地震损失评估与数据库系统

1989年10月大同-阳高地震后,国家地震局首次组织有关人员进行了震害评估,为政府进行抗震救灾决策提供了科学依据;对加快灾区重建,减少地震损失起了重要作用。本文根据大同-阳高地震的评估经验和近期研究成果,提出了一个震害快速评估实用方法,介绍了震害评估计算程序(EDEP),并以实例说明程序的主要功能和使用方法。最后,为更快地评估地震损失,建议建立重点监测区震害评估数据库系统,并提出数据库系统的建立方法。     

1989 Datong-Yanggao Earthquake with Ms=6.1

In this paper,the basic conditions and characteristics of the Datong-Yanggao earthquake are described in detail.The type of the earthquake,the aftershock activity,the earthquake trend,the characteristics of damage are analyzed and discussed.This earthquake belongs to a sequence of earthquake swarm type and is of the concentratedly occurring characteristics of several main shocks in a time sequence,and the aftershock activity was normally attenuated.Because of the unreasonable design of buildings and repeated vibration by several destructive main shocks within a short period,the damage in the high intensity region was aggravated.The analysis and the prediction procedure of the 1991 Datong-Yanggao earthquake(Ms=5.8)are also briefly given.     

开震害评估之先河创应急救灾之经验--谈山西大同-阳高地震的震害评估与应急救灾

1989年至1999年10a间在山西大同一阳高连续发生了3次中强地震，这是地震预报实用化攻关后，我国大陆地区发生的几次较大地震。叙述了大同一阳高地震的震害评估、应急救灾及其对我国防震减灾工作的贡献。指出，大同一阳高地震为我国开展震害损失评估、地震应急救灾、重建家园及有关法规法律的制订等工作积累了经验、打下了基础。     

大同－阳高震区新建房屋经济效益分析

１９８９年１０月１８日大同－阳高６．１级地震８度区、７度区与该地区１９９１年３月２６日５．８级地震７度区，６度区大致重合。根据抽样调查资料，计算出６．１级地震８度区在７度，７度区在６度情况下的破坏程度及经济损失，与５．８级地震７度区、６度区进行比较，得出由于５．８级地震时新建房屋抗震性能好减少了损失，因而获得很好的经济效益的结论。     

地震灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统(EDMS)的开发——以丽江地震为例(英文)

地震一旦发生,给出一个快速而合理的震害评估,对于减轻地震灾害和灾区重建具有极其重要的意义。最近几年,大量的研究工作试图在GIS平台上建立一个这样的系统以改善和加快震害评估的速度,有的已经得到了实际应用。然而,几乎所有这些研究和开发都是基于城市地区,特别是发达国家的城市地区。而对于发展中国家的乡村地区,由于不具备象发达城市地区那样的基础数据和基础设施,很难把适用于发达的城市地区的类似系统移植过来。此外,尽管同样强度的地震在发达的城市地区造成的损失远大于发展中国家的乡村地区,但地震灾害在乡村地区所造成的损失恢复起来要比在发达的城市地区困难得多。所以,有必要在GIS平台上建立一个适用于乡村地区,特别是发展中国家乡村地区的灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统。本研究的目的就是在GIS平台上建立一个适用于中国西南偏远乡村地区的地震灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统(EDMS)。建立本系统的依据是中国地震局1988年编的《地震现场工作大纲和技术指南》中的“现场地震灾害损失评估方法”。本系统由1)震后快速评估与2)震害数据管理和综合评估2部分组成。选择的范例研究区为丽江地区,使用的基础数据包括云南省特别是丽江专署和丽江县的家庭和人口分布、各     

对1989年1991年山西地区3次5级以上地震预报的回顾

1989、1991年，山西发生了大同－阳高6.1、忻州5.1和大同－阳高5.8级3次5级以上地震（不含余震），有对大同－阳高2次地震普提出明确的中期预报意见。山西省地震局在中期预报的基础上，对1991年1月29日忻州5.1级、3月26日大同－阳高5.8级地震分别做出了一定程度的短期或临震预报，本文对这3次地震的预报过程做了简要的回顾。     

山西大同-阳高地震的震源机制及发震模式

根据全国地震台网的记录资料及前人对山西大同-阳高地震的研究结果，通过对大同-阳高地震震源机制及大同遥测地震台网的单（多）台小震综合断层面解的研究，结合当地地质构造条件，推断出大同-阳高地震的震源应力场及前震、主震、最大余震的发震断层。通过对大同-阳高地震中余震随时间分布、烈度等震线分布和构造裂缝的研究，给出了大同-阳高地震中几次主要地震的破裂方向、破裂长度等。     

1989年大同—阳高地震的震害和灾害评估

叙述了大同—阳高地震的震害情况,讨论和分析了其特点和震害偏重的原因。介绍了地震后进行的震害指数调查和经济损失评估的工作情况,并结合震害指数的分布特点和震区的地震地质条件,分析了地震烈度的分布情况和特殊性,指出震害分布与发震构造有密切关系,认为把烈度和震害指数结合起来进行研究可更好地反映出这次震群活动的宏观特点。     

1989年大同—阳高6.1级地震地下水动态异常特征

对1989年10月大同—阳高地震地下水动态异常的中短期、临震及震后效应等多方面的特征进行了总结。说明了地下水异常形态的多样性、动态水位异常井多井次成组异常的同步性、多井次临震异常在时间、形态上的一致性。     

基于GIS的震害预测信息管理系统设计--以山西省太原市清徐县为例

依据《清徐县地震灾害损失预测》项目，以山西省太原市清徐县为例探讨了基于GIS的震害预测信息管理系统的设计方法，叙述了系统的设计原则和总体框架的设计思路以及空间数据库和属性数据库的构建框架，重点介绍了系统主要功能模块——生命线工程模块的设计内容。     

2006年甘肃文县5.0级地震灾害损失评估

2006年6月21日在甘肃省文县发生MS5.0地震,造成了建筑物破坏及人员伤亡。在震后开展的地震现场考察与震害评估工作中,将灾区分为2个评估子区,完成了29个点的震害抽样调查工作,根据地震灾害损失评估系统EDLES2.5的要求建立了有关数据库,做出了经济损失评估,并针对灾害特点给出了灾区恢复重建的建议。     

普通民众认知与响应汶川M_S8.0地震特征分析——以陕西勉县为例

为进一步了解普通民众对汶川MS8.0地震灾害的认知与响应程度,并为政府防震减灾战略的制定和实施提供科学依据,根据地震灾害认知与响应结构体系设计了普通民众地震灾害认知与响应调查问卷,主要指标体系包括地震灾害知识、防震减灾技能、自救互救和震后信息传播等4个方面。基于权重和赋分,构建了指标体系各部分评价模型和地震灾害认知与响应总体评价模型,以此来计算普通民众地震灾害认知与响应的综合得分。测评结果表明:1)勉县灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的综合水平与能力均处于不及格水平;2)在认知与响应地震灾害方面,民众的防震减灾技能最差,对地震灾害知识的了解水平次之,而震时及震后自救互救与震后信息传播2个层面稍好一些;3)普通民众对地震知识和观点的理解还停留在表面现象上,对复杂、抽象的地震知识的理解和掌握,特别是对地震知识掌握的准确性和深层次理解还有待于进一步提高;4)从震后民众获取地震灾害信息的主渠道来看,加大政府关于地震灾害知识和防灾技能的宣传力度以及使地震信息公开透明化是降低地震灾害风险的有效途径之一     

基于强震动记录的地震生命损失快速评估方法

随着我国强震动观测数据数量和质量的大幅提高, 破坏性地震发生后所观测到的强震动记录也在试验性地转化为仪器烈度数据． 本文将强震动记录引入应急性的生命损失快速评估, 借助已有的地震应急灾害损失快速评估模型的表达方法, 提出了一种将仪器烈度概率密度函数和生命损失函数相结合的地震人员伤亡快速评估方法． 通过确定仪器烈度的概率密度, 并结合四川地区已有房屋建筑易损性研究成果, 建立了考虑建筑地震易损性并与烈度相关的地震生命损失快速评估函数, 并利用汶川地震的强震动记录对本文提出的生命损失快速评估方法进行评估计算. 结果表明, 该方法的计算结果与实际震害损失结果颇为一致, 说明了该方法的可行性, 因而能够及时为地震应急救援提供可靠信息．      

2007年宁洱6.4级地震震害综述

给出了宁洱6.4级地震4个烈度区的分布情况,详细介绍了本次地震造成的各类建筑物震害、各烈度区的建筑结构特点和震害特征、生命线工程和水利设施的震害以及地表裂缝、滑坡和沙土液化及喷沙冒水等地震地质灾害,并对形成震害的原因进行了初步分析。     

我国农村房屋的地震破坏分析与工程抗震处理对策

根据对我国农村建(构)筑物震害的调查结果,总结了农村房屋的震害特征,分析了建(构)筑物破坏的主要原因及农村房屋建(构)筑物在选址、施工、抗震设防等方面的教训,采用有限元分析比较了基础材料不同时基础部分的抗震差异。提出了提高农村房屋抗震能力的对策和建议。     

南亚(巴基斯坦)地震灾害分布及成因分析

通过对南亚地震震害及其成因的分析表明,南亚地震灾害具有以下特点：①南亚地震的发震构造为喜马拉雅前缘弧形逆冲断层,地震地表破裂带发育的巴拉考特镇为此次地震的极震区,大量建筑物倒塌,造成严重的人员伤亡：②建筑物震害呈有规律分布：③地表破裂带和沿河谷两岸以及山坡的滑坡、建筑物没有抗震设防、建筑物结构不合理等是造成损失惨重的主因。     

Ideas of establishing the information system for emergence decisions on the protection against earthquakes and disaster reduction in cities (application of GIS)

With urban reformation and opening becoming deeper, the work of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction would be more important. In this paper, some ideas are suggested about establishing the information system for emergency decisions on protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in cities. The information system mainly includes a subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake (which includes input of seismic information, distribution of earthquake intensity, evaluation of seismic fragility on all social factors and etc.) and a subsystem for the decisive information of seismic emergency (which mainly includes project of disaster relief, project of personnel evacuation, dangerous degree warning for the dangerous articles-storing places and protection measures against them, assistant decision on fire due to earthquake, location of head-quarter for providing disaster relief, and etc.). It is thought that the data investigation and collection about all kinds of buildings (including lifeline engineering) are the most important and difficult work as establishing this system.     

Seismic vulnerability: theory and application to Algerian buildings

When dealing with structural damages, under the effect of natural hazards such as earthquakes, it is still a scientific challenge to predict the potential damages, before occurrence of a given hazard, as well as to evaluate the damages once the earthquake has occurred. In the present study, two distinct methods addressing these topics are developed. Thousands (～54,000) of existing buildings damaged during the Boumerdes earthquake that occurred in Algeria (M_w?=?6.8, May 21, 2003) are considered in order to study their accuracy and sensitivity. Once an earthquake has occurred, quick evaluations of the damages are required in order to distinguish which structures should be demolished or evacuated immediately from those which can be kept in service without evacuation of its inhabitants. For this purpose, visual inspections are performed by trained and qualified engineers. For the case of Algeria, an evaluation form has been developed and is still in use since the early 80s: Five categories of damages are considered (no damage or very slight, slight, moderate, major, and very severe/collapse). This paper develops a theoretical methodology that processes the observed damages caused to the structural and nonstructural components (foundations, roofs, slabs, walls, beams, columns, fillings, partition walls, stairways, balconies, etc.), in order to help the evaluator to derive the global damage evaluation. This theoretical methodology transforms the damage category into a corresponding “residual” risk of failure ranging from zero (no damage) to one (complete damage). The global failure risk, in fact its corresponding damage category, is then derived according to given combinations of probabilistic events in order to express the influence of any component on the global damage and behavior. The method is calibrated on a set of ～54,000 buildings inspected after Boumerdes earthquake. Almost 80 % of accordance (same damage category) is obtained, when comparing the theoretical results to the observed damages. For pre-earthquake analysis, the methodology widely used around the world relies on the prior calibration of the seismic response of the structures under given expected scenarios. As the structural response is governed by the constitutive materials and structural typology as well as the seismic input and soil conditions, the damage prediction depends intimately on the accuracy of the so-called fragility curve and response spectrum established for each type of structure (RC framed structures, confined or unconfined masonry, etc.) and soil (hard rock, soft soil, etc.). In the present study, the adaptation to Algerian buildings concerns the specific soil conditions as well as the structural dynamic response. The theoretical prediction of the expected damages is helpful for the calibration of the methodology. Thousands (～3,700) of real structures and the damages caused by the earthquake (Algeria, Boumerdes: M_w?=?6.8, May 21, 2003) are considered for the a posteriori calibration and validation process. The theoretical predictions show the importance of the elastic response spectrum, the local soil conditions, and the structural typology. Although the observed and predicted categories of damage are close, it appears that the existing form used for the visual damage inspection would still require further improvements, in order to allow easy evaluation and identification of the damage level. These methods coupled to databases, and GIS tools could be helpful for the local and technical authorities during the post-earthquake evaluation process: real time information on the damage extent at urban or regional scales as well as the extent of losses and the required resources for reconstruction, evacuation, strengthening, etc.     

Decoupling algorithm for evaluating multiple beam damages in steel moment‐resisting frames

Post‐earthquake safety evaluation of steel moment‐resisting frames mainly relies on the inspection of seismic damage to beam–column connections. Recently, in order to evaluate seismic damage of steel connections in a prompt and precise manner, a local damage evaluation method based on dynamic strain responses has been proposed and receives attention. In the evaluation method where strain responses are measured by piezoelectric strain sensors, a strain‐based damage index has been developed for evaluating individual seismic beam damage in a steel frame. However, for a steel frame suffering multiple beam damages, the damage index deteriorates its performance in identifying small damages with the presence of neighboring severe damages because of the moment redistributions induced by larger damages. This paper presents a decoupling algorithm that removes the issue of damage interaction and improves the performance of the damage index. The decoupling algorithm was derived on the basis of damage‐induced moment release and redistribution mechanism. The effectiveness of the decoupling algorithm was numerically and experimentally investigated using a nine‐story steel frame model and a large scale five‐story steel frame testbed that can simulate multiple fractures at beam ends. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大同－阳高中强震群前短临预报的回顾与展望

大同－阳高中强震群是华北地区近２０年来最引人注目的地震事件。本文通过系统总结反思这一地震事件，就其震群自身的重要性以及未来华北北部地区短临预报的问题进行了研究，给出一种可能的解释。