半干旱土添加有机改良剂后有机质的化学结构变化

A 9-month incubation experiment using composted and non-composted amendments derived from vine pruning waste and sewage sludge was carried out to study the effects of the nature and stability of organic amendments on the structural composition of organic matter (OM) in a semi-arid soil.The changes of soil OM,both in the whole soil and in the extractable carbon with pyrophosphate,were evaluated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography and chemical analyses.By the end of the experiment,the soils amended with pruning waste exhibited less organic carbon loss than those receiving sewage sludge.The non-composted residues increased the aliphatic-pyrolytic products of the OM,both in the whole soil and also in the pyrophosphate extract,with the products derived from peptides and proteins being significantly higher.After 9 months,in the soils amended with pruning waste the relative abundance of phenolic-pyrolytic products derived from phenolic compounds,lignin and proteins in the whole soil tended to increase more than those in the soils amended with sewage sludge.However,the extractable OM with pyrophosphate in the soils amended with composted residues tended to have higher contents of these phenolic-pyrolytic products than that in non-composted ones.Thus,despite the stability of pruning waste,the composting of this material promoted the incorporation of phenolic compounds to the soil OM.The pyrolytic indices (furfural/pyrrole and aliphatic/aromatic ratios) showed the diminution of aliphatic compounds and the increase of aromatic compounds,indicating the stabilization of the OM in the amended soils after 9 months.In conclusion,the changes of soil OM depend on the nature and stability of the organic amendments,with composted vine pruning waste favouring humification.     

中国东部太湖地区酸性水稻土团聚体上铜的专性和非专性吸附动力学研究

The Taihu Lake region in East China has become prone to soil acidification, which changes heavy metals such as copper(Cu) in soil into water-soluble species and increases the mobility and contamination risks of heavy metals in the biological environment. In this study, the kinetics of Cu2+sorption by the bulk soil and the aggregate size fractions of an acidic paddy soil collected from the Taihu Lake region, the effects of temperature on Cu2+sorption, and the p H changes of the solution were investigated by static sorption and magnetic stirring. The aggregate size fractions were prepared by low-energy ultrasonic dispersing and freeze-drying. The total sorption amounts of the bulk soil and the aggregate size fractions for Cu2+followed a descending order of clay > coarse sand > bulk soil > silt> sand, corresponding to those of organic matter content, free iron oxide content, free aluminum oxide content, and cation exchange capacity. The kinetic sorption curves of Cu2+by the bulk soil and the aggregates, which were divided into two stages(rapid and slow sequentially), were well fitted by the first-order equation, the diffusion equation, and the Elovich equation, showing significant correlations(P < 0.05). Specific and non-specific sorption dominated in the fast and slow stages, respectively, and the former was predominant throughout the sorption process. The specific sorption accelerated and the non-specific sorption decelerated with rising temperature. The p H of the solution decreased significantly during the specific sorption and remained unchanged or increased slightly during the non-specific sorption. When the specific sorption terminated, the p H of the solution was minimized nearly simultaneously.The sorption progress of Cu2+by the bulk soil significantly preceded that by the aggregates. Therefore, heavy metal contamination may be another factor reducing soil p H and metal sorption forms should be taken into consideration in studies of mitigating soil heavy metal pollution or determining environmental capacity of heavy metal in soil.     

南通市臭氧污染与气象条件分析和预报

本文通过分析地处长江口北岸的南通市2014—2017年臭氧污染变化特征和气象要素以及天气形势对臭氧质量浓度的影响,归纳了高浓度臭氧出现的天气形势,使用多元逐步回归建立了不同月份臭氧质量浓度预报模型.结果表明:春、夏季臭氧质量浓度较高,冬季最小;2014—2017年臭氧超标日数呈明显增加的趋势,臭氧超标日主要出现在4—1...     

河套灌区节水减肥对玉米不同生育期水分和养分的影响

为探究不同灌水和施肥条件对河套灌区不同生育期玉米生长的影响,以玉米“金苹628”为材料,分别研究了低水(1800 m^3/hm^2)、中水(2250 m^3/hm^2)、高水(2700 m^3/hm^2)3个灌水水平,低肥(300 kg/hm^2)、中肥(375 kg/hm^2)、高肥(450 kg/hm^2)3个施肥水平,并以当地一般灌水量和施肥量为对照(CK),共10个处理在苗期、拔节、抽雄、灌浆、成熟期对土壤水分、养分和玉米生长的影响。结果表明:拔节期以后,土壤平均含水率呈下降趋势;抽雄和灌浆期玉米耗水量最大,占整个生育期耗水量65%以上;拔节期土壤硝态氮累积量最小,植物吸收大量养分供玉米快速生长;高水水平下,玉米产量及水分利用效率随灌水和施肥量的增加呈先增后减趋势。通过多元逐步回归分析不同生育阶段土壤水分和养分对玉米生长的影响,筛选出不同生育期对玉米生长影响更为关键的要素,得出在抽雄、灌浆、成熟期土壤水分对玉米生长的影响比土壤养分大,拔节期土壤养分对玉米生长的影响比土壤水分大。研究结果可为河套灌区节水减肥,合理分配水资源,减少氮素面源污染,保障玉米稳定生长提供理论基础。     

长白山东部4种林分类型土壤有机碳及养分特征研究

以长白山东部长白落叶松天然林、长白落叶松人工林、天然阔叶混交林、天然针阔混交林4种林分类型为研究对象,对比分析了土壤有机碳(SOC)的垂直分布特征,以及与土壤理化性质的相关性.结果表明,4种林分下土壤有机碳含量及其差异程度随土壤深度增加均呈现逐渐减小的趋势.0-60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量大小依次为天然针阔混交林(33.64士17.48 g/kg)＞长白落叶松天然林(25.30±15.09 g/kg)＞天然阔叶混交林(22.13±13.74 g/kg)＞长白落叶松人工林(19.23±12.35 g/kg);天然针阔混交林0-60 cm土壤有机碳密度为21.44±8.31 kg/m2,显著高于其他3种林分类型,长白落叶松人工林最小,为14.29±1.59 kg/m2.对不同土层土壤有机碳和土壤理化性质进行相关分析,结果表明,整个土壤剖面有机碳含量与自然含水率、全N、全P、全K、速效K均呈极显著或显著正相关,与土壤密度呈极显著负相关;不同林分类型土壤有机碳含量和碳密度与全N均呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤理化性质相关性存在较大差异.     

基于实验室高光谱数据的大围山森林土壤氧化铁全量反演

氧化铁是土壤中含铁矿物的主体,是土壤发育和土壤分类最明显和最有用的指标之一。本文以湖南省大围山森林土壤为研究对象,通过实验室化学成分测定和光谱采集,在光谱预处理及组合变换基础上,采用相关性分析筛选土壤氧化铁全量的敏感波段,并分别建立多元逐步回归和偏最小二乘回归反演模型。结果表明:不同土壤光谱曲线趋势基本一致,均形似陡坎,且在420～580 nm波段,土壤氧化铁全量与光谱反射率呈负相关关系;不同的光谱数据变换方式可以提高光谱与氧化铁全量的相关性,Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑和去包络线相结合优于其他预处理方法;土壤氧化铁全量的特征波段主要为392、427、529、523、549、559、565、570、994和1040nm,偏最小二乘回归模型比多元逐步回归模型具有更好的稳定性,适合于快速估算红黄壤区森林土壤氧化铁全量。     

中国东北农田土壤质量评价的最小数据集选择

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for agriculture managers and policy makers to gain a better understanding of how various agricultural systems afect soil resources.Soil quality of Hailun County,a typical soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) growing area located in Northeast China,was evaluated using soil quality index(SQI)methods.Each SQI was computed using a minimum data set(MDS) selected using principal components analysis(PCA)as a data reduction technique.Eight MDS indicators were selected from 20 physical and chemical soil measurements.The MDS accounted for 74.9% of the total variance in the total data set(TDS).The SQI values for 88 soil samples were evaluated with linear scoring techniques and various weight methods.The results showed that SQI values correlated well with soybean yield (r=0.658**) when indicators in MDS were weighted by the regression coefcient computed for each yield and index.Stepwise regression between yield and principal components (PCs) indicated that available boron(AvB),available phosphorus (AvP),available potassium (AvK),available iron (AvFe) and texture were the main factors limiting soybean yield.The method used to select an MDS could not only appropriately assess soil quality but also be used as a powerful tool for soil nutrient diagnosis at the regional level.     

华北黄泛平原潮土土壤养分与土壤粒级的关系研究

根据第二次全国土壤普查资料,利用数理统计的方法研究了华北黄泛平原潮土土壤粒级与土壤养分含量之间的关系。研究结果表明,土壤耕层养分含量与土壤砂粒成负相关,与小于0.01 mm的各粒级成正相关。其中土壤有机质含量主要受砂粒(1~0.05 mm)和细粘粒(<0.001 mm)含量的影响,土壤全氮含量主要受细粘粒含量的影响,土壤全磷含量主要受砂粒和粗粉粒(0.05~0.01 mm)含量的影响,土壤速效磷含量主要受细粘粒含量的影响,土壤速效钾含量主要受细粉粒(0.01~0.005 mm)含量的影响。