血凝质控物的研制

目的　研制血凝质控物 ,以保证血凝质控工作的开展。方法　血浆中加入稳定剂 ,经冷冻干燥制备血凝质控物。置于 4～ 8℃、室温和 37℃ ,与德国DADEBEHRING质控物一同测定 ,每周测定 1次 ,观察其稳定性。随机抽取一定数量样品评价其均匀性。用不同仪器、不同试剂测定该血凝质控物 ,以观察其适应性。结果　 4～ 8℃、室温和 37℃条件下 ,每周检测 1次 (一式二份 ) ,经近 8个月观察 ,4～ 8℃ ,P >0 .0 5 ;室温 3个月 ,P >0 .0 5 ;37℃ 3周 ,P >0 .0 5。瓶间均匀性结果经方差分析 ,凝血酶原时间 (PT)F =0 .4 2 3,F 0 .5 19;活化部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)F =0 .834,F 0 .372 ;纤维蛋白原 (FIB)F =0 .6 85 ,F 0 .4 18。血凝质控物和国外同类产品以及新鲜血浆用不同仪器和不同试剂测定的差异相近 ,经t检验差异无显著性。结论　该血凝质控物稳定性、均匀性、适应性好 ,可用作凝血试验的质控物     

凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间三种质控物的比较

质量控制是保证试验结果准确的重要措施 ,其中合格的质控物是质量控制的关键因素之一。目前 ,凝血酶原时间 ( PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间( APTT)试验的质控物主要依赖进口 ,其价格较贵。我们通过对两种自制质控物 (混合血浆、单一血浆 )与进口质控物比较 ,结果混合血浆与进口质控物无明显差异 ,且制备成本低廉 ,便于推广应用。一、材料和方法1 .仪器　德国 BE公司 Compact X全自动血凝仪。2 .试剂　美国 Biopool公司 PT试剂盒 (批号 :2 51 L0 1 )、APTT- EA试剂盒 (批号 :42 0 K0 3)、正常质控物 ( NCCP,批号 :1 0 0 L0 2 )、异…     

用新鲜血校准血液分析仪的探讨

为保证血细胞计数仪的准确性 ,需定期进行校正。我们探讨了用新鲜血代替校准物对血液分析仪进行校准的问题。材料和方法一、材料1 .仪器与试剂　 Abbott CD- 1 60 0 ,AC- 92 0及System KX- 2 1各血液分析仪及配套试剂。2 .校准物　 Abbott公司提供的 CD- 1 60 0配套校正物。3.质控物　上述 3种仪器的配套质控物。二、方法1 .采用满足下列条件的新鲜血作为校准物 :( 1 )供血者为未服药的健康者 ;( 2白红蛋白 ) ( Hb)在 1 0 0～ 1 70 g/L 之间 ,白细胞 ( WBC)在 ( 4 .0～1 0 .0 )× 1 0 9/L之间 ,红细胞压积 ( HCT)在 35.5%～ 55.5%之…     

丙酮酸干扰丙氨酸氨基转移酶测定研究

目的　研究内源性丙酮酸干扰丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)测定程度。方法使用献血者混合血浆样本以不同参数做测定ALT的丙酮酸干扰实验 ,计算不同参数的干扰百分率。结果实验组样本中干扰物丙酮酸浓度为 0 .5、1 .0、1 .5、2 .0和 2 .5mmol/L时 ,与对照组ALT活性 4 0 .3U/L相比 ,参数 1测定ALT最高达 4 4 .0U/L ,参数2可高达 4 9.3U/L(P <0 .0 1和P <0 .0 0 5 ) ;上述干扰浓度时参数 1和 2干扰百分率分别为 1 .74 %、3.4 7%、5 .96 %、7.4 4 %、9.1 8%和 6 .2 0 %、1 0 .92 %、1 3.1 5 %、1 7.87%、2 2 .33% ,两组参数测定比较差异有显著或极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1、P<0 .0 1、P <0 .0 1和P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;两组干扰物终浓度 (X )与干扰百分率 (Y )的回归方程为Y1 =79.4 87X - 0 .1 1 7,r =0 .996 ,n=5 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;Y2 =6 0 .0 2 9X+2 .35 2 ,r =0 .994 ,n=5 ,(P<0 .0 0 1 ) 。结论调整测定参数即减少样本体积分数可以有效地降低内源性丙酮酸干扰ALT测定 ,应当使用自动生化分析仪测定ALT。     

糖化血红蛋白液体质控物的制备及稳定性观察

目的 制备糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)液体质控物.方法 收集每次标本测试完后剩余的新鲜乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝全血(HbA1c<6.0%、HbA1c>11.0%),用复合保护剂制备HbA1c检测用液体质控物,用高压液相硼酸盐亲和层析法和高压液相法观察其在室温(18～25 ℃)、4～8 ℃、-20 ℃时的稳定性.结果 用复合保护剂制备HbA1c检测用液体质控物具有与人全血性状相近,不需复溶,储存时间长,在室温(18～25℃)可保存1个月,在4～8 ℃至少可保存6个月、在-20 ℃的条件下至少可保存27个月.结论 该液体质控物不需复溶、稳定时间长.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染的献血者10年追踪观察

目的　追踪观察发生HCV感染的献血者的疾病进程和健康状况。方法　从 1993年 10月～ 2 0 0 4年 2月 ,对 30名HCV感染的献血者定期抽取血液标本 ,观察所得到的 4 4 2份系列标本的血清ALT、抗 HCV和HCV RNA的动态变化 ,并进行HCV分型测定 ,重点分析了其中 10名自愿者肝组织的病理检查结果和血清ALT、抗 HCV与HCV RNA的动态变化。结果　① 30名HCV感染者系列标本中 ,ALT异常率 37.6 % (16 6 / 4 4 2 ) ;抗 HCV阳性率97.1% (42 9/ 4 4 2 ,ELISA法 ) ;HCV RNA阳性率 74 .9% (331/ 4 4 2 )。② 10名HCV感染的献血者 10年系列血清中抗 HCV大多数持续存在 (94 4 % ,15 1/ 16 0 ) ,其HCV RNA时有间隙性阴性 ,阳性率 6 7 5 % (10 8/ 16 0 )其血清ALT水平异常率 33 6 % (5 0 / 14 9)。③HCV分型测定 :HCVⅡ / 1b型占 85 % (2 2 / 2 6 ) ,Ⅲ / 2a型占 15 % (4/ 2 6 )。④ 10名HCV感染者肝组织检查显示均为轻度慢性肝炎。结论　肝组织的病理变化同血清抗 HCV、HCV RNA和ALT的异常有明显相关性。虽然HCV感染后 10年的疾病进程大多是缓慢的 ,但应采取适当治疗措施以控制慢性肝炎的发展。     

5种定性试验质控物的研制与应用

目的 研制细菌性阴道炎(BV)、潜血(OB)、轮状病毒抗原(RV-Ag)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)检测的室内质控物并建立质控程序.方法 根据各定性试验的检验原理,选用合适的生物材料,不断优化配制方法,制备5种室内质控物后建立相应项目的 室内质控程序.结果 4种(BV、OB、RV-Ag、HCG)临界值质控物中被测物浓度处于临界值水平,可验证试剂灵敏度;OB阴性质控物不含被测物,可验证试剂特异度;5种定性试验质控物稳定性较好,室温、4 ℃、-20 ℃条件下至少可稳定30 d、3个月和12个月.结论 成功制备了BV、OB、RV-Ag、HCG定性试验的室内质控物,填补了国内上述项目商品化室内质控物的空白,具备较好的实用价值.     

β_2-微球蛋白血清质控物的制备及评价

目的制备β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)质控血清并对其进行质量评价。方法收集病人混合血清样本制备β_2-MG质控物,并依据《能力验证样品均匀性和稳定性评价指南》和ISO Guide 35标准对其均匀性及稳定性进行评价。结果均匀性检验结果显示制备的2个浓度水平质控物样品内和样品间均匀性差异无统计学意义(F=0.699,2.091,均P0.05)。在室温条件下保存至少稳定5天(t=-1.76,-2.64,均P0.05);4℃储存条件下至少稳定28天(t=-1.86,-2.44,均P0.05);-20℃储存条件下至少稳定4个月(t=0.26,-2.68,均P0.05);-80℃储存条件下至少稳定1年(t=-0.96,0.01,均P0.05)。结论自制的β_2-微球蛋白质控血清制备方便,其均匀性、稳定性符合标准要求。     

HBsAg室内质控物的制备及其应用

目的 以制备HBsAg酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)室内质控物,对其应用效果进行评价.方法 以复检HBsAg阳性的报废全血作为原料,制备0.5、4、8 U/mL室内质控血清,使用上海科华和意大利DiaSorin公司HBsAg诊断试剂盒对其进行检测,并比较其结果 .结果 科华和DiaSorin HBsAg诊断试剂检测室内质控血清比较,t值分别为0.058、0.049,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),使用两种不同的试剂连续检测不同浓度的质控物20次,检测的CV范围分别为6.75%～11.65%、4.82%～10.30%;使用两种不同的试剂检测不同浓度的质控物30 d,检测的CV范围分别为7.37%～12.50%、4.84%～13.92%.结论 ELISA法进行HBsAg检测的质控物制备简单,稳定性良好,质控图操作方便,适合临床实验室应用和推广.     

DADE冻干质控血清瓶间差及复溶后稳定性测定

质控血清是临床化学质量控制的必备材料 ,其瓶间差及稳定性直接影响质控的结果。对质控血清的瓶间差及稳定性的评价 ,有助于我们更好地开展质控工作。 1 999年我省检验中心使用 DADE冻干质控血清作为室间质评质控物 ,选用时对其瓶间差及复溶后的稳定性进行测定 ,现将其测定结果介绍如下。1　材料和方法1 .1　质控血清　 DADE冻干质控血清 ,批号 EXI-1 0 9。1 .2　测定仪器　Beckman CX7型生化分析仪 ,全部使用原装试剂盒测定。1 .3　瓶间差测定方法　连续测定 2 0瓶质控血清结果的变异为批内总变异 ,连续 2 0次测定同一瓶质控血清结果…     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.