Low-temperature mechanical and magnetic properties of the reduced activation martensitic steel

Mechanical and magnetic properties as well as their relationship in the reduced activation martensitic (RAM) steel were investigated in the temperature range from --90°C to 20°C. Charpy impact tests show that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the RAM steel is about --60°C. Low-temperature tensile tests show that the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and total elongation values increase as temperature decreases, indicating that the strength and plasticity below the DBTT are higher than those above the DBTT. The coercive field (H_C) in the scale of logarithm decreases linearly with the increasing temperature and the absolute value of the slope of lnH_C versus temperature above the DBTT is obviously larger than that below the DBTT, also confirmed in the T91 steel. The results indicate that the non-destructive magnetic measurement is a promising candidate method for the DBTT detection of ferromagnetic steels.     

地磁场环境下铁磁性试件单向静拉伸试验研究

利用Q235钢和40Cr钢两种铁磁性材料进行单向静拉伸实验,对得到的数据进行了比较分析,结合位错缺陷和磁畴的相互作用理论,探讨了金属磁记忆效应产生的原因。     

Estimation of the tensile strength of UHPFRC layers based on non-destructive assessment of the fibre content and orientation

In the present study we propose a procedure for estimating the tensile strength of thin ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced cement-based composite (UHPFRC) layers, which eliminates the need of extracting cores or samples from the structure. This procedure relies on a non-destructive testing (NDT) method based on the ferromagnetic properties of the steel fibres for estimating the parameters of the underlying physical model, namely, the fibre content and the fibre orientation factor, and on laboratory tensile tests for estimating the equivalent rigid-plastic fibre-to-matrix bond strength. An experimental program was developed for establishing the relation between the NDT measurements and the orientation parameters determined from image analysis. Following the proposed procedure, the tensile strength of 36 specimens with varying fibre content and fibre orientation distributions is estimated based on the magnetic measurements and compared to experimental results. The good correlation that is found demonstrates the significance of the proposed NDT method in the implementation of quality control procedures of thin UHPFRC elements/layers.     

Improved filling rate and enhanced magnetic properties of Fe-filled carbon nanotubes by annealing and magnetic separation

The filling rate of Fe nanowires in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was improved by a post-treatment which involved annealing and magnetic separation. The annealing process transformed γ-Fe to ferromagnetic α-Fe, resulting in α-Fe-filled CNTs with improved magnetic properties. The Fe-filled CNTs were then separated from those unfilled CNTs due to the different attractive forces under magnetic field. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the purity of CNTs was improved after magnetic separation and the filling rate can be up to 40.0 wt.%, which is increased about 8.1% comparing with annealed CNTs. The saturation magnetization of CNTs reached 31.45 emu/g after magnetic separation.     

Ferromagnetic resonance driven by spin transfer torque

We study spin-torque-driven ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) in point contacts. Point contacts as small as a few nanometers in size are used to inject microwave currents into F/N/F spin valves where two ferromagnetic (F) layers are separated by a nonmagnetic (N) metal spacer. High densities of injected currents produce the spin-transfer torque on magnetic moments and drive FMR in the F-layers. The resonance is detected electrically when a small rectified dc voltage appears across the point contact. Here we focus on the origin of this rectified signal and study ST-FMR in point contacts to spin valves with different ferromagnets (Py and Co) and single ferromagnetic (Py) films, as well as in spin-valve wires patterned by electron beam lithography. We find that this voltage can be explained by the resistance variations which originate from giant magnetoresistance in point contacts to spin valves and involve effects of anisotropic magnetoresistance and extraordinary Hall effect on the propagation of microwave currents in continuous F-films and microwires.     

Effect of tensile stresses on the magnetoelasticity of Fe<Subscript>64</Subscript>Co<Subscript>21</Subscript>B<Subscript>15</Subscript> ferromagnetic ribbons

The effect of constant tensile elastic stresses on the field dependence of the magnetoelasticity (ΔE effect) of Fe₆₄Co₂₁B₁₅ amorphous ferromagnetic ribbons after thermomagnetic treatment in a temperature interval from 290 to 360°C has been studied. The maximum value of the negative ΔE effect increases upon application of a relatively small tensile stress and decreases under the action of large stresses. In addition, the application of tensile stresses decreases the magnetic field corresponding to a maximum negative ΔE effect. The results are explained based on notions about the influence of constant tensile stresses on the domain structure of ferromagnetic materials with positive magnetostriction and induced uniaxial anisotropy.     

Design of a textile composite bone plate using 3D-finite element method

Bone plates are the most common devices used for long bone fracture fixations. Metallic bone plates are conventionally used for load bearing regions suffer the disadvantages that they usually needs to be removed 1–2 years after surgery due to stress shielding and ion releasing effects. One solution to overcome these problems is to use bone plates made of composite materials with desirable mechanical properties as substitutes for the metallic types. In this research, a partially resorbable composite bone plate consisting of a poly L-Lactic acid matrix and textile bioglass fibers used as reinforcement was modeled and analyzed using the ANSYS software V. 9.0. Micromechanical study of a representative volume element (REV) was carried out using the 3D-finite element method to optimized volume fraction of the reinforcement. In this stage, ultimate tensile strength of the composite was determined. In the macromechanical analysis, a three dimensional, quarter symmetric finite element model was developed for a plate with five holes. Bending analysis was performed to determine the bending strength and the bending modulus of the plate. Results showed that for a volume fraction equal to 45%, the longitudinal modulus of elasticity and the ultimate tensile strength would be 23 GPa and 230 MPa, respectively. The bending strength and bending modulus of the plate were calculated to be about 55 MPa and 16.6 GPa, respectively. Compared to the data available on forearm bones in which the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is about 18 GPa, the tensile and bending strength are about 150 MPa and 40 MPa and the bending modulus is 7 GPa, it is concluded that the composite plate system is suitable for forearm region and it is capable of reducing stress shielding effects at the fracture site.     

Magnetic anisotropy control in amorphous FeCoSiB films by stress annealing

It is important to control magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic materials. In this work, magnetic anisotropy of amorphous FeCoSiB films is controlled by stress annealing. FeCoSiB films are deposited on glass substrate and annealed with stress in vacuum. When the annealed films are released from clamp, permanent tensile or compressive strain can be introduced in the films. Influences of both tensile and compressive strain on the magnetic properties of FeCoSiB films have been studied. The results show that FeCoSiB films by stress annealing exhibit strong magnetic anisotropy while the samples by normal annealing exhibit magnetic isotropy. Easy axis along the stress is induced in the films with tensile stress, while easy axis perpendicular to the stress is induced in the samples with compressive stress. It has also been found that the magnetic anisotropy increases with the increase of the strain. The effects of strain on the magnetic properties of FeCoSiB films have been interpreted by stress induced anisotropy via magnetoelastic coupling.     

磁流变液流变特性的数值模拟分析

建立了微观颗粒的动力学模型,提出了相应的算法,模拟了二维状态下颗粒成链及其剪切流动过程,表明剪切过程中存在旧链断裂和新链形成,得到了流动时磁流变液的剪切应力,并模拟了高剪切速率下微结构的演变过程,发现新链形成速度小于旧链断裂速度,出现了剪应力下降现象.     

膨胀石墨CuCl2-NiCl2-层间化合物磁性研究

在膨胀石墨ＣｕＣｌ_２－ＮｉＣｌ_２－ＧＩＣｓ合成和电性研究基础上,采用ＭＯＤＥＬ１５５振动磁强计测量了ＧＩＣｓ在０～７．９５８×１０^５Ａ／ｍ磁场强度下的磁化强度、磁化率．发现ＣｕＣｌ_２－ＮｉＣｌ_２引入石墨层间,形成ＧＩＣｓ后磁性升高．与膨胀石墨相比,ＧＩＣｓ的磁化率大约提高了２～３个数量级．ＧＩＣｓ的磁性不但由石墨的抗磁性转变成为顺磁性,磁化曲线斜率由负变正,而且随着阶结构、 ＣｕＣｌ_２和 ＮｉＣｌ_２比例变化, ＧＩＣｓ磁性发生变化．氯化镍含量在 ５０％以下,表现为强烈的顺磁性;５０％时,磁化曲线出现最大值,表现为铁磁性．＞５０％,达到６０％、８０％时,铁磁性更明显．ＧＩＣｓ阶数升高,铁磁性降低．     

Synthesis and characterization of nickel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles

Nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) nanoparticles are prepared by a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method. The structure, composition, morphology and magnetic properties of the gel precursor are characterized by powder XRD, FT-IR, TGA, HR-SEM, TEM, HR-TEM and VSM. XRD confirms the formation of single-phase nickel ferrite with space group of Fd3m and inverse spinel structure. The vibration properties of nanoparticles are analysed by FT-IR spectrum. The thermal decomposition of the gel precursors is investigated by TGA. HR-SEM and TEM images show that the particles have spherical shape with particle size in the range of ∼30 nm and consistent with XRD result. The magnetic properties of these nanoparticles are studied for confirming the ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature.     

金属磁记忆技术检测低碳钢静载拉伸破坏的实验研究

为探索磁记忆现象的物理机制,在地磁场环境中,静载拉伸低碳钢板状试件.对应试件加载前、静载拉伸过程中不同的载荷水平以及断裂后等不同阶段,分别采用EMS-2003磁记忆诊断仪检测试样表面磁场强度垂直分量信号的变化.结果发现,加载前各试件初始磁状态对试件断裂后信号有影响.试件拉伸过程中塑性变形阶段内磁信号无较大数值变化,断裂后信号突变.拉伸过程中过零点漂移,最后集中在断口处.过零点对判定损伤破坏的铁磁构件危险区域具有一定意义.     

Anisotropic damage of alumina/alumina CFCCs under long term high temperature exposure: Investigations by ultrasonic stiffness measurements and quasi-static tests

The present work deals with the development of anisotropic damage in alumina/alumina continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs). The composites were isothermally exposed to a corrosive/high temperature environment at 1100°C, which simulates the working conditions of a gas turbine. Stiffness matrix components and strength were experimentally defined as a function of exposure duration by means of ultrasonic stiffness measurements and quasi-static tensile tests.

In order to determine the stiffness matrix components, a new ultrasonic stiffness characterisation technique was employed. According to this method, the through transmission phase velocities are measured using a custom built immersion set-up. The experimental data are subsequently used in order to solve the inverse scattering problem and reconstruct the stiffness matrix of the composite at successive thermal exposure levels. The stiffness matrix of the composite was assumed to be orthotropic. Damage functions were formulated to describe the high temperature/corrosive exposure effect on the stiffness matrix of the composite.

Finally, quasi-static tensile tests were used to assess the stiffness reduction of the composite and compare the values to those acquired non-destructively. The effect of exposure time on the strength of the composite was determined in the same way.     

Formulating the effects of applied temperature and pressure of hot pressing process on the mechanical properties of polypropylene–hydroxyapatite bio-composites by response surface methodology

Mechanical properties of polypropylene–hydroxyapatite (PP–HA) bio-composites produced by hot press molding depend on different parameters, particularly the pressure and temperature of the hot pressing process. In this study, a mathematical models for the effects of the pressure and temperature of the hot pressing process on the mechanical properties of the polypropylene–hydroxyapatite composites is developed using a response surface methodology. Ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus and impact absorbed energy were target parameters of the formulas and the temperature and pressure of the hot pressing process were independent input parameters. Formulas were derived by a nonlinear regression analysis and then were refined at the end. The validity of the formulas was also verified by experimental data. It was found that the obtained results by the formulas are matched closely to the experimental results; and the formulas have adequate precision in the ranges of the experimental data. The maximum error that occurs for the calculated results by the formulas is about 7%. The effectiveness of the pressure and temperature of hot pressing process on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated using sensitivity analyses of the formulas. It was found that the sensitivity of the mechanical properties with respect to pressure of hot pressing process is more than temperature. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the composites has most sensitivity respect to the pressure and temperature of the hot pressing process than other mechanical properties.     

Magnetic alignment of nickel-coated carbon fibers

Magnetic composites of nickel-coated carbon nanofibers have been successfully fabricated by employing a simple microwave-assisted procedure. The scanning electron microscopy images show that a complete and uniform nickel coating with mean size of 25 nm could be deposited on carbon fibers. Magnetization curves demonstrate that the prepared composites are ferromagnetic and that the coercivity is 96 Oe. The magnetic carbon nanofibers can be aligned as a long-chain structure in an external magnetic field.     

(La2/3Ca1/3)(Mn(3-x)/3)Fex/3)O3体系磁电阻行为的研究

通过系统地测量（La2/3Ca1/3）（Mn（3-x）／3Fex／3）O3（x＝0、0.1、0．2、0．3的体系样品的电阻率-温度关系以及一定温度下磁电阻率与磁场的关系,发现随x的变化其磁电阻率峰和电阻率峰均发生位移,磁电阻率峰值增大,并伴生磁电阻率峰展宽效应．作者认为由于Fe的替代,引起体系中Mn3 ／Mn4 比率及磁矩的变化,加之外场对磁有序结构的调制作用,从而影响了Mn3 －O－Mn4 的双交换作用,最终导致磁电阻行为发生变化．     

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Feasibility of Inspecting Nonferromagnetic Conductors by an MFL Testing Apparatus

ABSTRACT

It has been widely accepted that the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing system can be applied only to the inspection of ferromagnetic materials. The possibility of using the MFL testing apparatus to inspect nonferromagnetic metals is discussed in this article. According to Faraday’s law of induction, eddy current rises in the conductor passing through the MFL magnetizer. The perturbation of eddy current and its corresponding magnetic field caused by defects are theoretically analyzed. Then, the finite element method is carried out to verify the theoretical analyses and extract the perturbed magnetic field signals. Furthermore, the influences of specimen conductivity and moving velocity on the detection signal amplitude are also simulated. The results show that the nonferromagnetic conductors are possible to be inspected by the MFL apparatus, and higher conductivity or inspection speed will facilitate the inspection.     

Weak Delocalization in Graphene on a Ferromagnetic Insulating Film

Graphene has been predicted to develop a magnetic moment by proximity effect when placed on a ferromagnetic film, a promise that could open exciting possibilities in the fields of spintronics and magnetic data recording. In this work, the interplay between the magnetoresistance of graphene and the magnetization of an underlying ferromagnetic insulating film is studied in detail. A clear correlation between both magnitudes is observed but through a careful modeling of the magnetization and the weak localization measurements, that such correspondence can be explained by the effects of the magnetic stray fields arising from the ferromagnetic insulator is found. The results emphasize the complexity arising at the interface between magnetic and 2D materials.     

Thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid

This paper reports the experimental research on thermal behaviour and particle size evaluation of primary clusters of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The magnetic fluids are suspensions of ultra fine particles coated with a molecular layer of dispersant in a liquid carrier such as water or kerosene. The particles are coated with single- or double-layer of surfactant to achieve stable dispersion. Numerous experimental studies have indicated the existence of the primary cluster of ferromagnetic nano-particles in a water-based magnetic fluid. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the particle size of the primary clusters by applying the Einstein’s equation for Brownian motion assuming that the primary cluster has a spherical-shape. The thermal behaviour of ferromagnetic nano-particles in magnetic fluids is investigated through the micro visualization using the optical darkfield microscope system and particle tracking velocimetry data processing system. Real-time visualization of the Brownian motion of primary clusters in a water-based magnetic fluid was carried out. The experimental results clarified that the primary cluster size depends upon the concentration of the ferromagnetic nano-particle in the magnetic fluid.     

(La2/3Ca1/3)(Mn(3-x)/3)Fex/3)O3体系磁电阻行为的研究

通过系统地测量（La_2/3Ca_1/3）（Mn_{（3-x）／3}Fe_x／3）O₃（x＝0、0.1、0．2、0．3的体系样品的电阻率-温度关系以及一定温度下磁电阻率与磁场的关系,发现随x的变化其磁电阻率峰和电阻率峰均发生位移,磁电阻率峰值增大,并伴生磁电阻率峰展宽效应．作者认为由于Fe的替代,引起体系中Mn³⁺／Mn⁴⁺比率及磁矩的变化,加之外场对磁有序结构的调制作用,从而影响了Mn³⁺－O^－Mn⁴⁺的双交换作用,最终导致磁电阻行为发生变化．