亚热带季风阔叶林不同林地几种植物光合作用的比较研究

比较了亚热带季风阔叶林不同林地几种植物的叶特性、叶含氮量、叶绿素含量、光合速率和气孔对CO_2的传导率,表明疏林的桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentoso)和荷树(Schima superba)的叶厚和栅栏组织厚度较九节(Psychotria rubra)小,但单位面积干重较九节大,叶含氮量(N mg/g干重)较密林的罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)低,疏林的桃金娘和荷树的光合作用饱和光强为600和550 μmol 光量子m~(-2),S~(-1),光补偿点分别为12和20 μmol,光量子m~(-2),s~(-1),两种植物的平均最大光合速率分别为11.9±0.4和7.5±1.8 μol CO_2,m~(-2),S~(-1),光合量子产率分别为0.056和0.048,而密林的罗伞光合速率变化对光强变化反应敏感,暗呼吸速率较低。光补偿点为5μmol,光量子m~(-2),S~(-1),显著低于疏林植物,疏林植物有着较高的Ci/Ca值和水分利用效率。亚热带季风阔叶林的不同林地的植物有着不同的光合作用特性,这可能与植物生境的光状况有关。     

浑善达克沙地南缘人工固沙植被水分利用特征

探讨浑善达克沙地典型乔木青杨和灌木黄柳不同季节的水分利用特征,可为沙地人工防护林生态系统的结构优化提供理论依据.采集研究区大气降水、土壤水、地下水和典型人工固沙植被的茎干水,利用氢氧稳定同位素技术,揭示不同水源δD-δ18O值的分布特征,运用多源线性混合模型计算出各潜在水源对2种植被水的贡献率.结果 表明:研究区大气降...     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用、蒸腾作用及水分利用效率特征

运用开放式气体交换LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,研究了梭梭(Haloxylonammodendron)和沙拐枣(Calligonummongolicum)的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)及水分利用效率(WUE)特征。结果表明:梭梭和沙拐枣在湿润状况下的Pn日变化呈单峰型,梭梭低于沙拐枣,日平均分别为19.60±0.12μmol·m-2·s-1和24.06±0.50μmol·m-2·s-1;E也是梭梭低于沙拐枣,日平均分别为5.53±0.08mmol·m-2·s-1和8.21±0.26mmol·m-2·s-1;WUE则不同,日平均梭梭高于沙拐枣,分别为3.28±0.05mmolCO2·mol-1H2O和2.84±0.06mmolCO2·mol-1H2O。WUE年均值也是梭梭高于沙拐枣,二者最高值都出现在9月,次高值出现在7月,WUE的高低变化与年降水量的高低分布一致。在湿润和干燥两种状况下,梭梭和沙拐枣Pn对光强的响应表明,水分条件好时Pn明显增大,光能利用率提高。从湿润状况时的净光合速率、光饱和点和CO2补偿点,以及干燥状况时也具有低CO2补偿点,确定梭梭和沙拐枣具有C4光合途径。     

植物水分利用策略研究进展

水分是影响植物生长发育的重要因子之一。地球上大多数生态系统中的植物都会经历一个降水相对稀少的干旱季节,植物在不同的季节与不同的生态系统中究竟如何利用水分,利用哪些水分去获得生存,成为一个人们关注的问题。在过去的20年,稳定同位素技术在植物生态学中的应用得到了稳定长足的发展。因为陆地植物(少数排盐种类除外)在水分吸收过程中不发生同位素分馏,因此可以利用δD与δ18O数据进行水分获取方式的研究。对植物木质部水分以及其潜在水源的稳定同位素进行分析,并参考土壤水势、叶片水势、土壤含水量等数据,同时运用二元或三元混合模型,可以定量确定植物的水分利用来源。大量的研究表明,不同功能型、生长阶段、季节的植物以及不同物种往往具有不同的水分利用策略。     

不同生境间红树科植物水分利用效率的比较研究

通过测定采自4个地区(海南、厦门、北海和西双版纳)的红树科6个属共9种植物,包括竹节树(Carallia brachiata)、锯叶竹节树(C. diphopetala)、山红树(Pellacalyx yunnanensis)、红树(Rhizophora apiculata)、红海榄(R. stylosa)、海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)、木榄(B. gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和角果木(Ceriops tagal)的叶片碳同位素比值(δ¹³C),比较了不同地区分布的红树科植物(尤其是内陆生长的和沿海生长的红树科植物之间)、同一地区分布不同种红树科植物间以及不同季节红树科植物δ¹³C值及其所反映的胞间CO₂浓度和水分利用效率的差异。研究结果表明,红树科植物叶片的δ¹³C变化在-32‰~-26‰之间,大部分种类在两个生长季之间(春季和秋季)没有明显的差异,而内陆和沿海分布的红树科植物有着显著不同的δ¹³C值,以海水中生长的红树科植物δ¹³C值较高。此外,在海水中生长的红树科植物以北海地区分布的为最高,而在厦门和海南之间则较少有显著性的差异。从所取得的结果来看,植物δ¹³C值之间的差异可能有遗传学的基础,但环境的影响也起很大的作用。     

根系分区灌溉和水分利用效率

根系分区灌溉是指仅仅部分根系受到正常的灌溉,其余根系则受到人为的干旱,两项理论根据指出这种措施可减少植物的水分肖耗,并保持一定的生物产量,其一是植物蒸腾失水与气孔导性是线性关系,而光合作用与气孔导性则是一种渐趋饱和的关系,如果气孔导性从最大值适应调低,可显著降低蒸腾,但对光合影响应小得多,其二是处于干燥土壤中的根系可感觉干旱,产生干旱信号来调节地上部分的气孔开度,显然,这项措施在田间有多大效用值得深入研究。 先是大田作物的蒸腾失水仅部分地受气孔控制,界面层的扩散阻力起很大作用。因此该措施可能对界面层阻力较小的,如果树等作用大些,另外,根系干旱信号可否“长期”地产生和调控气孔仍需试验证明。     

北京植物园不同功能型植物叶经济谱

通过对北京植物园不同功能型植物的叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积、叶干质量以及叶氮含量等性状参数进行测定,分析了不同功能型植物的叶经济谱.结果表明: 生活型中草本植物、生活史中一年生植物、光合型中C4植物靠近叶经济谱中快速投资-收益型物种的一端,而生活型中乔木和灌木、生活史中多年生植物、光合型中C3植物位于缓慢投资-收益型物种的一端,表明不同功能型植物通过叶片性状间的权衡采取不同的环境适应策略,验证了不同功能型植物叶经济谱的存在.不同功能型植物叶片性状具有明显差异,其中不同生活型间的叶片比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(N_mass)、最大净光合速率(A_mass)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均表现出草本植物>藤本植物>灌木>乔木;不同生活史间一年生植物的SLA、N_mass、A_mass、PNUE均显著高于多年生植物;不同光合型间植物的A_mass、PNUE、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)均表现出C4>C3.N_mass、A_mass、SLA两两之间呈显著正相关,而PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(F_v′/F_m′)与SLA呈显著负相关;PNUE与SLA呈显著正相关.     

不同程度的水分胁迫对沙棘幼苗生理生态特征的影响

为探讨未来降水减少对内蒙古皇甫川流域沙棘幼苗生理生态特征的影响,特设计平均降雨水平、偏旱、干旱和极端干旱4种不同的水分梯度处理,开展人工水分梯度实验。方差分析表明,不同的水分梯度显著影响土壤的含水量、土壤温度等微生境因子,并显著影响净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等气体交换特征、资源利用效率和叶片水势特征。适度的水分胁迫(干旱环境)能够提高沙棘的水分利用效率,同时却降低净光合速率和蒸腾速率。各种生理生态指标表明,4种水分处理的沙棘幼苗都受到不同程度的水分胁迫的影响,极端干旱环境中沙棘幼苗的内在生理调节机制出现紊乱,皇甫川流域沙棘不适宜在极端干旱环境中生长。     

水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气孔限制

评述了水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气限制研究的进展,提出了一个判别水分胁迫下气孔和非气孔限制的方法。     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。     

Leaf osmotic potentials of 104 plant species in relation to habitats and plant functional types in Hunshandak Sandland,Inner Mongolia,China

Leaf osmotic potentials ( _s) of 104 plant species from different habitats, i.e., fixed sand dunes, lowland and wetlands in Hunshandak Sandland, Inner Mongolia, China, were investigated. The values of _s were strongly species-specific, and varied from –6.54 MPa ( Caragana microphylla), to –0.44 MPa ( Digitaria ischaemum); 75% of plants investigated had _s from –1.01 to –3.0 MPa. Shrubs were found to have the lowest _s, with an average value of –3.19 MPa, while grasses showed the highest _s. The order of plant _s is shrubs<trees<grasses. The result may relate to anatomical features of shrubs. C₄ photosynthetic pathway plants showed lower _s values. The _s values of 104 species were negatively correlated with their rooting depths ( r ²=0.42; P <0.001). High hydraulic pressure resulting from the deep roots may well explain this trend. The value of _s increased as the environment became wetter, ranging from –0.79 MPa in wetlands to –2.09 MPa in fixed sand dunes. Although soil salt content was higher in wetlands, we did not find any effect on _s.An erratum to this article can be found at     

植物叶片水分利用效率研究综述

植物能否适应当地的极限环境条件,最主要的看它们能否很好地协调碳同化和水分耗散之间的关系,即植物水分利用效率(WUE)是其生存的关键因子.就近来研究最多的叶片水平上的WUE,从叶片WUE的定义,方法,进展等方面对其进行总结概括,并就今后植物叶片水分利用效率的研究提出了几点看法:方法上,叶片碳同位素方法是目前植物叶片长期水分利用效率研究的最佳方法,而δ13C的替代指标将继续是方法研究中的一个方向,前景乐观;研究内容上,要加强极端干旱区河岸林木的δ13C和WUE的研究;结合植物生理生态学,生物学和稳定同位素技术,探究植物叶片长期水分利用效率的机理,特别是要加强运用双重同位素模型加深和理解植物叶片长期水分利用效率变化规律和内在机制的研究;要结合多种方法,加强多时空尺度植物叶片WUE及其之间的转换研究.     

玛曲高寒沼泽化草甸51种植物光合生理和叶片形态特征的比较

基于功能性状的研究方法广泛地应用于生态学研究, 用于解释不同层次的复杂的生态学过程, 而绿色植物叶片的功能性状长期被认为对植物的生存、生长和繁殖具有重要的影响。该研究对玛曲高寒沼泽化草甸51个植物种(分属于14科)的叶片形态和光合性状进行测量, 比较不同物种和不同功能群(莎草科、禾本科和双子叶类杂草)的差异, 分析叶片形态特征和叶片光合性状之间的相关性。结果表明: 1)不同物种、不同功能群之间在比叶面积、净光合速率和水分利用效率等叶片形态和光合特征方面有着显著的差异, 例如禾本科植物具有较高的比叶面积和水分利用效率, 双子叶类杂草具有较大的叶面积, 而莎草科植物具有较高的净光合速率。2)相关性分析结果显示, 无论在物种水平还是功能群水平, 叶片形态和叶片光合性状之间都具有显著的相关关系。该研究揭示了高寒沼泽化草甸植物物种在叶片功能性状上的显著分化, 进而使得这些物种能在同一个草地群落中共存, 而群落中不同功能群物种的组成差异将会对群落的结构、功能和资源利用产生显著的影响。该研究将为进一步研究高寒沼泽化草甸提供基础研究数据并为其保护和恢复提供生理生态学依据。     

Response of photosynthesis of different plant functional types to environmental changes along Northeast China Transect

Net photosynthesis (P_n), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), internal CO₂ concentration (C_i), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined on 215 species from eight plant functional types (PFTs) along a precipitation gradient in northeast China (the Northeast China Transect, or NECT). Among the eight PFTs, meadow steppe grasses had the highest rates of net photosynthesis and forest grasses the lowest and the following order of P_n was noted: meadow steppe grasses >typical steppe grasses >steppe shrubs >desert grasses >forest trees >forest shrubs >desert shrubs >forest grasses (P<0.05). Transpiration tended to be the highest in the steppe grasses and lowest in forest shrubs. Transpiration also decreased rapidly with the appearance of C₃ desert species at the desert end. The forest tree PFT had lower P_n, E, g_s than the steppe PFTs, whereas WUE values were somewhat greater in the forest tree PFT than the desert shrubs and grasses. Low C_i values along the steppe section (from 400 to 1100 km, east to west) indicated the presence of C₄ species. Of all the PFTs, only shrubs and herbs were noted at all points along the transect. No clear relationship between P_n, E, g_s, WUE of herb and shrub PFTs and annual precipitation was noted – low values were found at both the high and low precipitation ends of the transect. Highest values were noted when precipitation was intermediate. Received: 28 October 1998 / Accepted: 10 May 1999     

Gas exchange and water‐use efficiency in plant canopies

In this review, I first address the basics of gas exchange, water‐use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in C₃ plant canopies. I then present a case study of water‐use efficiency in northern Australian tree species. In general, C₃ plants face a trade‐off whereby increasing stomatal conductance for a given set of conditions will result in a higher CO₂ assimilation rate, but a lower photosynthetic water‐use efficiency. A common garden experiment suggested that tree species which are able to establish and grow in drier parts of northern Australia have a capacity to use water rapidly when it is available through high stomatal conductance, but that they do so at the expense of low water‐use efficiency. This may explain why community‐level carbon isotope discrimination does not decrease as steeply with decreasing rainfall on the North Australian Tropical Transect as has been observed on some other precipitation gradients. Next, I discuss changes in water‐use efficiency that take place during leaf expansion in C₃ plant leaves. Leaf phenology has recently been recognised as a significant driver of canopy gas exchange in evergreen forest canopies, and leaf expansion involves changes in both photosynthetic capacity and water‐use efficiency. Following this, I discuss the role of woody tissue respiration in canopy gas exchange and how photosynthetic refixation of respired CO₂ can increase whole‐plant water‐use efficiency. Finally, I discuss the role of water‐use efficiency in driving terrestrial plant responses to global change, especially the rising concentration of atmospheric CO₂. In coming decades, increases in plant water‐use efficiency caused by rising CO₂ are likely to partially mitigate impacts on plants of drought stress caused by global warming.     

Wind increases leaf water use efficiency

A widespread perception is that, with increasing wind speed, transpiration from plant leaves increases. However, evidence suggests that increasing wind speed enhances carbon dioxide (CO₂) uptake while reducing transpiration because of more efficient convective cooling (under high solar radiation loads). We provide theoretical and experimental evidence that leaf water use efficiency (WUE, carbon uptake per water transpired) commonly increases with increasing wind speed, thus improving plants' ability to conserve water during photosynthesis. Our leaf‐scale analysis suggests that the observed global decrease in near‐surface wind speeds could have reduced WUE at a magnitude similar to the increase in WUE attributed to global rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, there is indication that the effect of long‐term trends in wind speed on leaf gas exchange may be compensated for by the concurrent reduction in mean leaf sizes. These unintuitive feedbacks between wind, leaf size and water use efficiency call for re‐evaluation of the role of wind in plant water relations and potential re‐interpretation of temporal and geographic trends in leaf sizes.     

山西植物功能型划分及其空间格局

随着全球气候变化的加剧,作为沟通陆地生态系统与气候变化的桥梁,植物功能型(Plant Functional Types,PFTs)越来越受到生态学家的关注。PFTs不仅是简化生态系统复杂性的有效工具,而且可将植物的生理生态过程、生物物理特征及物候变化等引入到动态植被模型中,研究气候变化下的植被反应及其反馈机制。为了在区域尺度上研究气候变化和植被反应,基于"生态-外貌"原则,依据植物特征(如生长型、叶的性状)及其对水分、温度的需求,结合区域的气候与地理条件,对山西植被进行植物功能型的划分,并在此基础上对其空间格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)山西植被可划分为19类植物功能型(其中包括4类栽培作物功能型),分别是:寒温性常绿针叶林、温性常绿针叶林、寒温性落叶针叶林、温性落叶阔叶林、高寒落叶灌丛、温性落叶灌丛、多年生禾草草原、多年生禾草草丛、多年生禾草草甸、多年生莎草草甸、多年生杂类草草原、多年生杂类草草丛、多年生杂类草草甸。1年生杂类草草甸、多年生豆科草原、果树、一年一熟栽培作物、一年二熟栽培作物和二年三熟栽培作物。植物功能型的划分和分布与山西植被区划有较好的一致性,基本反映了植物固有特征及其对水热条件的需求。(2)农作物在山西占有较大比重,占植被类型面积的53.15%,森林类型以温性常绿针叶林和温性落叶阔叶林为主,灌丛类型以温性落叶灌丛为主,草本类型中多年生禾草草丛占较大比例,占草本类型面积的50.98%。(3)由于水热条件及地理条件的差异,植物功能型(不考虑栽培作物)在各区域表现出较大差异,如多年生杂类草草原主要分布于北部地区,在南部并不存在这种植物功能型;森林类型的功能型主要分布于中、南部地区,且结构复杂、类型多样。(4)除栽培作物表现出较好的整体性和连通性,其他植物功能型均表现出不同程度的破碎化和离散化。(5)山西植物功能型整体上表现出较高的多样性,其中中部地区比其他地区的多样性和破碎化程度高,斑块类型更加趋向于离散的小斑块状,北部地区则以一年一熟栽培作物占明显优势,表现出较强的优势度,而南部地区并没有表现出很强的破碎度或优势度。     

CO2浓度增加和水分亏缺对典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

探讨大气CO₂浓度和水分变化对3种典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响,可为未来气候变化情形下草地生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。本试验利用可精准控制CO₂浓度的人工气候室,设置400(自然大气)和800 μmol·mol^-1(倍增)两个CO₂浓度,80%土壤田间持水量(FC)(充分灌水对照)、55%～60%FC(轻度水分亏缺)、35%～40%FC(中度水分亏缺)、<35%FC(重度水分亏缺)4个水分梯度,研究CO₂浓度增加和水分亏缺对甘蓝型油菜、白三叶和紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 同一CO₂浓度下,与充分灌水对照相比,当土壤水分<40%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素含量和气体交换参数均显著降低;土壤水分为55%～60%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素总含量无显著变化,而白三叶和紫花苜蓿的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)降低了6%～25%,但WUE无显著性差异。与大气CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度倍增使充分灌水处理下甘蓝型油菜的P_n显著降低了21.5%,而显著增加了轻度水分亏缺下3种植物的P_n,且增加了中度水分亏缺下甘蓝型油菜和紫花苜蓿的P_n,但只对重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的P_n有所改善;CO₂浓度倍增显著增加了白三叶和紫花苜蓿在所有水分处理下的WUE,但只增加了甘蓝型油菜在轻度水分亏缺下的WUE。CO₂浓度和水分的交互作用对3种植物的P_n均有显著影响,但仅对甘蓝型油菜的WUE有显著影响。综上,3种植物对大气CO₂浓度倍增和水分亏缺的响应存在明显差异,CO₂浓度升高能改善轻度水分亏缺对3种植物光合性能和WUE的不利影响,但只改善了重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的光合性能。     

Limitations to photosynthesis inCoffea canephoraas a result of nitrogen and water availability

Plants of C. canephora grown in pots under low nitrogen (LN) or high nitrogen (HN) applications were submitted to either cyclic water stress or daily irrigation. Water deficit led to marked decreases in net carbon assimilation rate (A) and, to a lesser extent, in stomatal conductance (g_s), regardless of the N treatments. In well-watered plants, A appreciably increased in HN plants relative to LN plants without significant changes in g_s. As a whole, changes in internal CO₂ concentration predominantly reflected changes in A rather than in g_s. Under irrigated conditions, A, but not g_s, correlated with leaf N concentration in a curvilinear way. Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency was considerably low, and decreased with increasing leaf N concentration. Limited N, but not water, slightly decreased the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). Under continuous irrigation, LN plants had a smaller quantum yield of electron transport (_PSII) through slight decreases of photochemical quenching (q_p) and capture efficiency of excitation energy by open PSII reaction centres, and increases in Stern-Volmer non-photochemical quenching. Under water-stressed conditions, changes in PSII photochemistry were apparent only in HN plants, with a 25 % decrease in _PSII, due mainly to variations in q_p. Biochemical constraints, rather than stomatal or photochemical limitations, provoked the decreases in A under limited supply of either N or water.     

Transpiration efficiency of three Mediterranean annual pasture species and wheat

Attempts to improve water use efficiency in regions with Mediterranean climates generally focus on increasing plant transpiration relative to evaporation from the soil and increasing transpiration efficiency. Our aim was to determine if transpiration efficiency differs among key species occurring in annual pastures in southern Australia. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted with three key pasture species, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), capeweed [Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns] and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Transpiration efficiency was assessed at the levels of␣whole-plant biomass and water use (W), leaf gas exchange measurements of the ratio of CO₂ assimilation to leaf conductance to water vapour (A/g), and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in leaf tissue. In addition, Δ was measured on shoots of the three pasture species growing together in the field. In the glasshouse studies, annual ryegrass had a consistently higher transpiration efficiency than subterranean clover or capeweed by all methods of measurement. Subterranean clover and capeweed had similar transpiration efficiencies by all three methods of measurement. Wheat had W values similar to ryegrass but A/g and Δ values similar to subterranean clover or capeweed. The high W of annual ryegrass seems to be related to a conservative leaf gas exchange behaviour, with lower assimilation and conductance but higher A/g than for the other species. In contrast to the glasshouse results, the three pasture species had similar Δ values when growing together in mixed-species swards in the field. Reasons for these differing responses between glasshouse and field-grown plants are discussed in terms of the implications for improving the transpiration efficiency of mixed-species annual pasture communities in the field. Received: 6 March 1997 / Accepted: 23 December 1997