分子筛负载铂催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解反应行为

四氢萘是多环芳烃加氢转化的产物或者中间体,其加氢裂解行为和规律的研究在重芳烃转化和脱除领域有着重要的意义。采用等体积浸渍法制备得到了氧化铝负载贵金属(Pt,Ir和Pd)催化剂和酸性分子筛(MOR和ZSM-5)负载铂双功能催化剂,考察了它们催化四氢萘加氢裂解的反应行为。氧化铝为载体时金属催化剂表面主要发生加氢及脱氢反应,其中金属Pt表现出最高的加氢和脱氢活性。双功能催化剂上四氢萘发生加氢裂化、异构化、氢转移及烷基化等复杂反应,金属Pt通过氢溢流作用提高了分子筛Br?nsted酸活性从而提高催化剂加氢裂解活性和选择性,但过量金属Pt会加剧苯环加氢而不利于单环芳烃的生成。分子筛孔道的限域作用对四氢萘的反应活性及产物分布有重要影响,相比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂,Pt/MOR表现出更高的裂解活性及异构化选择性。Pt/MOR催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解主要通过异构-裂解路径进行,异构化活性及异构体构型决定了裂解活性及产物的分布。     

葡萄糖加氢制山梨醇催化剂的研究进展

介绍了用于葡萄糖加氢制山梨醇的催化剂和催化工艺的研究进展;分析并比较了各催化剂的加氢活性、稳定性和选择性,指出了其在工业应用中的优缺点;指出催化剂发展趋势是提高镍催化剂的抗流失性能,提高钌催化剂的活性和稳定性,发展连续操作工艺,回收再利用贵金属。     

1,5-二氨基萘合成技术研究进展

1,5-二氨基萘是一种重要的化工原料。本文首先简要介绍了合成1,5-二氨基萘的卤代氨化、二萘酚氨解、环合等生产方法;并以工业上经典的硝化还原法制备1,5-二氨基萘反应为重点,从绿色化学和本质安全角度出发,对硝化反应阶段从“强酸混酸”至“非酸”体系,以及还原反应阶段从贵金属催化剂至非贵金属催化剂的研究进展分别进行了阐述。同时指出硝化还原法的还原反应阶段相对比较绿色、环保,但硝化反应阶段仍然存在环境不友好的问题,且整体工艺流程烦琐复杂。针对上述合成工艺中普遍存在的环境污染、效率低等不足之处,进一步讨论了以氨水、羟胺盐等为胺化剂,由萘一步合成1,5-二氨基萘的最新研究进展,并指出温和条件下、清洁高效的一步合成萘胺将成为今后的研究方向。     

硝基苯液相催化加氢制苯胺催化剂研究进展

介绍了苯胺生产中硝基苯液相催化加氢制苯胺工艺,着重介绍了液相加氢催化剂体系中的镍系催化剂和贵金属催化剂的研究进展。液相催化加氢多采用贵金属催化剂和高活性、制备工艺复杂的催化剂,生产成本较高,开发价廉、高效并能满足绿色化工要求的新型催化剂是今后工作的重点。     

硝基苯液相催化加氢制备苯胺的研究进展

介绍了苯胺生产中硝基苯液相催化加氢制苯胺工艺,并对目前研究的硝基苯乙醇重整制氢、CO/H2O还原、超临界二氧化碳低温合成苯胺的工艺做了简述,说明我国应继续研究和推广催化加氢制取苯胺清洁生产工艺;另外着重介绍了液相加氢催化剂体系中的镍系催化剂和贵金属催化剂的研究进展。液相催化加氢多采用贵金属催化剂和高活性、制备工艺复杂的催化剂,生产成本较高,开发价廉、高效并能满足绿色化工要求的新型催化剂是今后工作的重点。     

Ni-Mo/Zr-ASA催化剂的萘加氢工艺条件优化

通过等体积浸渍法制备了Zr改性的Ni-Mo/Zr-ASA加氢催化剂,在固定床上以萘作为反应探针,研究了萘加氢反应,优化了萘加氢工艺。实验结果表明,催化剂Ni-Mo/Zr-ASA上萘加氢的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度380℃,反应压力6.5MPa,空速1.5h-1,氢油体积比300∶1。     

草酸酯催化加氢制备乙二醇研究进展

综述了近年来碳一合成路线中草酸酯催化加氢制备乙二醇的研究进展。分别介绍了以Ru等贵金属催化剂为主的液相均相加氢法和以铜基催化剂为主的非均相气相或液相加氢法,详细介绍了各类催化剂在草酸酯催化加氢方面的特点。并且就目前国内外对草酸酯氢化动力学方面的研究予以总结,给出了草酸酯加氢过程典型的动力学过程。最后比较了分别以草酸二甲酯和草酸二乙酯为原料路线的优缺点。     

重整重芳烃选择加氢Ni-M/Al_2O_3催化剂性能

为提高镍基催化剂对萘系化合物的加氢活性和单环芳烃的收率,本研究以Al_2O_3为载体采用浸渍法制备了不同金属助剂修饰的系列Ni-M/Al_2O_3加氢催化剂,对催化剂的物性结构和形貌进行了表征,并考察了其在重整重芳烃中萘系化合物的加氢反应性能。结果表明,含Cu助剂的催化剂具有较佳的织构性能,金属活性组分高度分散,在C_(10)~+重芳烃加氢中具有良好的反应选择性和活性。在反应温度为140℃,压力为1.5 MPa,氢油体积比为300,新鲜油体积空速为1.0 h~(-1)的条件下,萘的转化率和四氢萘的选择性分别达到98%和99%,反应1 000 h稳定性良好。     

碳包裹非贵金属催化剂的制备及其在催化加氢中的应用

实现非贵金属催化剂在加氢反应中的广泛应用对工业催化领域具有重要意义,新型碳包裹非贵金属催化剂因其优异的结构稳定性和催化加氢性能而备受关注。本文综述了近年来碳包裹非贵金属催化剂及其制备方法的研究进展,归纳总结了不同制备方法对碳包裹结构的影响以及其优缺点,并介绍了碳包裹非贵金属催化剂在硝基类芳烃、羰基类芳烃、苯酚、喹啉加氢以及费托合成等加氢反应中的催化性能以及稳定性表现。文中提出：目前该催化剂亟需解决的问题是实现金属粒子尺寸以及碳壳结构的可控调变,今后的一个研究方向是进一步探索能够简便调节催化剂结构并且经济可行的制备方法。     

二硝基甲苯加氢制甲苯二胺催化剂的研究进展

综述了二硝基甲苯液相加氢合成甲苯二胺催化剂的研究进展,并介绍了(Pd+Pt)/C等贵金属催化剂、雷尼镍催化剂、负载型镍基催化剂、非晶态镍催化剂和漆原镍催化剂的最新研究成果。通过对比上述各催化剂在生产成本、制备工艺及催化二硝基甲苯加氢性能等方面的优缺点,发现非晶态镍催化剂不但价格低廉,而且在1 MPa低压二硝基甲苯液相加氢的反应中表现出与(Pd+Pt)/C工业催化剂相似的活性和选择性,是替代二硝基甲苯液相加氢贵金属和雷尼镍工业催化剂的首要选择;漆原镍催化剂制备工艺简单,价格低廉,且在众多的加氢反应中表现出与骨架镍催化剂相似的催化性能,也具有较大的工业化潜质。     

铑催化剂催化烯烃不对称加氢反应研究进展

不对称催化氢化反应具有完美的原子经济性和清洁高效等特点,是最受青睐的不对称合成方法之一。C=C、C=O、C=N的不对称加氢反应仍主要依赖过渡金属催化剂。过渡金属催化剂,尤其是铑催化剂,催化碳碳双键的不对称加氢反应仍是一个不断发展的领域。本文对近年来利用铑催化剂催化烯烃进行不对称氢化反应的研究进展进行了综述,着重介绍了铑-双膦配体催化体系催化烯烃不对称加氢反应的催化机理,以及铑催化剂在烯胺、不饱和羧酸及衍生物、烯醇酯和非官能团烯烃不对称氢化中的应用,并通过对现有文献的总结指出了今后铑催化剂催化烯烃氢化反应的研究重点,即:①铑-单膦配体催化烯烃不对称氢化反应的作用机理须待提出;②非官能化底物不对称催化氢化反应的手性配体亟待拓宽。     

Characteristics of Al-MCM-41 supported Pt catalysts: effect of Al distribution in Al-MCM-41 on its catalytic activity in naphthalene hydrogenation

Naphthalene hydrogenation was carried out in a high-pressure batch reactor over platinum catalysts supported on Al-MCM-41 where aluminum was incorporated through two different methods: a direct sol–gel method (Pre) and post-synthetic grafting method (Post). The catalytic reaction was also performed in the presence of dibenzothiophene to investigate the sulfur tolerance. The hydrogenation activity, selectivity and the sulfur tolerance strongly depended on the acidic nature of Al-MCM-41 support. It was suggested that the acid sites of Al-MCM-41-Post be more accessible than those of Al-MCM-Pre due to different aluminum distribution within the pore wall. The naphthalene and tetralin conversion increased with the acid amount of the supports in Pt/Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The acid sites in bifunctional catalysts seemed to contribute to alternative pathway by the spillover hydrogen in the acid–metal interfacial region for naphthalene hydrogenation, since the metal dispersions were kept constant for Pt/Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The trans-decalin selectivity generally increased with temperature or acid amount. The acid sites seemed to enhance the sulfur tolerance of supported platinum catalysts due to the electron-deficient state of metal.     

巴豆醛选择性加氢制巴豆醇催化剂的研究进展

从催化剂活性组分、载体、助剂、催化剂前驱体和选择性加氢机理等多方面综述了巴豆醛选择性加氢制备巴豆醇催化剂的研究，指出了巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂的研究应着重在以下几个方面：纳米金属族催化剂的研制及其催化机理；在分子筛和纳米碳管上的择形加氢规律；用作催化剂助剂稀土元素的系统研究；应用原位红外光谱研究择形加氢机理；研究价廉易得的非贵金属加氢催化剂及常压固定床连续加氢工艺。     

Nanosized Pd/Pt and Pd/Rh Catalysts for Naphthalene Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis/Ring-opening

Pd/Rh and Pd/Pt catalysts supported on two different mesoporous materials – a Zr-doped MCM-41-type silica [Si/Zr = 5 w/w (SiZr)] and a commercial silica-alumina [Si/Al = 40:60 w/w (SiAl)] – were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation using nanosized suspensions of alloy particles prepared by polyol-mediated synthesis in diethylene glycol (DEG). The catalytic behaviour of these catalysts was investigated in the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis/ring-opening of naphthalene at 6.0 MPa, by checking the role of both the main reaction conditions (temperature, contact time and H₂/naphthalene molar ratio) and increasing amounts of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The catalysts supported on SiAl showed higher activity than catalysts supported on SiZr, thus suggesting that activity is favoured by higher acidity of the support and/or higher interaction of the nanosized metal particles with the support. While using the SiZr support, weaker metal-support interactions took place by forming catalysts with bigger metal and/or metal oxide particles. Besides, the catalyst with lowest noble-metal content (0.3 wt.%) (SiAl-0.3Pd/Pt-5) had the greatest acidity and metal surface and, consequently, the highest activity. Furthermore, it exhibited a good thiotolerance in presence of increasing amounts of DBT in the feed, thus maintaining a high catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of naphthalene, although with decreased yield in trans- and cis-decalin (decahydronaphthalene or DeHN) and high-molecular-weight compounds (H.M.W.), with a corresponding increased yield in the partially hydrogenated tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene or TeHN).     

Ni/W比对NiWCx催化剂加氢性能的影响

过渡金属碳化物具有类似贵金属的电子结构和加氢性能。采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ni/W比的NiW/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,以程序升温碳化法转化为NiW碳化物后对芳烃模型化合物和低温煤焦油中分离所得芳烃组分进行加氢处理。催化剂的N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR和SEM表征表明,Ni的添加促进了载体表面WO₃物种的分散和还原,抑制了WO₃晶体的团聚和大晶粒的生成。萘的加氢实验表明,Ni/W原子比为0.6时催化剂的活性最佳,而添加苯酚和吡啶后的模型油加氢过程中萘的转化率和十氢萘的产率均明显下降,Ni/W原子比为0.47和0.6的催化剂性能相近,煤焦油中芳烃组分加氢后Ni/W原子比为0.47的催化剂性能更优。结果表明,Ni和W均具有良好的加氢活性,但Ni耐杂原子性能较差,二者存在一个最佳的配比以使加氢性能更优。有杂原子化合物存在时,如煤基芳烃组分的加氢,Ni/W原子比为0.47的NiW碳化物催化剂具有更好的加氢性能。     

固定化葡萄糖异构酶在加氢条件下性能

研究了在金属催化剂存在条件下,氢气的压力、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃａ２＋、过渡金属离子、金属加氢催化剂、硼酸盐和加氢产物甘露醇与山梨醇对固定化葡萄糖异构酶性能的影响,得出了一些消除干扰的方法。     

A simple method to prepare highly active and dispersed Ni/MCM-41 catalysts by co-impregnation

A simple method for preparing highly active and dispersed supported metal catalysts was developed by co-impregnation. Compared with conventional wetness impregnation, addition of moderate ethylene glycol into the metal nitrate aqueous solution could enhance interaction with MCM-41 surface, resulting in formation of very small NiO particle size (3.5 nm) and high dispersion of the active phase. The Ni/MCM-41 catalysts using co-impregnation exhibited excellent catalytic performance for low temperature hydrogenation of naphthalene with 100% conversion at 55 °C, which could rival the activity of commercial Raney Ni catalyst. The obtained catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, TG-DSC, FT-IR, BET and TPR.     

Competitive Hydrogenation of Alkyl‐Substituted Arenes by Transition‐Metal Nanoparticles: Correlation with the Alkyl‐Steric Effect

The influence of substituents on rate constants of the hydrogenation of monoalkylbenzenes by transition metal nanoparticles or by classical heterogeneous catalysts can be rationalized in terms of the Taft rule. A series of the initial reaction rate constants obtained from various competitive toluene/benzene and toluene/monoalkylbenzene hydrogenation experiments catalyzed by transition‐metal nanoparticles prepared in the presence of imidazolium ionic liquids or surfactants [Ir(0), Rh(0) and Ru(0)] or by classical heterogeneous catalysts (PtO₂, Rh/C, Rh/Al₂O₃, Ru/C, Ru/Al₂O₃ and Pd/C) have been correlated with the Taft equation . Satisfactory correlation coefficients (r) (between 0.96 and 0.99) and positive slopes (ρ) between 0.38 and 0.83 have been obtained. The results clearly show that the reaction constants for the alkyl‐substituents can be expressed by steric factors and are independent of any other non‐steric factors. It is suggested that bulky alkylbenzene substituents, for both transition metal nanoparticles and classical heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions, lower the overall hydrogenation rate, implying a more disturbed transition state compared to the initial state of the hydrogenation (in terms of the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanism). This competitive method is suitable for the estimation of the constant selectivity for couples of alkylbenzenes in which the difference in hydrogenation rates are very high and experimentally difficult to measure and also useful for the design of more selective “nano” and classical catalysts for hydrogenation reactions.     

煤焦油加氢脱硫催化剂的研究进展

随着石油资源的日趋减少,煤焦油加工技术受到关注。汽车尾气中含有的硫化物严重污染环境,如何高效脱除煤焦油中含硫化合物的硫原子是开发煤焦油加氢脱硫催化剂的研究重点。简述煤焦油中含硫化合物的分布状况及其特点,并分别从贵金属、非贵金属、过渡金属磷化物、氮化物、碳化物及金基双金属催化剂方面综述煤焦油加氢脱硫催化剂的研究现状,针对煤焦油中含硫组分复杂多样的特性,提出研发高效和高活性煤焦油加氢脱硫催化剂的新方向。