Experiment study and clinical observation with ligation method for closing bronchial stump following lobectomy for lung neoplasms

Objective: Traditional method of closing bronchial stumps after lobectomy was whole layer suture by hand or by stapler. Little is known about the ligated bronchial stump following lobectomy. To evaluate the characteristics of ligation method for closing bronchial stumps. Methods: In this study 90 lobectomies on 15 mongrel dogs and 75 bronchial stump models on fresh cadaver bronchus were performed. Multivariables comparison experimental studies were made on the results of three different closing methods: simple ligation, manual suture and stapling. Results: In the ligation group, the operation time was significantly shortened (P<0.01). The depth of stump cavity between ligation group and suture group was of no difference significantly (P>0.05). The resistance against intrabronchial pressure was greater in the ligation group than in the suture group (P<0.01). Pathological studies illustrated earlier healing of mucosal membrane with milder inflammatory reactions. In clinical practice, 121 lobectomies were successfully performed with simple ligation of the stumps. Conclusion: Simple ligation is a safe, reliable, simple, and applicable method for closing bronchial stump following lobectomies.     

肺癌全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的原因分析和处理

]目的：探讨全肺切除术后支气管胸膜痿(BPF)的发生原因和早期处理原则。方法：回顾分析1995～2000年我院全肺切除820例发生支气管胸膜痿16例的的临床资料。BPF发生于右全肺切除(13／320)多于左全肺切除(3／500)；支气管切端癌残留(10／41)多于无癌残留(6／779)，术前化疗(5／110)多于未化疗(11／710)，70例自体组织覆盖残端未发生BPF。16例早期处理为胸腔穿刺和抗菌素冲洗，证实胸腔感染或支气管胸膜痿后均给予闭式引流。引流不畅者必要时行胸腔开放引流(5例)。结果：2例痊愈出院(1例早期用5％碳酸氢钠和尿激酶反复冲洗，1例3天后行肌瓣痿口修补)。8例带闭式引流管出院，4例开放引流后出院，长期换药，1例开放引流后痿口长期未愈合，1例因全身功能衰竭死亡。结论：BPF的发生同残端的处理和残留癌密切相关，支气管残端用自体组织覆盖，是降低BPF发生的有效手段，对于右全肺切除和术前实施化疗或放疗者，更为重要。BPF的处理原则：早期的反复胸腔穿刺并用5％碳酸氢钠和尿激酶冲洗和留置胸腔，及时的闭式引流是取得治疗脓胸和支气管胸膜瘘良好疗效的有效方法。     

Impact of Detecting Occult Pathologic Nodal Disease During Resection for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

BackgroundLymph node (LN) involvement is a poor prognostic factor for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). However, to our knowledge, postresection outcomes of node-negative (cN0/pN0), occult pathologic nodal disease (cN0/pN+), and clinical node-positive disease (cN+) have not been compared to date.Patients and MethodsThe National Cancer Data Base was queried for newly diagnosed, resected MPM with known clinical/pathologic LN information. Three cohorts were compared: cN0/pN0, cN+, and cN0/pN+. Multivariable logistic regression examined predictors of pathologic nodal upstaging. Kaplan-Meier analysis with propensity matching assessed overall survival (OS); multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling examined predictors thereof.ResultsOf 1369 patients, 687 (50%) had cN0/pN0, 457 (33%) cN+, and 225 (16%) cN0/pN+ disease. Median follow-up was 29 months. In patients with cN0 disease, factors associated with pathologic nodal upstaging were younger age, greater number of examined LNs, and nonsarcomatoid histology (P < .05 for all). Relative to pN0 cases, occult LN involvement (65% being pN2) was associated with 51% higher hazard of mortality on multivariate analysis (P = .005). Following propensity matching, the OS of cN0/pN+ was similar to cN+ cases (P = .281). On multivariate analysis, the number of involved LNs (continuous variable, P = .013), but not nodal tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification or LN ratio (P > .05 for both), was associated with OS.ConclusionDetecting occult nodal disease during resection for cN0 MPM is associated with poorer prognosis, with similar survival as cN+ cases, underscoring the importance of routine preoperative pathologic nodal assessment for potentially resectable MPM. The number of involved LNs (rather than current location-based classification) may provide more robust prognostic stratification for future TNM staging.     

残胃癌43例临床病理分析

目的：探讨残胃癌的临床及病理特点，方法：对43例残胃癌临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果：43例残胃癌患者临床症状以腹痛，腹胀，黑便，吞咽困难为主要表现；首次手术方式：胃切除比Ⅱ式吻合32例（74．4％），胃切除毕I式吻合11例（25．6％），距首次手术发生残胃癌时间为5－25年，平均12年，发生部;钱胃吻合口25例（58．1％），残胃贲门15例（34．9％，其中3例同时侵犯食管下段），残胃小弯侧癌3例，组织学类型，高分化腺癌6例（13．9％），中分化腺癌6例（13．9％），低分化腺癌21例（48．8％），未分化癌6例（13．9％），黏液腺癌4例（9．3％），25例出现邻近脏器，组织（肝，胰，脾，肠系膜，网膜）转移（58．1％），无转移者18例（41．9％），其中5例癌组织局限在黏膜层及黏膜下层，结论：残胃癌多发生于胃切除毕II式吻合术后，胃大部切除术后定期随访，必要时做胃镜检查及病理活检可早期发现残胃癌，有效的治疗能延长残胃癌患者的生存期。     

犬食管—胃吻合术后三种分层缝合方法效果的比较

将实验犬32只分为3组,第1,3组分别行1,3层缝合,第2组行分层2层缝合。实验及病理检验结果表明:1层缝合及分层2层缝合均优于3层缝合;而前两者中,分层2层缝合又优于1层缝合。     

非小细胞肺癌根治术后支气管残端复发的放射治疗

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌根治术后支气管残端复发放射治疗的疗效及毒性反应。方法21例根治术后支气管残端复发的非小细胞肺癌患者行放射治疗,19例采用体外照射,剂量为44~68Gy/22~34次/5~7周。2例行支气管腔内近距离放疗。结果33.3%(7/21)的患者肿瘤完全缓解,42.9%(9/21)的患者肿瘤部分缓解,症状缓解率为81.0%(17/21),中位生存期为22个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为66.7%、26.6%、14.2%,7例患者死于远处转移,10例患者死于局部进展。5例伴有纵隔淋巴结的残端复发癌患者均于治疗后6个月内死亡。结论非小细胞肺癌根治术后支气管残端复发行放射治疗安全有效,毒副反应可以耐受。不伴纵隔淋巴结的患者治疗后有可能长期生存。     

全肺切除治疗中心型肺癌60例分析

目的探讨全肺切除在中心型肺癌治疗中的手术方法及价值。方法对60例中晚期中心型肺癌患者行全肺切除术,其中心包内处理肺血管24例,占全组肺切除40%(24/60)。结果手术死亡2例,严重并发症18.3%。1、3、5年生存率分别为65%(39/60)、33.3%(20/60)、18.3%(11/60)。结论恰当选择病例,做好术前准备,全肺切除对于中晚期中心型肺癌,在临床仍不失为有效的手术方法。     

Audit in clinical practice

Background and objectives

Audit dates back to as early as 1750 BC when king Hammurabi of Babylon instigated audit for clinicians with regard to outcome. Clinical audit is a way of fi nding out whether we are doing what we should be doing. It also verifi es whether we are applying the best practice.

Methods

An audit cycle involves setting-up of standards, measuring current practice, comparing results with standards (criteria), changing practice and re-auditing to make sure practice has improved

Results and interpretations

A ‘clinical audit’ is a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and clinical outcomes through a systematic review of care against explicit criteria, and the implementation of change. Changes are implemented at an individual, team or service level and a subsequent re-audit is done to confi rm improvement in health care delivery.

Conclusion

The importance of audit in healthcare sector needs to be appreciated by the relevant authorities. The most frequently cited barrier to successful audit is the failure of organizations to provide suffi cient fund and protected time for healthcare teams.     

Invited Review: For the clinical application of thermochemotherapy given at mild temperatures

It has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that hyperthermia can enhance the cytotoxicity of some chemotherapeutic agents. This paper summarizes the authors' own laboratory studies on the effect of chemotherapeutic agents given at elevated temperatures, experimental results obtained using animal tumour systems in other laboratories, and clinical trials of thermochemotherapy reported in literature. The in vivo studies have demonstrated that the thermal enhancement of cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic agents is maximized at mild temperatures such as at 40.5-43oC. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo results using five agents show that the in vivo thermal enhancement increases with an increase in the activation energy obtained in the temperature range between 40.5 and 43.0oC. A summary of experimental results obtained by various investigators indicates a potentially wide variation in the thermal enhancement of a given agent among the different types of tumours and suggests potential agents useful at moderately elevated temperatures. In vivo studies on nine different agents indicate that the drug(s) of choice at physiological temperatures may not be the drug(s) of choice at elevated temperatures. It is also shown that drug concentration in the target must be high for sufficient thermal enhancement. Clinical trials of thermochemotherapy have employed various heating methods, including local heating, hyerthermic perfusion and whole body hyperthermia. Extensive trials have been made in the treatment of melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma in the extremity. Hyperthermic isolated perfusion with chemotherapeutic(s) provides much higher drug concentration than a systemic drug administration in the target(s), resulting in a high tumour response rate and an increased survival of the patients. It is of interest that the most successful agent used in the treatment of both melanomas and sarcomas is melphalan and is the drug of choice at moderately elevated temperatures among the nine agents tested in the in vivo studies. Current results using the tumour necrosis factor with melphalan are impressive. In several institutes, techniques have been developed to uniformly heat the localized tumour, but studies are needed to find an agent effective at elevated temperatures to each type of tumours and to establish the methods for obtaining a sufficient drug concentration in the target tissue.     

全肺切除术治疗肺癌

４０例全肺切除术占同期手术治疗肺癌的１７．５％，男３４例，女６例；年龄２０～６８岁；左全肺切除３０例；４０例病人中２５例属中心型肺癌，肿瘤最大直径大于５ｃｍ者２５例，占６２．５％。全肺切除原因中占前三位的分别是侵及相邻肺叶、肺动脉受侵及主支气管受侵，不少病例具备两项全肺切除原因。大部分病例行心包外全肺切除术并先结扎肺动脉。手术死亡率为５％，并发症发生率１７．５％。术后ＴＮＭ分期Ⅰ期占２．５％，Ⅱ期占２７．５％，Ⅲａ期占６７．１５％，Ⅲｂ期占２．５％。术后１年及３年生存率分别为５５．９％和３５．０％。支气管切端阳性术后未放疗的１０例全部死于１年以内。     

全脊椎整块切除术治疗原发性腰椎肿瘤九例

 目的　探讨全脊椎整块切除术（TES）在治疗原发性腰椎肿瘤中的可行性及疗效。方法　2005年6月至2009年7月共使用TES治疗原发性腰椎肿瘤患者9例。行单一后路全脊椎切除7例（L1骨肉瘤和和骨巨细胞瘤各1例,L2骨巨细胞瘤、单发浆细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤和脊索瘤各1例,L3组织细胞肉瘤1例）;行后前联合入路全脊椎切除2例（L4骨巨细胞瘤并椎旁巨大肿块和纤维肉瘤各1例）,肿瘤切除后均一期进行脊柱重建。对所有病例进行术前、术后神经功能测评及肿瘤复发情况的追踪。结果　所有患者术后均获得随访,随访时间3～49个月,平均19个月。所有患者术后临床症状均明显改善,未出现严重手术并发症。近中期随访未发现肿瘤的局部复发及远处转移。结论　对于原发性腰椎肿瘤,行TES加脊柱重建术,方法可靠,近中期随访效果满意,长期结果有待进一步随访。     

A small mammal model of tumour implantation,dissemination and growth factor expression after partial hepatectomy

Background

Surgical resection remains the most effective therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer confined to the liver, although the extrahepatic recurrence rate is high.

Aim of the study

To develop a mammal model in order to investigate by which mechanisms liver surgery affects distant tumour recurrence.

Methods

In this animal study the effect of partial hepatectomy (phX) on the development of tumour noduli in the lungs was evaluated. CC531 rat colon carcinoma cells were inoculated i.v. 24 h before, during or 24 h after surgery. Rat serum was obtained at different time-points after phX and added to in vitro CC531 cell cultures. Finally, phX was compared with an ileum resection (ilX).

Results

phX leads to increased tumour noduli in the lungs, compared to Sham operation (p = 0.002), but only when performed directly before the injection of tumour cells and not when performed 24 h before or after the inoculation. Comparable results were obtained for ilX. No growth stimulation of tumour cells after incubation with rat serum, obtained at different time-points after phX, could be detected in vitro.

Conclusion

Not only phX, but also surgery, in general promotes distant tumour recurrence exerting the effect during the early phase of tumour cell adhesion and not during tumour outgrowth.     

支气管残端阳性非小细胞肺癌的预后分析

目的探讨手术切除的支气管残端阳性非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析105例支气管残端阳性NSCLC患者的临床资料,并分析影响其预后的临床病理因素。结果支气管残端阳性NSCLC总体1、3及5年生存率分别为68.7%、39.7%及21.4%。单因素分析显示：气管镜活检是否阳性（P=0.010）、病理类型（P=0.000）、手术方式（P=0.001）、淋巴结清扫组数（P=0.018）等因素对患者生存率有显著影响;进一步行多因素分析显示：病理类型和手术方式是支气管残端阳性NSCLC独立的预后影响因素。结论残端阳性患者的预后总体较差,病理类型和手术方式是此类患者预后的独立影响因素,因此残端阳性要辅以综合治疗,以减少局部复发及远处转移,从而改善残端阳性患者的预后。     

经心包内肺切除术208例报告

从１９８９～１９９３年间，采取心包内肺血管处理方式行肺切除，治疗Ⅲ期中央型肺癌２０８例，占同期肺癌切除术的１０％。１年、３年及５年生存率分别为３７．０％（７７／２０８）、２６．３％（５０／１９０）及１７．４％（３０／１７２）。此方法可以提高肺切除率，降低探查率。此文就手术适应证，术式和手术后处理进行了讨论。     

心包内全肺切除术治疗晚期中央型肺癌

13例晚期中央型肺癌施行心包内全肺切除术,病程分期为T_3N_1M_05例,T_3N_2M_07例,T_3N_2M_11例.无手术死亡,术后效果满意.重点讨论了心包内全肺切除术的病例选择及手术适应征,手术方法及术后并发症的防治.我们认为心包内全肺切除术能使部分晚期中央型肺癌患者得到手术治疗,提高患者生存期,并给进行综合治疗提供了基础条件.     

心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术治疗中晚期肺癌

 目的 总结心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术治疗Ⅲ期肺癌的经验。方法 对35例Ⅲ期肺癌患者行心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果 全组患者无手术死亡。术后主要并发症发生率为34.3 %，术后1，3，5年生存率分别为75.2 %，35.8 %，21.3 %。结论 心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术是一种安全可靠的手术方法，可明显提高Ⅲ期肺癌的手术切除率，并可延长患者生命，改善其生活质量。     

Completion pneumonectomy for lung metastases

OBJECTIVE: Completion pneumonectomy (CP) for malignant disease is generally accepted but controversial for lung metastases. The data available show a high perioperative morbidity and mortality with a poor long-term prognosis. We analysed the postoperative outcome and long-term results of our patients undergoing CP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1986 and May 2003, nine patients underwent completion pneumonectomy for lung metastases. This represents 10% (9/86) of all CPs performed and 1.7% (9/525) of all pneumonectomies. RESULTS: One to three metastasectomies in the form of wedge resection (16), segment resection (5) and lobectomies (3) were performed prior to CP. The mean time interval between the operation of the primary tumour and the first metastasectomy was 38 months, the first and second metastasectomy 12 months, the second and third metastasectomy 14 months, and the third metastasectomy and CP 25 months. Six patients had an extended completion pneumonectomy. Operative morbidity and mortality was 0%. One patient is still alive and recurrence-free 9 months after CP. Two patients have recurrent pulmonary contralateral metastases under chemotherapy and six patients died of metastatic disease. Actual survival is 33%, recurrence-free survival (RFS) is 11%. The 3-year survival is 34%. CONCLUSION: Since there was no morbidity and mortality in our series, CP for lung metastases seems to be justified but the long-term survival is limited by the occurrence of contralateral or extrapulmonary metastatic disease. Multiple resections of metastases have a positive influence on survival, but the last step of resection in the form of CP does not seem to improve long-term survival.     

低剂量安素泰联合树突状细胞治疗小鼠肺癌的疗效研究

目的：探讨低剂量化疗联合树突状细胞治疗小鼠肺源性肿瘤的疗效。方法：皮下注射3LL肿瘤细胞予小鼠体内,成瘤后分成4个治疗组,即对照组、低剂量安素泰治疗组、DC免疫治疗组、低剂量安素泰联合DC免疫治疗组,分别测量各组肿瘤面积;应用免疫组化方法检测各组瘤体内CD4＋,CD8＋的T淋巴细胞的浸润;ELISA法检测小鼠引流淋巴结内IFN-γ的分泌。结果：低剂量安素泰联合DC免疫治疗组能有效地抑制肿瘤的生长,瘤床内CIM＋、CD8＋的T淋巴细胞浸润明显,引流淋巴结内分泌高水平的IFN-γ。结论：低剂量化疗联合DC免疫治疗能有效地抑制小鼠肺部肿瘤的生长。