B超影像尿动力学检查在诊断小儿下尿路功能障碍中的应用

目的探讨B超影像尿动力学检查在下尿路功能障碍患儿诊断中的应用价值。方法69例小儿分2组，患儿组54例，为下尿路功能障碍的患儿，男30例，女24例，年龄4～18岁，平均（10．7±3．6）岁；对照组15例，为下尿路正常的患儿（因上尿路异常作下尿路检查者），男11例，女4例，年龄3～17岁，平均（9．9±3．7）岁。分别进行尿动力学检查，同步耻骨上、会阴部和直肠B超观察膀胱壁厚度、膀胱颈口形态、膀胱充盈和排尿后尿道形态等。结果患儿组尿动力学异常表现有残余尿量增多、膀胱顺应性降低、逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌括约肌协同失调和逼尿肌瘫痪等，B超影像检查异常表现有膀胱壁增厚、毛糙，颈口抬高，后尿道扩张，排尿期尿道开放不完全等，其中2例后尿道瓣膜患儿发现膀胱憩室。对照组B超影像检查显示充盈期膀胱壁光滑，厚度（2±1）mm，均小于3mm；膀胱颈口关闭，无抬高；排尿期膀胱颈口、后尿道充分开放，残余尿量小于10ml。结论B超影像尿动力学检查可将膀胱的功能性改变和形态学信息相结合，能更全面准确地诊断和了解下尿路功能障碍。     

伴排尿障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特点

目的 研究伴有排尿功能障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特征.方法 对113例有排尿障碍的患儿进行尿动力学检查,其中48例经X线确诊为隐性脊柱裂者为观察组,无脊柱裂65例为对照组.检测项目包括:尿流率测定、充盈期膀胱压力容积测定、压力流率测定、同步括约肌肌电测定、静态尿道压力测定.比较两组间主要尿动力参数异常的发生率.观察组按主要临床症状分为尿失禁、尿频、单纯夜间遗尿和排尿困难4组,应用统计学研究临床症状与尿动力学主要参数的相关性.结果 在检测中发现观察组48例中有46例有不同程度的异常.其中逼尿肌过度活动22例,排尿期逼尿肌活动低下和无收缩21例,最大尿流率降低18例,膀胱容积缩小15例,残余尿量增多12例,低顺应性膀胱7例,逼尿肌外括约肌协同失调4例,最大尿道压降低4例.观察组中逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌活动低下、残余尿量增多及低顺应性膀胱发生率更高.按临床症状来看,隐性脊柱裂伴有尿失禁的患儿更多的表现为逼尿肌活动低下及最大尿流率降低,尿频的患儿在尿动力检查中多表现为逼尿肌过度活动及残余尿增多,排尿困难的患儿逼尿肌活动低下的发生率更高,而遗尿的患儿更易检出逼尿肌过度活动.结论 小儿隐性脊柱裂伴有排尿功能障碍的患儿具有多种尿动力学改变,且相同的症状可表现为不同类型的尿动力学异常,临床症状与尿动力学参数有一定的相关性,尿动力检查为其临床诊断和治疗方案制定提供重要客观依据.     

脊髓脊膜膨出患儿尿动力学改变与上尿路损害的关系探讨

目的探讨脊髓脊膜膨出患儿尿动力学改变与上尿路损害的关系。方法对36例脊髓脊膜膨出患儿行泌尿系彩超、静脉肾盂造影及尿动力学检查,根据检查结果分析与上尿路损害密切相关的尿动力学危险因素。结果36例患儿中,泌尿系彩超检查提示15例存在上尿路损害,21例无上尿路损害。尿动力学检查提示上尿路损害组中逼尿肌漏尿点压（47．2±21．9）cm H3O,显著高于未损害组（15．7±9．6）cmH2O;逼尿肌漏尿点压〉40cmH2O的发生率为66．7％（10／15）,显著高于未损害组中发生率0．0％（0／21）;膀胱顺应性（4．5±2．4）mL／cmH2O,显著低于未损害组（12．8±13．2）mL／cmH2O;残余尿量（137．8±99．7）mL,显著高于未损害组（32．3±36．7）mL;残余尿量≥50mL的发生率为93．3％（14／15）,显著高于未损害组中的发生率19．0％（4／21）;排尿期逼尿肌反射低下或无反射的发生率为66．7％（10／15）,显著高于未损害组中的发生率14．1％（3／21）。差异均具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论膀胱漏尿点压升高、膀胱顺应性降低、排尿期逼尿肌反射低下或无收缩以及残余尿量增多与上尿路损害关系密切;逼尿肌漏尿点压〉40cmH2O、残余尿量〉150mL、排尿期反射低下或无反射的发生可有效提示上尿路损害。     

腰骶部脊髓脊膜膨出并发神经源性膀胱的临床研究

随访，复查腰骶部囊性脊柱裂术后患儿，观察神经源性膀胱发病情况。方法：对３８例行尿流动力学，排尿性光膀胱尿道造影，Ｂ超及静脉尿路造影检查。结果；１．脊髓脊膜膨出占囊性脊柱裂的６２％，脊髓脊膜同并发神经源性膀胱发病率为９６％；２．骨质缺损≥１．５ｃｍ×１．５ｃｍ多为脊髓脊膜膨出。３．共有８例上尿路功能受损，残余尿量均≥６０ｍｌ，其中４例充盈期膀胱内压力≥１．９６ｋＰａ，而３例膀胱逼尿肌－尿道括约肌     

前尿道瓣膜切除术后膀胱功能异常与上尿路损害的关系

目的探讨前尿道瓣膜切除术后造成上尿路持续损害的尿动力学危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2020年1月26例前尿道瓣膜切除术后患儿的临床资料,平均年龄3.4岁(5个月至14岁)。瓣膜切除术后4个月至12.5年,平均5.5年。患儿术后均进行尿动力学检查。手术前后均进行血生化(包括尿素氮、肌酐)检查、泌尿系统B超检查、静脉肾脏造影(intravenous pyelography,IVP)和排尿性膀胱尿道造影(voiding cystourethrogram,VCUG)。比较瓣膜切除前后肾和输尿管积水以及膀胱输尿管反流情况,分析造成前尿道瓣膜术后上尿路持续损害的危险因素。结果前尿道瓣膜切除手术前肾和输尿管积水患儿共15例24侧,占57.7%(15/26);膀胱输尿管反流8例11侧,占30.8%(8/26)。瓣膜切除术后有5例7侧肾和输尿管积水消失,占19.2%(5/26);2例3侧膀胱输尿管反流消失。瓣膜切除术后肾和输尿管积水患儿共10例17侧,占38.5%(10/26);膀胱输尿管反流6例8侧,占23.1%(6/26)。有7例11侧肾和输尿管积水较术前加重,占26.9%(7/26),其中4例6侧膀胱输尿管反流较术前加重。根据术后肾和输尿管积水以及膀胱输尿管反流恢复情况,分为上尿路损害加重组(7例)和上尿路损害减轻或消失组(19例)。行瓣膜切除术后尿动力学检查发现,在上尿路损害加重组7例患儿中,压力流率图显示5例依然存在下尿路梗阻或可疑梗阻。上尿路损害减轻或消失组19例患儿压力流率图均显示无梗阻(P<0.05);两组最大尿流率平均值、膀胱顺应性、排尿期最大逼尿肌压力值差异均存在统计学意义(P<0.05);上尿路损害加重组中5例动态VUCG显示排尿时膀胱颈全程开放不全,行膀胱尿道镜检查发现3例膀胱壁增厚,呈小梁样改变和膀胱假性憩室形成,尤其膀胱基底以及膀胱内口附近组织明显增厚。结论前尿道瓣膜是一种罕见的下尿路梗阻性疾病,瓣膜切除之后上尿路损害仍然会持续存在或加重,可能与患儿异常的膀胱功能有关。排尿期最大逼尿肌压力升高、最大尿流率低、膀胱顺应性低以及压力流率图显示梗阻仍存在是导致膀胱功能异常的尿动力学危险因素,可能与前尿道瓣膜患儿同时存在膀胱颈部功能与结构的异常有关。     

脊髓栓系的尿动力学表现及临床意义

目的：探讨及评价脊髓栓系的尿动力学表现及临床意义。方法：对66例脊髓栓系患儿行尿动力学检查、MRI和排泄性膀胱尿道造影。结果：58例患儿发现有尿动力学异常改变，逼尿肌反射亢进35例，反射低下25例，逼尿肌括约肌不协调27例。54例膀胱顺应性，逼尿肌压增加，53例 残余尿增加，51例膀胱容量减少。8例尿动力学表现正常。脊髓圆锥位置正常5例，位于L3－L5间32例，L5以下29例。输尿管反流16例。结论：脊髓栓系可导致尿动力学发生不同的异常改变，脊髓圆锥位置与尿动力学表现的类型及上尿路损害无相关关系，上尿路损害与逼尿肌括约肌不协调、逼尿肌压和患儿的年龄密切相关。尿动力学检查是评价下尿路功能和治疗的客观指标。     

神经源性膀胱括约肌功能障碍患儿下尿路尿动力学表现的研究

目的描述并分析神经源性膀胱括约肌功能障碍患儿的下尿路尿动力学表现。方法回顾性分析神经源性膀胱括约肌功能障碍(neuropathic bladder-sphincterdysfunction,NBSD)及原发性遗尿症患儿(primary nocturnal enuresis,PNE)的尿动力学检查结果,比较两种疾病患儿逼尿肌不自主收缩、充盈期逼尿肌压、尿道功能长度(functional urethral length,FUL)及最大尿道闭合压(maximum urethral closure pressure,MUCP)四项指标的差异。应用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析。结果 NBSD和PNE各纳入200例,分别为NBSD组和PNE组。NBSD组患儿中,逼尿肌反射亢进占69.0%,MUCP降低占91.0%,充盈期逼尿肌压升高占65.5%;PNE组中,逼尿肌不稳定、充盈期逼尿肌压升高者分别占45.0%、43.5%,MUCP降低者占37.5%,两组间各项异常率的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。NBSD组患儿充盈期逼尿肌压、FUL及MUCP的均值依次为(35.52±4.38)cm H2O、(1.73±0.13)cm、(42.84±4.54)cm H2O;PNE组患儿充盈期逼尿肌压、FUL及MUCP的均值依次为(17.32±2.42)cm H2O、(3.16±0.17)cm、(83.10±6.99)cm H2O;两组间各指标差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与遗尿症患儿相比,神经源性膀胱括约肌功能障碍患儿下尿路尿动力学表现异常率偏高,这为临床诊治该类疾病提供了一定的指导与方向。     

神经源性膀胱伴输尿管反流的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨有输尿管反流的神经源性膀胱(NB)患儿有或没有逼尿肌过度活动(DO)时的尿动力学差异,为临床治疗此类患儿提供理论参考依据.方法 选取2013～2015年就诊并经影像尿动力学检查发现膀胱输尿管反流的NB患儿68例,男30例,女38例,年龄4～12岁,平均7.5岁.按照充盈期有DO,将其分为DO组(n=20)与无DO组(n=48).观察记录两组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱灌注量、逼尿肌压并计算发生反流时的膀胱顺应性;记录两组充盈结束时最大膀胱测压容量、最大逼尿肌压、并计算充盈期膀胱顺应性.结果 DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(98.7±16.1)ml和(5.2±1.9) ml/cmH2O,无DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(127.3±36.3)ml,(7.1±2.1)ml/cmH2O,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组的逼尿肌压分别为(21.6±9.2)cmH2O、(19.2±7.4)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义;DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(182.7±31.2)ml、(5.4±1.7) ml/cmH2O,与无DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量(230.6±34.6)ml与顺应性(6.5±1.1)ml/cmH2O相比,差异有统计学意义;两组尿动力学检查结束时逼尿肌压分别为(33.8±7.8)cmH2O、(36.4±8.1)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义.结论 膀胱容量小,膀胱顺应性差是有输尿管反流的NB患儿伴发DO时的尿动力学特征.     

后尿道瓣膜切除术后尿动力学研究

目的探讨后尿道瓣膜患儿行经尿道镜瓣膜切除术后的尿动力学改变.方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月本院收治的17例因后尿道瓣膜经尿道镜瓣膜切除术患儿的临床资料.均采取问卷调查、排尿性膀胱尿道造影、静脉肾盂造影、泌尿系超声、尿动力学检查等进行随访,重点分析尿动力学检查结果.结果诊断时常见症状排序依次为排尿困难、泌尿系感染症状、尿失禁等.术前发现肾积水17例,膀胱输尿管反流9例.均行经尿道镜瓣膜切除术.平均随访时间27(15～40)个月.临床症状均消失或减轻,无尿道狭窄、尿道瘘,造影检查提示解剖性梗阻均已解除,9例肾积水较前好转;8例存在膀胱输尿管反流.16例(94.1%)存在尿动力学异常,7例(41.2%)表现为膀胱顺应性降低,平均最大逼尿肌压力降低,逼尿肌不稳定;7例(41.2%)表现为残余尿增多.8例(47.1%)膀胱容量低于同年龄正常预测值的80%.结论后尿道瓣膜切除术后膀胱功能异常仍然存在,尿动力学检查能及时发现膀胱功能损害及其程度,建议PUV患儿术后定期行尿动力学检查,以了解膀胱功能,保护上尿路.     

神经源性膀胱患儿回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术后长期随访

目的 探讨回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿的远期疗效.方法 应用回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿32例.男23例,女9例;8例术前合并双肾输尿管积水及双侧输尿管扩张,3例单侧膀胱输尿管返流,2例有轻度肾功能损害.对比手术前后主观症状[国际尿失禁咨询委员会问卷简表(ICI-Q-SF问卷)]、尿流动力学检查、泌尿系超声及逆行膀胱造影,评价术后疗效.术后所有患儿定期复查血电解质、肾功能及泌尿系超声,监测并发症.结果 随访5～12 a,26例(81.25%)临床症状好转或痊愈,6例(18.75%)无明显改善.术前ICI-Q-SF问卷评分为(18.1±1.0)分,随访结束为(7.8±2.5)分,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.688,P=0.000).尿流动力学检查显示术后最大膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性较术前明显增加,充盈末逼尿肌压较术前降低.术后电解质、肾功能均正常.远期并发症5例:4例并症状性泌尿系感染,1例并膀胱结石.结论 回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿并发症少,远期疗效比较理想.     

Can urodynamic studies be dispensed with in the initial urologic management of children with meningomyelocele? A study of 30 cases and review of the literature

ObjectiveTo identify whether a relationship exists between information gathered from voiding patterns, neurological status and radiological findings, and the actual dysfunction seen on cystometry in children with spina bifida.Patients and methodsThirty consecutive children with spina bifida underwent clinical evaluation, urinary tract imaging and cystometry. The clinical and radiological data were correlated with actual bladder dysfunction.ResultsCystometry was abnormal in 87% with overactive detrusor in 77%. Seventeen patients (57%) had significant residual urine of whom all had neurological or voiding abnormalities. Irrespective of radiological findings (abnormal in 53%), 90% of these patients had detrusor overactivity and 10% an underactive detrusor. In the group with insignificant residual urine (n = 13), upper tract was abnormal in six (46%) of which four had neurological/voiding abnormalities and detrusor overactivity. The other two patients with normal neurologic status and voiding pattern had normal cystometry, but their upper tract damage was inexplicable. Of the patients with insignificant residual urine and normal upper tracts (n = 7), four had neurologic/voiding abnormalities, three with an overactive detrusor and one underactive detrusor, and of the other three, one had an overactive detrusor.ConclusionsPatients with significant residual urine can be presumed to have detrusor overactivity and may be initially managed with clean intermittent catheterization and bladder relaxants. Cystometry is indicated if upper tract shows deterioration. In patients with insignificant residual urine and abnormal clinical evaluation or radiology, detrusor overactivity can be presumed and urodynamic studies deferred. Patients with insignificant residual urine, normal radiology but abnormal clinical findings must undergo initial cystometry.     

小儿神经原性膀胱手术前后尿流动力学检查评价

目的　基于手术前后尿流动力学检查结果的分析,对小儿神经原性膀胱逼尿肌和括约肌不协调的成因进行讨论,并对外科治疗进行评价。方法　55例行盆底肌加强及膀胱颈悬吊的神经原性膀胱患儿于术前和术后4～10个月行尿流动力学对照检查,然后分析其结果并行统计学处理。结果　34例逼尿肌反射亢进型中,30例术后逼尿肌和括约肌不协调减轻或较协调,4例无变化。最大膀胱容量增加（89.0±17.2）ml,最大尿道压力下降（2.7±0.37）kPa,最大尿道闭合压下降（3.1±0.6）kPa;21例术后逼尿肌无反射或反射低下型,逼尿肌反射明显改善11例,改善10例,最大膀胱容量增加（55.6±10.3）ml,最大尿道压力增加（2.9±0.7）kPa,最大尿道闭合压增加（2.6±0.7）kPa。结论　盆底肌加强和膀胱颈悬吊手术是治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的良好术式。因腰骶部脊膜膨出所致的小儿神经原性膀胱逼尿肌与外括约肌协同失调本质上可能是尿道外括约肌对漏斗状膀胱颈代偿性收缩的一个表现。     

托特罗定在小儿神经原性膀胱的应用评价

目的 评价托特罗定治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的有效性和安全性.方法 随访126例2002年1月至2009年9月收治的神经原性膀胱患儿,男71例,女55例,年龄(6.2±3.1)岁,全部病例行清洁间歇导尿,81例同时服用托特罗定(0.1 mg·kg-1·d-1,2次/d),45例未服用托特罗定.就诊时和治疗3个月后分别行尿动力学和临床评价.结果 导尿+药物组中8例因副作用终止治疗,其中3例出现口干,2例头晕,3例便秘加重,73例坚持服用托特罗定.就诊时导尿组膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.3±19.6)ml、(4.0±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(56.7±10.4)cmH2O.3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压压分别为(122.0±20.1)ml、(4.1±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(55.8±10.9)cmH2O,无明显变化.11例(24.4%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,13例(28.9%)漏尿分数下降.药物+导尿组就诊时膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.8±17.6)ml、(4.4±1.3)ml/cmH2O、(55.1±11.7)cmH2O,3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(149.6±23.1)ml、(7.5±2.3)ml/cmH2O、(38.4±11.6)cmH2O,膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性明显增加,膀胱内压降低.58例(79.5%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,53例(73%)漏尿分数下降及家长表示满意.结论 托特罗定可抑制逼尿肌过度活动,降低膀胱内压,增加膀胱顺应性和膀胱容量,较少有副作用,有利于保护上尿路功能,并可减轻尿失禁的程度,对于反射亢进型小儿神经原性膀胱的治疗是安全、有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolteroding to treat neurogenic bladder in children. Methods 126 patients (71 boys and 55 girls of 6. 2 ± 3. 1 years old) with hyperreflexia neurogenic bladder who were treated during January 2002 to September 2009 were followed up. All patients were performed clean intermittent catheterization. 81 patients took tolterodine(0. 1mg· kg-1 ·d-1 ,2 times/d) and 45 patients did not use tolterodine. Urodynamic and leakage score were evaluated before the treatment and 3 months later. Results 8 patients stopped tolterodine due to side effect,such as dry mouth in 3, dizziness in 2, sever constipation in 3. 73 patients took tolterodine all the time. Before treatment, the bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization group were 119. 3 ± 19. 6 ml、4. 0 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、56. 7 ± 10. 4 cmH2O, respectively. Three months after the treatment, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 122. 0 ± 20. 1 ml、4. 1 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、 55. 8 ± 10. 9 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference. Detrusor overactivity in 11 patients(24. 4％)and leakage score in 13 patients (28. 9％)decreased. Bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization + tolterodine group in the beginning were 119. 8 ± 17. 6ml、4. 4 ± 1.3ml/cmH2O 、 55. 1 ± 11.7 cmH2O, respectively. 3 months later, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 149. 6 ± 23. 1 ml、7. 5 ± 2. 3ml/cmH2O 、38. 4 ± 11.6 cmH2O, respectively. Bladder volume and compliance increased and detrusor pressure decreased significantly. Detrusor overactivity in 58 patients(79. 5％)and leakage score in 53 patients(73％)decreased. The parents satisfied with this result. Conclusions Tolterodine could inhibit the detrusor overactivity, so it could decrease detrusor pressure and increase bladder volume and compliance and protect kidney. It was effective to the children with hyperreflexia nerurogenic bladder.     

隐性脊柱裂对儿童原发性夜间遗尿症治疗的影响

目的 探讨隐性脊柱裂(spina bifida occulta,SBO)对儿童原发性夜间遗尿症(primary nocturnal enuresis,PNE)治疗效果的影响.方法 收集2011年7月至2013年12月门诊PNE患儿163例,年龄(9.2±2.1)岁,男98例,女65例,这些患儿每周至少出现1次夜间遗尿,均有觉醒困难,无其他泌尿系疾病或脊柱裂引起的临床症状.记录患儿有无SBO体征(背部多毛、色素沉着、潜毛窦等).常规拍摄腰骶椎X线正位片、尿常规.治疗前均记录排尿日记,治疗开始后每月记录1次排尿日记,统计功能性膀胱容量(functional bladder capacity,FBC).根据有无SBO分为非SBO组和SBO组,给予相同的治疗方案,每周记录遗尿次数,每月随访一次,至少随访半年.通过比较非SBO组和SBO组遗尿次数来比较治疗效果.结果 发现SBO 122例(占74.8％),男69例(56.6％),平均年龄(9.8±2.3)岁,伴有隐性脊柱裂阳性体征者55例(45.1％).非SBO者41例,平均年龄(9.5±2.5)岁,男24例(58.5％),女17例(41.5％).两组年龄差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗前SBO组FBC为(216.5±49.6)ml,非SBO组为(217.4±47.3)ml,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.治疗后FBC增加量SBO组为(11.9±4.4)ml,非SBO组为(24.1±6.6)ml,P＜0.001,差异有统计学意义.治疗前SBO组每周遗尿次数为(3.4±1.2)次,非SBO组为(3.1±1.0)次,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.治疗后SBO组完全有效25例(20.5％),有效25例(20.5％),部分有效34例(27.9％),无效38例(31.1％);非SBO组完全有效20例(48.8％),有效10例(24.4％),部分有效9例(22.0％),无效2例(4.8％).SBO组和非SBO组治疗效果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),非SBO组完全有效率明显高于SBO组(P＜0.001).结论 SBO显著影响儿童PNE的治疗效果.     

Investigation of daytime wetting: when is spinal cord imaging indicated?

BACKGROUND: Most children with daytime wetting have detrusor instability. A minority have neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunction. The commonest cause is spina bifida, which may be closed. Clinical features suggestive of closed spina bifida include cutaneous, neuro-orthopaedic or lumbosacral spine x ray abnormalities, impaired bladder sensation, and incomplete bladder emptying. MRI is the ideal method for detecting spinal cord abnormality. It has been suggested that MRI spine is an unnecessary investigation in children with daytime wetting in the absence of cutaneous, neuro-orthopaedic, or lumbosacral spine x ray abnormalities. Aim: To clarify indications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine in children with voiding dysfunction. METHODS: Retrospective study of children with voiding dysfunction referred from the Guy's Hospital neurourology clinic for MRI spine between April 1998 and April 2000. Clinical notes and results of investigations, including urodynamic studies and MRI spine were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 48 children (median age 9.1 years). Closed spina bifida was detected in five, of whom four had neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunction confirmed by urodynamic studies. Impaired bladder sensation and incomplete bladder emptying were more frequent in these children than in those with normal MRI spine. One child with spinal cord abnormality had no cutaneous, neuro-orthopaedic, or lumbosacral spine x ray abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Spinal cord imaging should be considered in children with daytime wetting when this is associated with impaired bladder sensation or poor bladder emptying, even in the absence of neuro-orthopaedic, cutaneous, or lumbosacral spine x ray abnormalities.     

Ureteric jet Doppler waveform and bladder wall thickness in children with nocturnal enuresis

To test the hypothesis that the presence of nocturnal enuresis is related to increased frequency of immature vesicoureteric function, which is further associated with detrusor overactivity, we compared the incidence of immature monophasic ureteric jet in children with and without nocturnal enuresis. The relationship between monophasic ureteric jet Doppler wave form and bladder wall thickness was further explored in the enuresis group. Ultrasound examinations were performed in 511 children suffering from nocturnal enuresis and 266 normal controls. Doppler wave forms of the ureteric jet on each side and the bladder wall thickness after voiding were recorded. Standard urodynamic studies were obtained in 203 enuretic children for correlations with ultrasound findings. There was a significant increase in the incidence of monophasic ureteric jet waveforms in enuretic children when compared with the controls (19.2% versus 6.4% on the right side, 19.2% versus 8.3% on the left side, all p < 0.01). Furthermore, immature monophasic waveforms were more commonly seen in the enuretic group with markedly thickened bladder wall. Enuretic children with bilateral immature ureteric jet waveforms and markedly thickened bladder wall showed multiple significant urodynamic abnormalities (p < 0.05). The above observations could be accounted for by immaturity of both vesicoureteric junction and detrusor muscle.     

Urodynamic findings in the tethered spinal cord: the effect of tethered cord division on lower urinary tract functions.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of division of the tethered spinal cord urodynamically in spinal dysraphic cases. METHODS: Between 1995-1997, 20 cases (11 males, 9 females) aged from 5 months to 13 years with TSC were investigated. 13 cases (65%) were classed as belonging to the myelomeningocele group and 5 cases (35%) to the spina bifida occulta group. We used a computerized urodynamic system to evaluate the functions of the lower urinary tracts pre- and postoperatively. The definitive diagnosis of cord tethering was made using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 19 cases (95%) and spinal ultrasound in 1 case (5%). Division of filum terminale and laminectomy were carried out in all cases by the Neurosurgery Department, and 2 cases with retethering were operated on twice. RESULTS: All of these cases were assessed urodynamically in the preoperative and postoperative period. Significant improvements were noted in detrusor functions (35%); electromyography recordings (45%); high leak point pressures (55%) and anal and urinary continence (70%). CONCLUSION: Lower urinary tract dysfunctions secondary to tethered cord syndrome are very common in spinal dysraphic cases and significant improvements can be achieved with a judiciously timed division of the spinal tethered cord.     

隐性脊柱裂流行病学及诊疗研究进展

隐性脊柱裂(spina bifida occulta,SBO)是指有一个或数个椎骨的椎板闭合不全,脊柱背侧皮肤完整,椎管内的脊髓及神经组织不会直接突出于皮肤表面的脊柱裂.SBO可发生于脊柱任何部位,但常发生于腰骶部,可伴有脊髓神经发育畸形,产生神经系统、泌尿系统、消化系统以及运动系统等一系列临床症状和体征.SBO若伴有脊髓神经损伤会影响脊髓的正常解剖,使其受到异常牵拉,局部缺血、缺氧,可造成神经功能障碍而产生一系列临床症状,称脊髓栓系综合征(tethered spinal cord syndrome,TCS).国内外目前对SBO特别是合并TCS时的诊治存在一定争议,故本文就SBO的病因、发病率、及诊断治疗研究进展进行综述.