元素中w(∑REE)、w(LREE)/w(HREE)逐渐增加,δEu由负异常到正异常演变;微量元素具有大离子亲石元素和高场强元素逐渐增加、强亲岩浆元素逐渐降低的演变特征。铂族元素配分模式为Pt-Pd型,w(Pt)/w(Pd)比值为0.32~0.68,介于富硫化物拉斑玄武岩(0.38)和原始上地幔(1.36)之间,以及稀土元素配分模式、微量元素蛛网图和铂族元素配分模式中不同岩石配分曲线的相似性揭示3个相带不同岩石之间的高度一致性,展示基性—超基性岩形成于玄武质岩浆演化、熔离及岩浆一次性侵入、分异成岩成矿的特征。矿区内地层层序稳定,岩体与沉积岩之间的侵入接触关系及w(Zr)-w(Y)-w(Nb)图解说明白马寨岩体形成于陆内环境。岩体的低Ti含量、Th强烈正异常和含矿橄榄岩负Eu异常,以及w(Th)/w(Ta)比值、w(Th)/w(Nb)比值和w(Pd)/w(Pt)比值及Ir族元素配分曲线明显不同于峨眉山玄武岩和典型的地幔柱玄武岩,而与大陆裂谷玄武岩非常相近,说明白马寨I号岩体形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

岚皋早古生代碱质煌斑杂岩地球化学特征及成因探讨

岚皋碱质煌斑杂岩主量元素呈规律性演化，REE球粒陨石标准化配分型式呈强右倾型，富集不相容元素。岩石主元素和微量元素地球化学特征表明，煌斑岩浆在演化过程中存在2个平行的结晶分异演化趋势，岩浆演化过程中受地壳混染的程度很小。LREE、不相容元素的强烈富集及Dy／Yb、La／Yb、Zr／Sm、Ce／Y等微量元素的质量分数比值变化表明，煌斑杂岩不可能由尖晶石或石榴石二辉橄榄岩、含角闪石的尖晶石或石榴石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融形成，它的源区应为含金云母和单斜辉石的交代地幔。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素结果显示，煌斑岩浆源区的地幔主要为HIMU端元组分。地幔柱的活动与煌斑岩浆的起源密切相关，并制约了其源区的地幔交代作用。     

幔源岩浆岩源区成分判别原理及峨眉山玄武岩地幔源区性质

提出了用微量元素丰度关系探索幔源岩浆岩源区成分特征的原理、推论和方法。认为:并非所有亲岩浆(不相容)元素都是幔源成分的良好指示剂;两个强亲岩浆元素的比值,或两个亲岩浆性相同的元素的比值,不受岩浆形成方式和演化程度的影响,而保持岩浆形成前地幔源区成分特点;这些特点与不同的幔壳结构和动力学有关。峨眉山玄武岩系的幔源成分类似于南大西洋拉开时形成的孪生洋脊玄武岩和巴西陆缘玄武岩,它们可能具有类似的源区和构造环境。     

浙东南晚中生代玄武岩的地球化学特征及其对源区物质的指示意义

浙江东南部晚中生代上、下火山岩系（以下简称上、下岩系）中均有玄武岩产出,本文对这些玄武岩分别进行了元 素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究。不同岩系玄武岩的主量元素均表现出富碱、富Al等特征。但微量元素存在差异,下岩 系天台和青田样品具有轻稀土富集以及Ba, Pb和Sr富集,Eu负异常,Nb, Ta, Zr和Hf亏损的特征。上岩系玄武岩的元素特征 也有差别,永嘉花坦、宁波玄坛地、新昌镜岭和永嘉镜架山等地样品的元素特征表现出的性质与下岩系样品相似,武义玄 武岩样品没有Ta, Nb亏损特征,金衢盆地玄武岩的元素特征则介于两者之间。对应的,这些玄武岩样品的同位素组成也有 明显差异,下岩系玄武岩的初始同位素组成范围为 I Sr=0.70850~0.70897,εN（d t） = -5.6~-4.1,（206Pb/204Pb） i =18.21~18.38,（207Pb/204Pb） i =15.55~15.58,（208Pb/204Pb） i =38.26~38.49,接近下岩系中酸性岩浆岩的范围,反映了下地壳物质对其岩浆源区的显著影响。上岩系玄武岩有明显差异,表现出与元素特征对应的分组现象。其中永嘉花坦、宁波玄坛地、新昌镜岭和永嘉镜架山样品 I Sr = 0.70734~0.70936, εN（d t）= -7.1~-2.1,（ 206Pb/204Pb） i =18.01~18.40,（ 207Pb/204Pb） i = 15.54~15.62,（ 208Pb/204Pb） i=37.99~38.62, 具有富集特征, 可能来自活动大陆边缘; 而武义和金衢盆地样品的 I Sr=0.70533~0.70589, εNd（ t） =0.4~3.3,（206Pb/204Pb） i =17.23~18.11,（ 207Pb/204Pb） i =15.46~15.53,（ 208Pb/204Pb） i =36.91~38.43,具有类似OIB特征,趋向亏损地幔端元。上下岩系玄武岩的元素和同位素组成的研究表明,玄武岩的物质来源有较明显的差别,且表现出随时间变化的特征。其中下岩系玄武岩源区中可能有古老岩石圈地幔、下地壳物质和俯冲蚀变洋壳物质的贡献,而上岩系中玄武岩源区有可能是类似下岩系玄武岩性质的岩石圈、软流圈地幔和下地壳物质等的贡献。浙东南晚中生代岩石圈演化的动力学过程可能与太平洋板块俯冲有关,但不能排除岩石圈地幔拆沉的影响,具体的讨论还需要更多的岩石学和/或地幔包体资料的补充。     

幔源岩浆氧化还原状态及对岩浆矿床成矿的制约

岩浆的氧化还原状态是控制许多基本地质过程的关键热动力学参数之一。估算玄武质岩浆和源区岩石氧化还原状态的常用方法主要包括多价元素的价态、多价元素的分配系数、共存矿物对的化学平衡和全岩化学比值。岩石学实验的深入和分析技术手段的快速发展使精确估算岩浆氧逸度成为可能。这有力地促进了对地幔源区成分、岩浆的部分熔融程度和熔融方式与分异演化历史,以及岩浆矿床的成因机制及成矿过程的研究。幔源岩浆的氧化还原状态复杂多变,不仅与构造背景有关,还与地幔深度(压力)、交代作用和部分熔融有着密切联系。而在岩浆到达浅部地壳后,结晶分异、岩浆去气和同化混染等过程也能不同程度地改变岩浆的氧逸度。因此,即使来自同一构造背景的幔源岩浆也呈现出明显的氧逸度不均一性。氧逸度的高低对源区部分熔融过程中金属元素的地球化学行为、岩浆的分异演化趋势、Fe-Ti-V氧化物饱和时间的早晚和S在岩浆中的溶解度具有明显的控制作用。因此,岩浆的氧逸度对钒钛磁铁矿矿床和汇聚板块边缘的岩浆硫化物矿床的成矿过程具有显著的影响。     

Composition and Deep Sources of Early Devonian Potassic Rocks of the Sakmar Zone,Southern Urals

The isotope–geochemical composition of the Early Devonian magmatic rocks of the Chanchar potassium basaltoid volcano–plutonic Complex in the Sakmar Zone (Southern Urals) has been studied for the first time. The character of the noncoherent element distribution and their ratios suggest that the melts parental to the rocks of extrusive, subvolcanic and intrusive facies were formed from a single source of the primary magma. The low concentrations of HFSE relative to the MORB composition, relatively low εSr, and high εNd suggest the formation of primary melts from the moderately depleted mantle source. The enrichment of rocks with LILE indicates a fluid mantle addition introduced to the melts during evolution of the primary magma.     

中祁连党河南山碱性系列岩浆岩-埃达克岩成因及其对俯冲带壳幔相互作用的启示

碱性系列岩浆岩和埃达克岩是通常产生于汇聚板块边缘的特殊岩石类型,记录了俯冲物质与地幔橄榄岩相互作用的过程.笔者对中祁连南缘党河南山地区贾公台杂岩体和鸡叫沟岩体进行了岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,鸡叫沟岩体中的二长闪长岩形成于(467±4.7)Ma,贾公台岩体花岗闪长岩...     

南天山北缘榆树沟变质基性超基性岩的地球化学及其成因机制

榆树沟变质基性－超基性岩带出露于塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块之间的南天山北缘，主要由变质橄榄岩和变质基性岩组成。变质橄榄岩富相容元素Cr、Co和Ni，贫不相容元素，太离子亲石元素Ba、Rb和Sr含量较低，与世界典型蛇绿岩相似，代表了地幔残留物特征。REE分布模式为LREE亏损型，REE含量小于或等于2．5倍球粒陨石，类似于阿尔卑斯型变质橄榄岩，显示榆树沟的变质橄榄岩是原始地幔岩部分熔融萃取出玄武岩后的残留物。变质基性岩绝大部分为LREE亏损型，类似于N－MORB。所有样品均以富集Nb和Ta、高场强元素不分异，以及微量元素含量低为特征，批示岩浆源区总体上类似于MORB，Nb、Ta富集可能与OIB型源区有关，Nd、Sr同位素特征也显示其具有OIB型源区特征。综合分析认为，榆对沟变质基性岩石的岩浆可能经历了两个阶段的演化过程，即上地幔底部或下地幔顶部的OIB型原始岩浆形成阶段和软流圈地幔亏损阶段。     

The geochemistry of potassic lavas from Vulsini,central Italy and implications for mantle enrichment processes beneath the Roman region

Major and trace element and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51209–0.51216) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70879–0.71105) isotope analyses are presented on a representative group of lavas from the Vulsini district of the Roman magmatic province. Three distinct series are identified; the high-K and low-K series are similar to those described from other Italian volcanoes, while the third is represented by a group of relative ly undifferentiated leucite basanites which are thought to be near-primary mantle melts. Major and trace element variations within the high-K series are consistent with fractional crystallisation from a parental magma similar to the most magnesian leucitites. Crustal contamination resulted in an increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr with increasing fractionation, but it was superimposed on magmas which had already inherited a range of incompatible element and isotope ratios from enrichment processes in the sub-continental mantle. These are reviewed using the available results from Vulsini, Roccamonfina and Ernici. Transition element abundances and Ta/Yb ratios indicate that the pre-enrichment mantle was similar to that of E-type MORB, and that these elements were not mobilised by the enrichment process. Mixing calculations suggest that three components were involved in the enrichment process; mantle comparable with the source of MORB, and two other components rich in trace elements. One, the low-K component, had high Sr/Nd, Th/Ta and Ba/Nb and no europium anomaly while the second had lower Sr/Nd, a negative europium anomaly and very high Th/Ta. It was also characterised by low Nb/Ba and high Rb/Ba ratios, similar to those reported from phlogopite-rich peridotite xenoliths. The trace element enrichment processes are therefore thought to have occurred in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone with the trace element characteristics of the high-K end-member reflecting the subduction of sediments and the stabilisation of mantle phlogopite.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Metallogenesis of the Qingkuangshan Ni‐Cu‐PGE Mineralized Mafic‐Ultramafic Intrusion in Huili County,Sichuan Province,SW China

The Qingkuangshan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, located in the Xiaoguanhe region of Huili County, Sichuan Province, is one of several Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). The ore-bearing intrusion is a mafic-ultramafic body. This paper reports major elements, trace elements and platinum-group elements in different types of rocks and sulfide-mineralized samples in the intrusion. These data are used to evaluate the source mantle characteristics, the degree of mantle partial melting, the composition of parental magma and the ore-forming processes. The results show that Qingkuangshan intrusion is part of the ELIP. The rocks have trace element ratios similar to the coeval Emeishan basalts. The primitive mantle-normalized patterns of Ni-Cu-PGE have positive slopes, and the ratios of Pd/Ir are lower than 22. The PGE compositions of sulfide ores and associated rocks are characterized by Ru depletion. The PGE contents in bulk sulfides are slightly depleted relative to Ni and Cu, which is similar to the Yangliuping Ni-Cu-PGE deposit. The composition of the parental magma for the intrusion is estimated to contain about 14.65 wt% MgO, 48.66 wt% SiO2 and 15.48 wt% FeOt, and the degree of mantle partial melting is estimated to be about 20%. In comparison with other typical Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in the ELIP, the Qingkuangshan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit has lower PGE contents than the Jinbaoshan PGE deposit, but has higher PGE contents than the Limahe and Baimazhai Ni-Cu deposit, and has similar PGE contents to the Yangliuping Ni-Cu-PGE deposit. The moderate PGE depletions in the bulk sulfide of the Qingkuanghan deposit suggest that the parental magma of the host intrusion may have undergone minor sulfide segregation at depth. The mixing calculations suggests that an average of 10% crustal contamination in the magma, which may have been the main cause of sulfide saturation in the magma. We propose that sulfide segregation from a moderately PGE depleted magma took place prior to magma emplacement at Qingkuangshan, that small amounts of immiscible sulfide droplets and olivine and chromite crystals were suspended in the ascending magma, and that the suspended materials settled down when the magma passed trough the Qingkuangshan conduit. The Qingkuangshan sulfide-bearing intrusion is interpreted to a feeder of Emeishan flood basalts in the region.     

浙江沿海晚中生代拉斑玄武岩浆侵位深度的讨论

浙江沿海晚中生代复合岩流中拉斑玄武岩高度富集大离子亲石元素,反映除了源区富集作用外还有地壳混染的贡献,Rb、Nb的丰度特征指示玄武岩浆主要与中、上地壳岩石发生了相互作用。用岩石化学成分计算的这种拉斑玄武岩浆熔体的平均密度为ρm = 2.678 g/cm3 , 根据岩浆与周围地壳的压力平衡关系,推算得来自地幔的玄武岩浆一直侵位到距地表约16.3km左右的中地壳时才滞留下来,并被相应的地壳物质所混染。     

Clinopyroxene megacrysts from Enmelen melanephelinitic volcanoes (Chukchi Peninsula,Russia): application to composition and evolution of mantle melts

Clinopyroxene megacrysts from young melanephelinitic lavas were divided into Cr-rich and Cr-poor suites. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios of leached megacrysts and host lava are indistinguishable from each other and indicate a depleted source. Host lavas do not display chemical evidence for significant fractional crystallization, which is required to explain the compositional range of the megacrysts. This rules out a simple cognate genetic relationship between the two, and strictly defines megacrysts as xenocrysts. The well-defined correlations of trace elements with the Mg-numbers in the megacrysts are interpreted as the result of extensive fractional/equilibrium crystallization of magma over a large temperature range at near isobaric condition in the upper mantle. Trace element variations in megacrysts are consistent with fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene alone for the Cr-rich suite, and clinopyroxene + garnet for the Cr-poor suite from at least two bathes of related melts. Megacrysts parent magma might represent mantle melts, which were never erupted in their initial composition.     

碳酸岩与铂族元素地球化学

碳酸岩（carbonatite）被视为一种研究大陆地幔地球化学的“探针岩石”,通过对这类岩石的研究,在探讨地幔组成与演化、地幔交代作用与不均一性以及岩浆形成的动力学背景、岩浆来源及演化和有关矿产的成矿作用等方面,具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。铂族元素（Platinum—group elements,简称PGE）在研究核-幔分异、地幔组成与演化以及幔源岩石（主要为基性-超基性岩）形成的大地构造背景、岩浆起源及演化,以及探讨K／T界线与陨石撞击事件等方面具有重要意义。本文在概述国内外碳酸岩和PGE地球化学研究现状的基础上,结合地质事实和地球化学研究成果,认为碳酸岩熔体具有一定携带PGE的能力,可利用PGE地球化学来探讨碳酸岩的源区特征和岩浆形成与演化过程;同时指出,碳酸岩PGE地球化学研究过程中还存在许多悬而未决的科学问题。