2009年徐州地区疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学研究

目的 了解2009年徐州地区肠道病毒感染引起手足口病情况,为手足口病防控工作提供科学依据.方法 采用荧光RT-PCR方法对240例临床诊断为肠道病毒感染的手足口病例中的222例肛拭子和咽拭子标本同时进行EV和EV71、CA16特异性RNA检测,用ELA方法对其中的114例急性期血清标本进行EV71-IgM抗体检测.同时检测健康儿童254份咽拭子和258份血清标本以及密切接触者咽拭子54份标本.结果 240例疑似肠道病毒感染者,总EV感染率为72.50%(174/240),其中EV71感染率为57.92%(139/240),CoxA16感染率为9.17%(22/240),其他EV感染率为5.42%(13/240).240例疑似肠道病毒感染者中的222份肛拭子标本EV71-RNA阳性率为45.94%(102/222)、咽拭子EV71-RNA阳性率为25.68%(57/222),114份急性期血清中EV71-IgM抗体阳性率为86.84%(99/114).254份健康儿童咽拭子EV71-RNA阳性率为1.57%(4/254),未检出CoxA16-RNA;258份健康儿童血清标本EV71-IgM抗体阳性率是2.71%(7/258).密接(医护人员)咽拭子54份,EV-RNA检测均为阴性.结论 徐州地区手足口病流行主要由EV71型引起.3岁以下儿童流行期间存在被EV71型隐性感染,并产生IgM抗体.成人即使密切接触传染源也不易被感染EV71.疑似病例急性期血清中EV71-IgM抗体检测阳性率最高(86.84%),其次为肛拭子EV71(45.94%)和咽拭子EV71(25.68%)的RNA检测阳性率.ELA试剂盒用于EV71型感染的早期诊断,具有操作简单快速经济,值得在基层推广.     

2009年徐州地区疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学研究

目的 了解2009年徐州地区肠道病毒感染引起手足口病情况,为手足口病防控工作提供科学依据.方法 采用荧光RT-PCR方法对240例临床诊断为肠道病毒感染的手足口病例中的222例肛拭子和咽拭子标本同时进行EV和EV71、CA16特异性RNA检测,用ELA方法对其中的114例急性期血清标本进行EV71-IgM抗体检测.同时检测健康儿童254份咽拭子和258份血清标本以及密切接触者咽拭子54份标本.结果 240例疑似肠道病毒感染者,总EV感染率为72.50%(174/240),其中EV71感染率为57.92%(139/240),CoxA16感染率为9.17%(22/240),其他EV感染率为5.42%(13/240).240例疑似肠道病毒感染者中的222份肛拭子标本EV71-RNA阳性率为45.94%(102/222)、咽拭子EV71-RNA阳性率为25.68%(57/222),114份急性期血清中EV71-IgM抗体阳性率为86.84%(99/114).254份健康儿童咽拭子EV71-RNA阳性率为1.57%(4/254),未检出CoxA16-RNA;258份健康儿童血清标本EV71-IgM抗体阳性率是2.71%(7/258).密接(医护人员)咽拭子54份,EV-RNA检测均为阴性.结论 徐州地区手足口病流行主要由EV71型引起.3岁以下儿童流行期间存在被EV71型隐性感染,并产生IgM抗体.成人即使密切接触传染源也不易被感染EV71.疑似病例急性期血清中EV71-IgM抗体检测阳性率最高(86.84%),其次为肛拭子EV71(45.94%)和咽拭子EV71(25.68%)的RNA检测阳性率.ELA试剂盒用于EV71型感染的早期诊断,具有操作简单快速经济,值得在基层推广.     

2009年徐州地区疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学研究

目的了解2009年徐州地区肠道病毒感染引起手足口病情况,为手足口病防控工作提供科学依据。方法采用荧光RT-PCR方法对240例临床诊断为肠道病毒感染的手足口病例中的222例肛拭子和咽拭子标本同时进行EV和EV71、CAl6特异性RNA检测,用ELA方法对其中的114例急性期血清标本进行EV71．IgM抗体检测。同时检测健康儿童254份咽拭子和258份血清标本以及密切接触者咽拭子54份标本。结果240例疑似肠道病毒感染者,总EV感染率为72．50％（174／240）,其中EV71感染率为57．92％（139／240）,CoxAl6感染率为9．17％（22／240）,其他EV感染率为5．42％（13／240）。240例疑似肠道病毒感染者中的222份肛拭子标本EV7l-RNA阳性率为45．94％（102／222）、咽拭子EV71-RNA阳性率为25．68％（57／222）,114份急性期血清中EV71．IgM抗体阳性率为86．84％（99／114）。254份健康儿童咽拭子EV7l-RNA阳性率为1．57％（4／254）,未检出CoxAl6-RNA;258份健康儿童血清标本EV71-IgM抗体阳性率是2．71％（7／258）。密接（医护人员）咽拭子54份,EV-RNA检测均为阴性。结论徐州地区手足口病流行主要由EV71型引起。3岁以下儿童流行期间存在被EV71型隐性感染,并产生IgM抗体。成人即使密切接触传染源也不易被感染EV71。疑似病例急性期血清中EV71-IgM抗体检测阳性率最高（86．84％）,其次为肛拭子EV71（45．94％）和咽拭子EV71（25．68％）的RNA检测阳性率。ELA试剂盒用于EV71型感染的早期诊断,具有操作简单快速经济,值得在基层推广。     

2009-2011年上海市手足口病病原学检测及其临床特点分析

目的 了解上海市手足口病不同病原体的感染现状以及所致的手足口病的临床特点之间的差异,为制定观察、治疗方案,做好手足口病防控工作提供参考.方法 采集2009年3月至2011年12月在本院传染科门诊诊断为手足口病的357例病例的咽拭子、疱疹液、粪便共551份标本进行病原学检测.用RT-PCR法对肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)、肠道病毒通用型(PE)进行鉴别.结果 357例手足口病患儿共采集到551份标本,检测病毒总阳性率为79.7％,2009年手足口病以CoxA16流行为主,2011年以EV71流行为主,三年病毒流行株差异有统计学意义(P =0.005);疱疹液病毒检出率最高;EV71、CoxA16、PE病毒感染的手足口病患儿在发热、易惊的发生比例比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EV71感染的患儿外周血白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例要高于CoxA16和PE感染的患儿,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 上海市手足口病在不同时期病原体呈现交替流行;对不同病原体临床特征的分析比较有助于EV71感染的防控、早期治疗、重症病例的筛查.     

IgM抗体检测对肠道病毒71型感染者诊断价值的探讨

目的 探讨IgM抗体检测对肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染者的诊断价值,并与核酸检测和中和试验方法进行比较分析.方法采用EV71 IgM抗体酶免检测试剂盒(EV71 -IgM试剂)、EV71核酸检测试剂盒(EV71-PCR试剂)和中和试验方法,检测115例EV71感染者的EV71 RNA、中和抗体和IgM抗体的水平,并进行比较性研究分析.结果 对115例EV71感染者,EV71 -IgM试剂对患者首份血清的检出率为80.9％ (93/115,95％ CI:72.5～87.6),对228份健康儿童血清,EV71 -IgM试剂的检出率为2.6％.同时,对病发1～2d采集的54份血清检出率为70.4％(38/54),显示了较好的早期诊断价值.EV71-PCR试剂对患者咽拭子标本的检出率为82.6％(95/115,95％ CI:74.4-89.0),与EV71-IgM试剂相比,差异无统计学意义.此外,EV71-IgM试剂与EV71-PCR试剂具有很好的互补性,两种方法联合使用可提高检测灵敏度约10个百分点达到92.2％.结论 EV71 -IgM试剂具有良好的早期诊断价值,与EV71-PCR试剂联用可提高诊断率.     

北京市2010年一起手足口病聚集性死亡疫情分析

目的 探讨北京市2010年一起EV71引起的手足口病聚集性死亡疫情处置中发现的防控薄弱环节.方法 对病例、密切接触者和病例生活环境进行现场流行病学调查并采样,开展病毒分离和RT-PCR检测,并对流行株进行VP1基因测序,结果用描述流行病学方法进行分析.结果 该起聚集性死亡疫情由至少两个EV71病毒链引起,两名患儿死亡.死亡患儿有共用餐具史及延迟就医现象.两名死亡患儿的儿童直接接触者咽拭子阳性率为66.67％,粪便阳性率为42.86％;成人直接接触者咽拭子阳性率为25.00％,粪便阳性率为33.33％;间接接触者咽拭子及粪便阳性率均为零.结论 应加强重症病例早期预警指征、安全用药常识及一般卫生知识的宣教,以减少手足口病的传播,降低病死率.     

济南市手足口病患者肠道病毒71型的分离与鉴定

目的 从13例2008年、2009年济南市HFMD患者的粪便标本中分离获得EV71病毒并对其基因型进行鉴定.方法 按照中国疾病控制预防中心<手足口病标本采集及检测技术方案>的规定对标本中的病毒进行分离和鉴定,对VP1编码基因的部分核苷酸序列进行测序分析.结果 分离到6株EV71病毒,均与EV1 C4亚型处于同一进化树分支上,与C4亚型的核酸同源率均大于96%.结论 济南地区流行的EV71主要为C4亚型,与2008年中国流行的C4亚型EV71相比并未出现明显突变,引起重症的毒株与未引起重症的毒株相比,在VP1蛋白部分片段上没有发现明显的氨基酸差异.     

济南市手足口病患者肠道病毒71型的分离与鉴定

目的 从13例2008年、2009年济南市HFMD患者的粪便标本中分离获得EV71病毒并对其基因型进行鉴定.方法 按照中国疾病控制预防中心<手足口病标本采集及检测技术方案>的规定对标本中的病毒进行分离和鉴定,对VP1编码基因的部分核苷酸序列进行测序分析.结果 分离到6株EV71病毒,均与EV1 C4亚型处于同一进化树分支上,与C4亚型的核酸同源率均大于96%.结论 济南地区流行的EV71主要为C4亚型,与2008年中国流行的C4亚型EV71相比并未出现明显突变,引起重症的毒株与未引起重症的毒株相比,在VP1蛋白部分片段上没有发现明显的氨基酸差异.     

济南市手足口病患者肠道病毒71型的分离与鉴定

目的 从13例2008年、2009年济南市HFMD患者的粪便标本中分离获得EV71病毒并对其基因型进行鉴定.方法 按照中国疾病控制预防中心<手足口病标本采集及检测技术方案>的规定对标本中的病毒进行分离和鉴定,对VP1编码基因的部分核苷酸序列进行测序分析.结果 分离到6株EV71病毒,均与EV1 C4亚型处于同一进化树分支上,与C4亚型的核酸同源率均大于96%.结论 济南地区流行的EV71主要为C4亚型,与2008年中国流行的C4亚型EV71相比并未出现明显突变,引起重症的毒株与未引起重症的毒株相比,在VP1蛋白部分片段上没有发现明显的氨基酸差异.     

河北省手足口病病例的病原构成及EV71病毒基因特征分析

目的了解河北省不同地区、不同严重程度手足口病病例的病原构成情况及EV71病毒的基因特征。方法采集河北省不同地区的HFMD患者粪便、疱疹液、咽拭子标本进行核酸检测和病毒分离,同时结合所收集的HFMD患病例的居住地、疾病严重程度信息加以分析。选取18株EV71阳性分离株进行VP1编码区基因扩增和核苷酸序列测定和分析,与其它38株各基因型和基因亚型的EV71代表株构建系统发生树。结果2009年河北省HFMD临床诊断病例的EV阳性率为65．13％,其中以EV71为主,占阳性病例的58．0％（752／1296）。秦皇岛、邯郸、保定、邢台地区手足口病例以EV71感染为主,而衡水、沧州等地区则以CA16为主。轻型病例中EV71阳性率为37．74％,重症病例中EV71阳性率为80．64％,死亡病例检测13例,均为EV71阳性。18株EV71分离株的VP114核苷酸同源性为94．9％～99．8％,与C4亚型代表株的VP1区核苷酸同源性最高,为91．9％～99．6％。进化树结果显示,河北省EV71分离株与c4亚型代表株处于同一分支,并在C4a进化分支的不同簇中。结论2009年引起河北省手足口病流行的病原体主要为EV71和CA16。秦皇岛、邯郸、保定、邢台地区手足口病例以EV7I感染为主,而衡水、廊坊、沧州等地区则以CA16为主。EV71是重症病例的主要致病病原体。河北省EV71分离株为c4亚型C4a进化分支。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.