Lycopene extraction from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide

This work discusses the extraction of lycopene from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. The presence of tomato seed in the peel by-product improved the yield of extracted lycopene. Extraction was carried out at temperatures of 70-90 °C, pressures of 20-40 MPa, a particle size of 1.05 ± 0.10 mm and flow rates of 2-4 mL/min of CO₂ for 180 min extraction time. Oil from tomato seed was extracted under similar operating conditions and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID, while carotenoids extracted were analyzed by HPLC. The optimum operating condition to extract lycopene, under which 56% of lycopene was extracted, was found to be 90 °C, 40 MPa, and a ratio of tomato peel to seed of 37/63. The presence of tomato seed oil helped to improve the recovery of lycopene from 18% to 56%. The concentration of lycopene in supercritical carbon dioxide as a function of density at various temperatures was determined.     

Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë thamnoides L.) oil using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the conditions of supercritical CO₂ extraction of the whole berry oil from sea buckthorn. The effects of pressure, temperature, CO₂ flow rate and extraction time on the yield of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were investigated. Results showed that the data were adequately fitted into three second-order polynomial models. The independent variables, the quadratics of pressure and extraction time, the interactions between pressure and temperature, pressure and extraction time, temperature and extraction time, as well as flow rate and extraction time had a significant effect on the yield of the oil, vitamin E or carotenoids. It was predicted that the optimum extraction conditions within the experimental ranges would be the extraction pressure of 27.6 MPa and temperature of 34.5 °C with flow rate of 17.0 L/h and extraction time of 82.0 min. Under such parameters, the yields of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were predicted to be 208.0 g/kg, 288.7 mg/kg and 620.0 mg/kg dry sea buckthorn berry, respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant in the whole berry oil, accounting for over 62% of the total fatty acids.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts treated with supercritical carbon dioxide

The leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) were subjected to supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE). Different sources of variability, including location (Izmir, Canakkale and Mersin) and harvesting time (December, March, June and September), were considered. Among active constituents of rosemary, carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid were analyzed by HPLC. Variability of the amounts of active constituents appears to be due to different geographical locations of growth and seasonal variations. The levels of the constituents were higher in the months of December 2003 and September 2004. In addition to this, 12 SFE extracts were screened for their radical-scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities by various in vitro assays, namely total phenol assay, DPPH radical-scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).     

超临界CO2结合夹带剂萃取紫苏籽油研究

选择无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯作为夹带剂,超临界CO2萃取紫苏籽油.以得油率为考察指标,采用正交试验优化萃取条件,获得紫苏籽油萃取的最优工艺条件为:夹带剂为乙酸乙酯,添加量为CO2摩尔流量的3％,萃取温度40℃,萃取压力25 MPa.在此条件下,紫苏籽油得油率为36.7％.对萃取所得紫苏籽油品质进行测定,结果显示除了酸值偏高以外,其他指标均在正常范围内.紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成分析显示,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,尤以α-亚麻酸的含量最高,占总脂肪酸含量的61.45％.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction optimization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil using response surface methodology

This study examined extraction of pomegranate seed oil by using supercritical carbon dioxide. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the process parameters, namely extraction pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate on the yield of pomegranate seed oil. The extraction parameters were optimized with a central composite design experiment. The linear term of pressure, followed by the linear term of CO₂ flow rate, the quadratic terms of pressure, temperature and CO₂ flow rate and the interactions between pressure and temperature, as well as CO₂ flow rate and temperature, had significant effects on the oil yield (p < 0.05). Maximum yield of pomegranate seed oil from the mathematical model was predicted to be 156.3 g/kg dry basis under the condition of pressure 37.9 MPa and temperature 47.0 °C with CO₂ flow rate of 21.3 L/h. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherols' content of pomegranate seed oil extracted using supercritical CO₂ were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet method. Minor difference was found in the fatty acid composition of the oils extracted by the two methods. The content of total tocopherols was about 14% higher in the oil extracted with supercritical CO₂ than that obtained by Soxhlet extraction.     

Extraction of lipids from cherry seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

 Cherry seeds (Prunus avium L.) were extracted with compressed carbon dioxide at 313 K and 333 K in the pressure range 18–22 MPa. The influence of superficial velocity was also analysed using values of 0.02, 0.06 and 0.08 cm/s. The extraction yield was increased by a reduction in particle size. The physical and chemical characteristics of the oil were determined. The results, in terms of free fatty acids and sterol compositions, were compared with those obtained when hexane was used as solvent. Other physical and chemical characteristics were also compared with refined hexane-extracted oil. Received: 29 February 2000 / Revised version: 19 April 2999     

Performance of two immobilized lipases for interesterification between canola oil and fully-hydrogenated canola oil under supercritical carbon dioxide

The performance and stability of Lipozyme RM IM and TL IM for the interesterification between canola oil and fully-hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO) in the presence of SCCO₂ were studied using a high pressure batch stirred reactor at 65 °C/17.5 MPa. The influence of exposure time (4, 8, and 12 h) in SCCO₂ and pressurization/depressurization cycles of up to 12 times on the enzyme's resultant activity were studied. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the performance of the two enzymes over reaction time, reaching a constant degree of interesterification of about 23% after 2 h. Although FE-SEM images illustrated some morphological changes on the surface of the enzymes after 4 cycles of 7 h each, similar degrees of interesterification were achieved after each cycle. However, the amount of reaction intermediates decreased by 50–60% in the product obtained by using SCCO₂-treated enzymes after 12 pressurization/depressurization cycles compared to untreated enzymes, while there were no significant changes in the conformational and morphological structure of the treated enzymes based on FTIR and FE-SEM analysis. Findings enhance our understanding of enzymatic conversions of lipids under high pressure CO₂, targeting production of base-stock for zero-trans margarines.     

山茶油的超临界CO_2逆流萃取脱酸脱臭研究

研究新的山茶油脱酸脱臭方法。采用超临界CO2逆流萃取对山茶毛油进行脱酸脱臭处理。结果显示,最佳的脱酸脱臭工艺条件为:进料位置为萃取柱Ⅳ段底部,萃取压力18.5 MPa,萃取柱Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段温度分别为35、50、65、80℃,CO2流速15 L/h,分离釜压力5 MPa,分离釜温度40℃。通过1次逆流萃取,山茶油的酸值降低28.96%,臭味显著降低。山茶油的超临界CO2逆流萃取脱酸脱臭效果显著,工艺简单,并能保护其活性成分不被破坏,保持山茶油的天然品质。     

Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters on virgin coconut oil yield and medium-chain triglyceride content

The extraction of coconut oil has been performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). The extractions were performed at pressure and temperature ranges of 20.7–34.5 MPa and 40–80 °C, respectively. It was observed that almost all (more than 99%) of the total oil could be extracted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effects of the parameters (pressure, temperature and CO₂ consumption) on the extraction yield and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), in terms of the fatty acid content in the extracted oil. A correlation was established with p-values for both responses significant at the 95% confidence level.     

Concentration of tocopherols by supercritical carbon dioxide with cosolvents

In order to optimize the conditions for enrichment of tocopherols, tocopherol extraction from chemically modified rapeseed deodorizer distillate (RDD) at three levels (2%, 4%, and 6%) of each cosolvent (methanol, ethanol, and mixed ethanol) was carried out by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). After chemical modification, the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in RDD were produced and showed improved solubility in SC-CO₂. Since FAME were more volatile, they were extracted preferentially over tocopherols and other higher molecular weight compounds. Two steps were applied in the SC-CO₂ extraction. First, the FAME mixture was extracted under 120 bar until the weight of extracts did not increase anymore, and then, tocopherols were concentrated under 250 bar. Second, the concentrates from the first step under 250 bar were esterified and then extracted again under 120 bar until the weight of extracts did not increase anymore. Different cosolvents (methanol, ethanol, mixed ethanol) were used for tocopherol isolation under 250 bar in the second step. Tocopherol content, tocopherol recovery and the weight of target extract (those extracts with a concentration of tocopherols above 40%) increased while the extraction time decreased.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取石榴籽油工艺条件的研究

以石榴籽为原料,对超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素试验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对石榴籽油得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间80 min,分离釜Ⅰ温度60℃,压力10 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度35℃,压力6 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,石榴籽油得率为18.6%。     

Characteristics of Prunus serotina seed oil

Oils from Prunus serotina raw and toasted seeds extracted with hexane and supercritical CO₂ were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics. Supercritical CO₂ extracted the least oil (21.3%), with high absorbing carotenoid pigments. P. serotina oil had characteristically high refractive index and density with three typical absorbance peaks in the UVC (100–290 nm) range centred at 260, 270 and 280 nm. The oil was highly polyunsaturated and abundant in oleic (35%), α-elostearic (27%), linoleic (27%), palmitic (4%), stearic (4%) and β-elostearic (1%) acids. P. serotina seed oil exhibited at least three distinct thermal structural transitions between −35 and −13 °C with two reversing transitions between −19 and −12 °C. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a three step oxidation of P. serotina seed oil with the mean onset and oxidation temperatures at 121 and 130–273 °C, respectively, depending on processing. Supercritical CO₂ extraction and toasting significantly affected the thermal and oxidation characteristics, fluorescence, and fatty acids of oils.     

Extraction of coffee diterpenes and coffee oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

Commercial green and roasted coffee beans were used to maximize oil extraction and conditions were studied to obtain the highest and lowest diterpene levels on green and roasted coffee oil, respectively. Thus, operational temperatures (60–90 °C) and pressure (235–380 bar) were optimized for coffee oil extraction. Oil content levels and diterpene oil concentration were compared to the results obtained with the extraction with Soxhlet apparatus, using hexane as solvent. In general, an inverse correlation was observed between the amount of extracted oil and diterpene concentration levels. As a result, different oil contents with different diterpene concentrations could be obtained. The HPLC analysis of cafestol and kahweol in the oil extracted from green coffee beans at 70 °C/253 bar resulted in the highest concentration (453.3 mg 100 g⁻¹), which was 48% lower than in the oil extracted with hexane while in the oil extracted from roasted coffee beans at 70 °C/371 bar, resulted in 71.2% reduction of diterpenes.     

超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取玫瑰茄籽油的响应面优化

在单因素实验基础上,以萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间为影响因素,以萃取率为指标,运用响应面实验设计法对超临界CO2萃取玫瑰茄籽油工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,在萃取温度50℃、萃取压力28MPa、萃取时间110min的条件下,玫瑰茄籽油提取率可达22%以上。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed oil: A potential solvent-free and high antioxidative edible oil

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) trends and antioxidant activities of Hibiscus cannabinus seed oils were studied. SFE results indicate that extraction pressure is the major factor determining the oil yield. In comparison, classic Soxhlet extraction (SOX/L) yielded higher oil content than SFE (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in oil content were observed in SFE at 600 bars/80 °C, rapid Soxhlet extraction (SOX/S) and conventional ultra-sonic assisted solvent extraction (SONIC) (P > 0.05). Antioxidant activities of H. cannabinus seed oils were compared with 7 types of commercial edible oils. DPPH scavenging activity test indicated that H. cannabinus seed oil extracted by SFE at 200 bars/80 °C possessed the highest antiradical activity whereas beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay revealed that all H. cannabinus seed oils (except for SFE at 400 bars/80 °C and 600 bars/80 °C) exhibited higher antioxidant activity than all commercial edible oils (P < 0.05). Thus, SFE – H. cannabinus seed oil may serve as an excellent source of solvent-free edible oil with high antioxidant properties.     

超临界二氧化碳萃取石榴籽油的研究

利用超临界CO2对石榴籽中石榴籽油的萃取进行了研究,研究了粉碎度、装料量、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、分离压力和分离温度对石榴籽油萃取率的影响。试验表明,超临界CO2萃取石榴籽油的工艺参数是粉碎度40目、装料量200g、萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度40℃、CO2流量15L/h、分离压力8MPa、分离温度35℃,萃取率23.55%。     

超临界CO_2萃取黑加仑籽油研究

利用超临界CO2萃取技术,对影响黑加仑油萃取工艺条件进行研究,得出最佳工艺条件:投料量300g、萃取温度30℃、萃取压力25MPa,粉碎度50目、萃取时间3.5h;在此条件下黑加仑提油率为90.78%。超临界CO2法得到黑加仑籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量达90%以上,其中γ-亚麻酸含量为15.2%,品质优于溶剂萃取。     

Extraction of resveratrol from the pomace of Palomino fino grapes by supercritical carbon dioxide

Resveratrol is a phenolic compound that is present in grapes and has significant benefits for human health. The development of methods to obtain concentrates of this compound is currently a major challenge in the food industry. In the work described here, resveratrol from grape seeds, stems, skin and pomace of the Palomino fino grape variety was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effect of pressure (100, 400 bar), temperature (35, 55 °C) and the addition of modifier (5% v/v of ethanol) was evaluated to identify optimal resveratrol extraction from this by-product. Extraction yields and concentrations of resveratrol in the extracts were determined. The best results were obtained on working at high pressure and low temperature using 5% v/v ethanol as a co-solvent.     

Extraction of sesame seed oil using supercritical CO2 and mathematical modeling

In this work, extraction of sesame oil from sesame seeds using supercritical CO₂ was carried out. The effect of operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, and supercritical CO₂ flow rate and particle size on extraction yield were investigated. An increase in the pressure and the supercritical CO₂ flow rate improved the extraction yield and also shortened the extraction time. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased depending on decreasing intraparticle diffusion resistance. The maximum extraction yield obtained was about 85% (relative to Soxhlet extraction by hexane) at 50 °C, 350 bar, 2 mL CO₂/min, 300–600 μm of particle size. Some extraction curves were modeled with two mathematical approaches as shrinking core model and broken and intact core model. The evaluation of model parameters showed that shrinking core model, however, is better than broken and intact cell model.