含盐乙醇-水-异辛醇体系液液平衡

用自制的液液平衡釜测定了乙醇-水-异辛醇体系和乙醇-水-异辛醇-氟化钾/氯化钠体系的液液平衡数据。比较了上述3种体系的乙醇在有机相和水相中的分配系数,其中含盐体系高于无盐体系,含氟化钾体系高于氯化钠体系。对所测液液平衡数据用hand方程进行关联,结果良好。     

乙腈-水-氟化钾及乙腈-水-碳酸钾液液相平衡数据的测定和关联

引　言乙腈 -水构成恒沸体系[1] ,目前国内外多采用恒沸精馏生产乙腈或加盐分离乙腈 -水体系 .乙腈 -水 -氟化钾及乙腈 -水 -碳酸钾体系的液液相平衡数据的测定和关联还未见报道 .氟化钾或碳酸钾很容易破坏恒沸物 ,使其分离易于进行 .将氟化钾或碳酸钾加入乙腈 -水体系时 ,由于氟化钾、碳酸钾的盐析效应 ,使得乙腈 -水体系形成的两相中乙腈相中含有少量水和极少量盐 ,盐水相中含有极少量乙腈 ,使大部分水在盐水相中脱去 ,得到很高的分离因子 .本文实测了乙腈 -水 -氟化钾及乙腈-水 -碳酸钾体系在 2 5℃时的液液相平衡数据 ,用Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ理…     

环己酮-水-氟化钾及环己酮-水-碳酸钾的液液相平衡

采用气相色谱法测定了环己酮-水-氟化钾、环己酮-水-碳酸钾体系在25℃时的液液相平衡数据,相平衡数据表明产生的环己酮相中含有可以忽略的盐、水相中含有可以忽略的环己酮,因此采用氟化钾或碳酸钾可以有效地分离环己酮-水体系。分别采用Pitzer和NRTL方程计算水相和环己酮相中水的活度,将二者结合对液液相平衡进行了数学计算,计算值与实验值吻合较好,说明所选热力学模型对环己酮-水-氟化钾及环己酮-水-碳酸钾体系具有较好的计算精度,为采用氟化钾或碳酸钾分离环己酮-水体系提供了基础数据和设计依据。     

正丙醇-水-钾盐和异丙醇-水-钾盐体系液液相平衡数据的测定和理论计算

实验测定了正丙醇 水 氟化钾、异丙醇 水 氟化钾、正丙醇 水 碳酸钾、异丙醇 水 碳酸钾体系在25℃时的液液相平衡数据,当水相中氟化钾或碳酸钾浓度较高时产生的正丙醇或异丙醇富集相中含有可以忽略的盐,水富集相中含有可以忽略的正丙醇或异丙醇,因此用氟化钾或碳酸钾可以成功地分离正丙醇 水或异丙醇 水体系。采用Pitzer方程计算富水相中水的活度,用NRTL方程计算富正丙醇或异丙醇相中水的活度,将二者结合对液液相平衡数据进行理论计算。结果表明计算值与实验值符合良好,为工业上用钾盐分离正丙醇 水或异丙醇 水体系提供了数据和模型。     

丁酮-水-氟化钾及丁酮-水-碳酸钾液液相平衡数据的测定和关联

测定了丁酮 水 氟化钾及丁酮 水 碳酸钾体系在 30℃时的液液相平衡数据 ,用Pitzer理论和Wilson方程对相平衡数据进行了关联计算 ,计算值与实验值符合良好 ,为工业上用盐分离丁酮 水体系提供了基础数据     

用氟化钾分离丙烯腈-水体系

测定了丙烯腈-水-氟化钾体系在25℃时的液-液相平衡数据。相平衡结果表明，可用Pitzer理论和Wilson方程对相平衡数据进行关联计算，计算值与实验值相吻合。以氟化钾浓盐水为盐析剂分离丙烯腈-水体系，当氟化钾与被分离物料的质量比为1.2时，丙烯腈的纯度（以质量分数计）可达98.0%以上。     

水-醋酸-二异丙醚三元体系液液相平衡数据的测定

实验测定了水-醋酸-二异丙醚三元体系在293.15 K、303.15 K的液液相平衡数据.分别采用Othmer-Tobias和Bachman方程对实验数据进行了可靠性检验,相关性系数均大于0.983.绘制了三元液液平衡相图.     

复合萃取剂-磷酸-水三元体系液液相平衡研究

研究了复合萃取剂-磷酸-水三元体系在25℃下的液液相平衡关系,绘制了三角相图,用Hand公式对相平衡数据进行了关联。考察了不同温度条件下磷酸分配系数随原料酸中磷酸含量的变化关系,结果表明磷酸的分配系数随温度变化不大;同时,研究了磷酸中钙镁离子在两相中的分配情况,结果表明复合萃取剂对离子具有很好的选择性。     

水-醋酸-醋酸正丁酯三元体系液液平衡研究

文章用液液平衡装置在常压下，测定了水．醋酸-醋酸正丁酯三元体系40℃的液液相平衡数据。运用Othmer-Tobias方法对系线组成进行关联。由实验数据回归确定了NRTL、UNIQUAC以及修正的UNIFAC活度系数模型参数，并运用这些模型对体系相平衡进行了预测。将实验数据与关联结果比较，结果表明，三种方程均能较好地对溶液组成进行预测，其中UNIQUAC方程的拟合精度最好。     

液-液萃取及新型液-液-液三相萃取机理研究进展

根据新型液-液-液三相体系的特点,对传统两相溶剂萃取、双水相萃取机理研究进展进行了综述,提出应用Lewis酸碱理论对两种萃取体系的萃取机理分别进行归类,评述了新型液-液-液三相体系研究进展并对其研究方向进行了展望。     

采用氟化钾分离叔丁醇水溶液的研究

测定了叔丁醇-水-氟化钾体系在40℃时的液-液相平衡数据,考察了氟化钾水溶液与叔丁醇水溶液质量比对脱水率的影响.结果表明:当质量分数为60.00%的氟化钾水溶液与60%的叔丁醇水溶液的质晕比为1.00时,氟化钾的脱水率为94.10%,将有机相进行精馏可得到质量分数为99.50%的叔丁醇,水相中氟化钾稀溶液经蒸发回收后循...     

Vapor–liquid equilibrium in amino acid salt system: Experiments and modeling

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) measurements were carried out for both unloaded and CO₂ loaded aqueous amino acid salt (AAS) solutions of the potassium salt of sarcosine (KSAR). Vapor–liquid equilibrium for unloaded solutions; 1.0–5.0 M KSAR was measured using a Swietoslawski ebulliometer for temperatures 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C and for total pressures 4.08–97.8 kPa while vapor–liquid equilibrium for CO₂ loaded solutions of 3.5 M KSAR was measured using both low and high temperature VLE apparatuses for 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 °C and for CO₂ partial pressures ranging from 0.03 to 971 kPa. A thermodynamic model representing the AAS solvent system was developed using the extended UNIQUAC framework. The developed model accurately predicts the equilibrium speciation in loaded solutions from ¹³C NMR data and gives a very good representation of the solubility of CO₂ in the amino acid salt solution as well as the total pressure of the unloaded system at all measured temperatures, loadings and pressures.     

磷酸二氢钾结晶热力学数据的测定及应用研究

采用平衡法和激光法测定了磷酸二氢钾在水中的溶解度和超溶解度,获得了介稳区宽度数据。结合磷酸二氢钾工业装置的蒸发结晶工艺,讨论了结晶热力学实验数据在磷酸二氢钾生产中的应用,对工业结晶操作条件进行了优化。针对产量为1 000 kg/h的磷酸二氢钾工业结晶过程,得到了最佳的料液循环量、加热蒸汽用量和蒸发器的真空度分别为：50.4 m³/h、1 932 kg/h和0.067 MPa。按照所确定的工艺条件进行结晶操作,可以克服粉状结晶、获得粒度均匀的高品质结晶产品。     

Use of chemically activated cotton nut shell carbon for the removal of fluoride contaminated drinking water:Kinetics evaluation☆

Chemically activated cotton nut shell carbons (CTNSCs) were prepared by different chemicals and they were used for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. Effects of adsorption time, adsorbent dose, pH of the solution, initial concentration of fluoride, and temperature of the solution were studied with equilibrium, ther-modynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process by various CTNSC adsorbents. It showed that the chemical y activated CTNSCs can effectively remove fluoride from the solution. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption of fluoride by the chemical y activated CTNSC is spon-taneous and endothermic in nature. The pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided a better correlation of the experimental data in comparison with the pseudo-first-order and intra particle diffusion models. A mechanism of fluoride adsorption associating chemisorption and physisorption processes is presented allowing the discussion of the variations in adsorption behavior between these materials in terms of specific surface area and porosity. These data suggest that chemically activated CTNSCs are promising materials for fluoride sorption.     

三元体系Na2CO3-NaF-H2O 298.15 K和318.15 K相平衡研究

在稀土提取工艺和氟化钠制备过程中会产生含碳酸钠和氟化钠的废水。研究了三元体系Na₂CO₃-NaF-H₂O的相平衡,为回收氟化钠和碳酸钠提供理论指导。采用等温溶解平衡法研究了三元体系Na₂CO₃-NaF-H₂O在298.15 K和318.15 K的相平衡关系,测定了该体系各物质组分的溶解度以及平衡液相的密度和pH,并根据溶解度数据绘制相图以及物化参数-组分含量的关系图,利用X射线衍射（XRD）对固相进行分析表征。实验研究表明：该体系无复盐和固溶体生成,属于水合物I型相图。相图包含1个全液相区、2个单盐结晶区、1个混合结晶区、1个全固相区以及3条单变量溶解度曲线、1个共饱点。碳酸钠对氟化钠具有较强的盐析作用。温度不变时,碳酸钠质量分数越高溶液密度越大、pH越大;碳酸钠质量分数不变时,温度越高溶液密度越大、pH越小。     

2,3-二氯丙烯-环氧氯丙烷-水三元体系液液平衡

测定了2,3-二氯丙烯(1)-环氧氯丙烷(2)-水(3)三元体系于20.0、30.0、58.3、67.9和77.4℃5个温度下的液液平衡数据,并用UNIQUAC方程进行了关联,取得了较满意的结果。     

Defluoridation of drinking water using chemically modified bentonite clay

Adsorption potential of metal oxide (lanthanum, magnesium and manganese) incorporated bentonite clay was investigated for defluoridation of drinking water using batch equilibrium experiments to gain insight of adsorption behavior, kinetics and mechanisms of adsorption of fluoride ion. The effect of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, initial fluoride concentration and the presence of interfering co-ions on adsorption of fluoride has been investigated. The 10%La-bentonite shows higher fluoride uptake capacity for defluoridation of drinking water as compared to Mg-bentonite, Mn-bentonite and bare bentonite clay. The uptake of fluoride in acidic pH was higher as compared to alkaline pH. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted reasonably well in both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It was also observed that in the presence of certain co-existing ions can have positive effect on removal of fluoride, while carbonate and bicarbonate anions show deleterious effect. The rate of adsorption was reasonably rapid and maximum fluoride uptake was attained within 30 min. The modified adsorbent material shows better fluoride removal properties for actual field water, which could be due to the positive effect of other co-ions present in the field water.     

Phase Equilibria in the System Na3AlF6−AlF3

The phase diagram for the system Na₃AlF₆−AlF₃ was determined by quenching and microscopy supplemented with DTA and X-ray powder diffraction. Primary crystallization fields for cryolite, chiolite, and aluminum fluoride are defined. Liquid containing 30 wt% AlF₃ is in peritectic equilibrium with solid cryolite and chiolite at 741°C; solid chiolite and aluminum fluoride are in equilibrium with liquid at the eutectic composition 39 wt% AlF₃ and 694°C.