1957-2004年影响我国的强热带气旋频数和强度变化

以中国气象局西北太平洋热带气旋资料为基础,分析1957-2004年影响我国并达到台风强度以上的三类热带气旋,即生成热带气旋、影响热带气旋和登陆热带气旋的频数和强度的变化。结果表明：强热带气旋频数在1957-2004年间呈显著减少趋势,强度越强,其减少趋势越明显。近50 a台风以上强度的强热带气旋频次占总频次的比例没有明显的增加或减少趋势,强台风和超强台风比例呈减少趋势。1957-2004年热带气旋的最大强度呈线性减弱趋势,生成热带气旋和影响热带气旋的平均强度亦呈减弱趋势,登陆台风的平均强度也呈减弱趋势。     

Recent Decrease in the Difference in Tropical Cyclone Occurrence between the Atlantic and the Western North Pacific

Climatologically, among all ocean basins, the western North Pacific (WNP) has the largest annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) of around 26 while the Atlantic has around 13, yielding a difference of 13. However, the difference is –7 in 2020, with 30 TCs in the Atlantic and 23 in the WNP, which is the most negative difference within the last 46 years. In fact, during the last 26 years, the difference in TC number is below 10 in ten years, with four years being negative. Such a decreasing difference in TC number can be attributed to the natural multidecadal variation of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, as well as other external forcings such as anthropogenic aerosol forcing and increased greenhouse gases, with the additional impact from the La Ni?a condition. This result has significant implications on climate model projections of future TC activity in the two ocean basins.     

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE INNER CORE SIZE AND OUTER SIZE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AND THEIR INTENSITY

Based on the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) re-analysis data from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) with a horizontal resolution of 20 km and a time interval of 6 h, this study works on the outer and inner core size of 2174 samples of tropical cyclones (TCs) occurring over the western North Pacific between 2001 and 2007. Some conclusions have been drawn on the basis of preliminary analysis of the TC inner core size and outer size and their relationship with TC intensity. First, the outer size increase (decrease) helps TCs intensify (weaken). Second, the enlargement (shrinking) of the inner core size helps TCs intensify (weaken) if TCs have a large inner core (with radius of maximum winds larger than 120 km). Contrarily, when TCs have small inner core (with radius of maximum winds smaller than 120 km), the enlargement (shrinking) of the inner core is good for weakening (intensifying) of TCs.     

1957-2004年影响我国的强热带气旋频数和强度变化

Based on tropical cyclone track dataset in the western North Pacific from China Meteorological Administration(CMA),variations in frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones(TCs)in the western North Pacific,affecting-China TCs(ACTCs)and landfall TCs(LTCs)achieving a typhoon intensity during 1957-2004 were studied.Frequencies of strong tropical cyclones showed significant decreasing trends from 1957 to 2004 and the linear trend was much greater when the intensity was stronger.There was no linear trend in the portion of strong tropical cyclones achieving a typhoon(TY)intensity,while those reaching a strong typhoon(STY)and a super typhoon(SuperTY)intensity showed decreasing trends during 1957-2004.The maximum intensities of TCs,ACTCs and LTCs all decreased during the period of 1957-2004.The mean intensities of TCs and ACTCs displayed decreasing trends and the mean intensity of LTCs achieving a TY intensity also showed a decreasing trend.     

2017年秋季海洋天气评述

2017年秋季（9—11月）大气环流特征为：北半球环流形势,极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬西风带呈4波型分布,且强度较夏季增强;9—10月,副热带高压明显偏西,强度接近常年,热带气旋活动频繁;中高纬度西风带较为平直,槽脊活动不明显;11月,经向环流增大,冷空气势力增强。我国近海海域主要有14次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风有9次,冷空气大风有11次,两者共同影响下的大风过程7次。有24次2 m以上的大浪过程。未出现雷暴大风和大范围的海雾过程。期间,西北太平洋和南海共生成11个热带气旋,其他海域共有热带气旋18个,分别为：北大西洋9个、东太平洋7个、印度洋2个。海表温度整体呈下降趋势。     

Variations in Frequency and Intensity of Strong Tropical Cyclones Affecting China During

 Based on tropical cyclone track dataset in the western North Pacific from China Meteorological Administration (CMA), variations in frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific, affecting-China TCs (ACTCs) and landfall TCs (LTCs) achieving a typhoon intensity during 1957-2004 were studied. Frequencies of strong tropical cyclones showed significant decreasing trends from 1957 to 2004 and the linear trend was much greater when the intensity was stronger. There was no linear trend in the portion of strong tropical cyclones achieving a typhoon (TY) intensity, while those reaching a strong typhoon (STY) and a super typhoon (SuperTY) intensity showed decreasing trends during 1957-2004. The maximum intensities of TCs, ACTCs and LTCs all decreased during the period of 1957-2004. The mean intensities of TCs and ACTCs displayed decreasing trends and the mean intensity of LTCs achieving a TY intensity also showed a decreasing trend.     

西北太平洋热带气旋频数和强度变化趋势初探

利用1951—2006年西北太平洋 (含南海) 热带气旋资料, 研究了不同强度热带气旋的气候变化特征。结果表明:超强台风 (近中心最大风速≥58m/s, 简称超强台风Ⅱ) 频数、强度和初、终旋日期的变化特征都不同于其他级别热带气旋; 西北太平洋热带气旋的总频数有长期减少趋势, 主要由热带低压和超强台风Ⅱ的长期减少趋势引起; 随着热带气旋强度增强, 出现月最大频数的月份逐渐推迟; 超强台风月频数最大值发生在秋季; 超强台风Ⅱ频数的年变化与除了超强台风Ⅰ(近中心最大风速为51~58m/s) 外的其他级别热带气旋反相关; 受超强台风Ⅱ减少影响, 热带气旋年平均最大风速有减小的长期趋势; 热带气旋的初、终旋日期没有显著的长期变化趋势, 但超强台风Ⅱ的初旋日期有推迟趋势, 终旋日期有提前趋势, 发生时间缩短。     

ENSO事件影响下登陆中国热带气旋年际变化特征的分位数回归分析

热带气旋每年对我国东南沿海地区造成很大的经济损失和人员伤亡。为了解登陆中国热带气旋的强度、位置和生成频率等特征,基于1949—2018年西北太平洋热带气旋数据,采用分位数回归的方法分析了登陆中国热带气旋活动年际变化特征规律。结果发现:登陆中国热带气旋活动年际变化特征受ENSO事件的影响,El Ni?o年、La Ni?a年和正常年登陆中国热带气旋的最大风速、最长生命期和生成位置的年际变化规律存在较大差异,且这种差异程度和热带气旋强度有关;此外,在不同的分位数下登陆中国热带气旋活动特征的年际变化趋势系数并不相同。研究结果可以为我国的东南沿海热带气旋数据分析和趋势预测提供有效的参考。      

Characteristics of intensity change in tropical cyclones affecting the South China Sea from 1977 to 2007

The best track data of tropical cyclones (TCs) provided by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo for the South China Sea (SCS) from 1977 to 2007 are employed to study the spatiotemporal variations (for a period of 12 hours) and the rapid (slow) intensification (RI/SI) of TCs with different intensity. The main results are as follows. (1) Over this period, the tropical storms (TSs) and severe tropical storms (STSs) mostly intensify or are steady while the typhoons (TYs) mostly weaken. The stronger a TC is initially, the more observation of its intensification and the less its variability will be; the more observation of its weakening is, the larger its variability will be. (2) The TC intensifies the fastest at 0000 UTC while weakening the fastest at 1200 UTC. (3) In the intensifying state, TSs, STSs, and TYs are mainly active in the northeastern, central-eastern, and central SCS respectively. The weakening cases mainly distribute over waters east off Hainan Island and Vietnam and west off the Philippines. Some cases of TSs and STSs weaken over the central SCS. (4) The RI cases form farther south in contrast to the SI cases. The RI cases are observed in regions where there are weaker vertical shear and easterly components at 200 hPa. The RI cases also have stronger mid-and lower-level warm-core structure and smaller radii of 15.4 m/s winds. The SI cases have slightly higher SST.     

影响登陆我国不同区域热带气旋活动的大尺度环流定量分析

利用日本的JRA－25 (Japanese 25－year Reanalysis) 逐日再分析风场资料以及美国联合台风预报中心的热带气旋(TC)数据, 以厦门为分界点, 分别对影响登陆我国厦门以北和厦门以南TC的西北太平洋副热带高压和季风槽作了相关的环流分析。通过定义副热带高压的西伸脊点和南北脊线指数, 以及季风槽的倾斜和强度指数, 定量研究它们与登陆我国不同区域TC的关系。研究结果表明, 所定义的指数对西北太平洋地区TC的生成位置、能量及登陆我国的路径有很好的指示作用。西北太平洋副高位置东西以及南北位置的偏移对登陆我国厦门以北TC的路径有很大影响; 西北太平洋季风槽线斜率对登陆我国厦门以南TC的路径有一定影响, 且倾斜程度与西北太平洋地区TC平均生成地的南北向偏移有密切的关系, 并且, 西北太平洋季风槽线的平均涡度对于西北太平洋地区TC生成时的能量也有很大影响。     

2017年夏季海洋天气评述

2017年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡仍呈单极型位于北极上空,但强度较春季明显减弱。6月,我国近海北部有弱冷空气活动。7—8月,中高纬度槽脊活动进一步减弱,副热带高压西伸北抬,热带气旋活动频繁。我国近海海域主要有15次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风过程有8次,入海温带气旋过程有5次,强对流导致雷暴大风过程2次。有11次范围较大的2 m以上的大浪过程。仅出现1次范围较大的海雾过程。西北太平洋和南海共生成15个台风,其他各大洋共有热带气旋18个,分别为：大西洋7个、东太平洋11个。海表温度整体呈上升趋势。     

Caribbean hurricanes: case study of interacting easterly and westerly waves

This observational study considers Caribbean cyclogenesis in the period 2003?C2009. Numerous events are identified from maximum of low-level relative vorticity and rain rate, and a case study is analyzed. Although fast moving tropical cyclones (TC) pose dangers to Caribbean Islands, it is the slower moving TC that inflict flood damage. The Atlantic warm pool enlarges through October as steering winds slacken. African easterly waves move over the warm pool and draw moist unstable air, while near-equatorial Kelvin waves from the Pacific surge into the Caribbean. The westerly flow accelerates around the northern Andes and is drawn into TC Omar 13?C15 October 2008. A combination of warm pool air and cyclonic vorticity provided by transient zonal waves sets off the process of cyclogenesis.     

2013年影响海南热带气旋异常偏多成因分析

利用1983-2013年热带气旋年鉴、NCEP/NCAR全球再分析格点资料及国家气候中心74项环流指数资料等,统计分析了近30a西太平洋以及影响海南的热带气旋特征,并对2013年西太平洋热带气旋偏多、秋台集中以及影响海南热带气旋偏多的异常特征从天气学等方面进行了分析。结果表明,副热带高压、夏季风、越赤道气流、海表温度及北半球极涡等环流系统异常,是形成2013年西太平洋热带气旋偏多的主要原因。南半球冷高压发展激发越赤道气流增强,引发赤道西风加强;副热带高压偏北偏弱,夏季风增强,副高南侧热带辐合带对流活跃;南海-西太平洋海表温度偏高;极涡偏弱偏西,经向环流偏弱,中纬度冷空气活动不频繁等。多条件共同作用,有利于西太平洋热带气旋的生成。另外,副高呈东西向分布,南海海表温度偏高使得南海及菲律宾以东生成的热带气旋易于向西移动影响海南。     

登陆华东热带气旋的气候特征分析

利用1949—2006年西北太平洋及南海的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析了登陆我国的TC强度、登陆时间、登陆后路径趋向及强度变化等气候特征,并重点讨论了直接登陆华东和登陆台湾后再次登陆华东的TC路径和强度趋势差异。结果表明,直接登陆华东的TC比登陆台湾后再次登陆华东（以下简称为间接登陆）的TC更易北上或北上转向,而间接登陆的TC更易维持西偏北行;另外直接登陆华东的TC登陆后的强度更易维持,其登陆后路径趋向在西北偏西和西南方位的强度明显减弱的百分比率比其它方位的大。      

西北太平洋大气准双周振荡对热带气旋活动的影响

利用JRA逐日风场资料、 NOAA/NCEP的逐日OLR场资料以及美国联合台风预报中心的热带气旋 (TC) 数据, 通过对西北太平洋 (WNP) 上空10～20天大气准双周振荡 (QBWO) 不同位相的划分, 深入分析了QBWO对WNP区域生成TC的调制作用。研究结果表明: 在西北太平洋准双周尺度上, 对流与纬向风表现出沿热带地区向西偏北传播的特性。不同位相合成的季风槽位置和强度也发生相应的改变, 由此可见, QBWO是WNP上空季风槽季内变化的重要影响因子。当处于位相1、 4时, WNP生成TC的概率较低, 且登陆我国TC的数量也较少; 当处于位相2、 3时, WNP发生TC的概率较高, 特别是处于位相3时, 不仅TC发生概率最高, 而且登陆我国的TC数量也最多。沿热带地区西传的天气尺度波动 (周期10天以下) 在WNP通过季风槽的纬向风辐合作用, 易于转变为波数较大、 波长较短的热带低压 (TD) 型扰动, 这种扰动在季风槽区通过能量的转换有利于发展成为TC。     

The Initial Mesoscale Vortexes Leading to the Formation of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

A statistical analysis of the initial vortexes leading to tropical cyclone(TC) formation in the western North Pacific(WNP) is conducted with the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data from 1999 to 2018. It is found that TCs in the WNP basically originate from three kinds of vortexes, i.e., a mid-level vortex(MV), a low-level vortex(LV), and a relatively deep vortex with notable vorticity in both the lower and middle troposphere(DV). Among them, LV and DV account for 47.9% and24.2% of tropical cyclogenesis e...     

Contribution of tropical cyclones to abnormal sea surface temperature warming in the Yellow Sea in December 2004

Unusual sea surface temperature (SST) warming occurred over the Yellow Sea (YS) in December 2004. To identify the causes of the abnormal SST warming, we conducted an analysis on atmospheric circulation anomalies induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) and their impacts on upper ocean characteristics using multiple datasets. With the analysis of various datasets, we explored a new aspect of the relationship between TC activity and SST. The results show that there is a significant link between TC activity over the Northwest Pacific (NWP) and SST in the YS. The integrated effect of consecutive TCs activity induces a large-scale atmospheric cyclonic circulation anomaly over the NWP and consequently anomalous easterly winds over the YS and East China Sea. The mechanism of the unusually warm SST in the YS can be explained by considering TCs acting as an important source of Ekman heat transport that results in substantial intrusion of relatively warm surface water into the YS interior. Furthermore, TC-related circulation anomalies contribute to the retention of the resulting warm SST anomalies in the entire YS.     

南海-西北太平洋地区大气准双周振荡对TC生成的调节作用

通过对南海-西北太平洋地区大气10～20 d准双周振荡(QBWO)不同位相的划分(A～D),研究了QBWO对南海-西北太平洋海域热带气旋(TC)生成的调节作用。将TC分为强热带风暴及以下级别(TS)和台风及以上级别(TY),并将QBWO分为干湿位相,发现南海海域生成的TS(TY)在干湿位相的比与西北太平洋海域生成的TS(TY)在干湿位相的比相等,这表明QBWO对TS(TY)生成的调节作用在南海和西太平洋地区可能相同。从A位相到C位相,南海和西北太平洋地区TC的生成频数均逐渐增多,D位相时期,TC生成最少,多数TC发生在QBWO的对流活动湿位相,少数TC发生在干位相。南海-西北太平洋海域TC的生成受到QBWO的明显调制。从位相A到位相C,低频对流和低频风场逐渐向西北方向移动,低频对流强度持续加强,低频风场逐渐由异常西风-东风-西风转为异常东风-西风-东风配置,西北太平洋地区季风槽加强,使得TC生成频数逐渐增多。此外,在QBWO活跃位相,非绝热加热增强和纬向风垂直切变减弱也有利于TC的生成。     

南海—西北太平洋季风槽中热带气旋异常活动特征

应用1979—2005年的台风资料和NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析资料,分析了生成于南海—西北太平洋季风槽中的热带气旋（MTTC）活动特征及季风槽强弱对MTTC异常的影响。结果表明：①1979—2005年5—10月南海和西北太平洋生成的热带气旋（TC）共有672个,年平均24.9个,其中MTTC为491个,占73.1%,占登陆中国TC频数的79.2%。②27年间MTTC年频数经历了正常期（1979—1987年）—多台期（1988—1994年）—少台期（1995—2005年）3个阶段;具有准4年和准2年的变化周期,1994年为MTTC频数由多台向少台转换的转折点。③MTTC频数异常年份,MTTC生成起止日期和生成位置有明显差异：MTTC异常偏少（多）年,MTTC活动起始日期较晚（早）,且5—10月皆不活跃（活跃）,MTTC生成海区范围较小（大）。④南海—西北太平洋季风槽强度和位置异常与MTTC活动异常密切相关。     

Tropical cyclones in a regional climate change projection with RegCM4 over the CORDEX Central America domain

The characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Central America Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) domain are examined for present and future climate conditions using the regional climate model RegCM4. RegCM4 is first tested in a 22 year (1982–2003) simulation with boundary forcing from the ERA-Interim reanalysis, showing a generally good performance in reproducing the observed TC climatology and over the Atlantic in reproducing the interannual variations of TC counts. Four scenario simulations (1970-2100) are generated using two model configurations and two driving global models (MPI and HadGEM). The simulations employing the Grell convection scheme produce too few TCs, while those using the Emanuel convection scheme reproduce the observed climatology, especially when driven by the MPI global model. The simulation of TCs is thus sensitive to both the model convection scheme and the forcing GCM. Comparison of future and present day TC statistics indicates that the frequency of future TCs decreases over the tropical Atlantic and the East Pacific coastal areas while it increases over the western areas of the East Pacific and the northern areas of the Atlantic. We also find an increase in the frequency of intense TCs and long lasting TCs, along with a northward shift of TC tracks over the Atlantic. Conclusions on the changes in TC activity are not found to be sensitive to the inclusion of SST thresholds in the detection procedure. These findings