刚竹属8种笋用竹种鲜竹笋营养成分分析

采用最新的国际标准方法测定了刚竹属8种笋用竹种鲜竹笋蛋白质、粗纤维、还原糖、灰分等主要营养成分和氨基酸含量。结果表明,8种笋用竹种竹笋还原糖含量普遍为1.20～1.50 g·100 g~(-1),蛋白质含量为2.65～3.62 g·100 g~(-1)。以白哺鸡竹笋和红哺鸡竹还原糖含量较高,还原糖含量在1.40 g·100 g~(-1)以上;毛竹和花哺鸡竹为2种高蛋白竹种,蛋白质含量分别为3.62 g·100 g~(-1)和3.61 g·100 g~(-1)。红哺鸡竹口感较优,且粗纤维、灰分含量不高,是食用佳品。8种笋用竹种竹笋中氨基酸种类齐全,除了色氨酸外,16种常见的氨基酸均被检出,氨基酸总量(T)均高于大白菜、蒜苗、韭菜、芫荽、空心菜等常见蔬菜。白哺鸡竹竹笋和黄秆乌哺鸡竹竹笋的人体必需氨基酸(E)含量较高,E/T分别为37.704、36.029,超过了一般的蔬菜。甜竹、毛竹和高节竹竹笋中儿童必需氨基酸含量(CE)均在0.191 g·100 g~(-1)以上。     

优良丛生笋用竹及杂种竹竹笋品质评价的研究

该文报道对同一栽培条件下的10种优良丛生笋用竹及4种杂种竹竹笋品质评价的研究结果.通过对各种竹笋的鲜食品质、加工性能及营养成份含量的综合评价,评选出三类优良竹种:第一类为优良鲜食型笋用竹种,包括版纳甜竹、云南甜竹、麻版1号竹,其鲜笋鲜食品质最好,营养成分含量较高,笋期长,产量高,但加工成干笋色泽欠佳;第二类为优良加工型笋用竹种,包括麻竹、毛麻1号竹、毛笋竹,其竹笋加工成干笋色泽最佳,笋体大,易加工,产量高,但鲜食品质较差,营养成分含量一般或较差;第三类为鲜食和加工兼用的优良竹种,包括撑篙竹、大头典竹、绿竹、吊丝竹、吊麻5号竹、撑麻7号竹,其竹笋鲜食品质及加工性状均较好,营养成分含量一般或较好,这些竹种的竹材材质较好,生长适应性较强、较抗寒,作为笋材两用竹在粤北以北的地区推广种植潜力大.     

雷竹笋食用价值及栽培技术

1雷竹笋的食用价值 雷竹是刚竹属早竹的变种，为小型散生竹，是一种优良的笋用经济竹种。其笋肉白嫩鲜美、味甜不涩、营养丰富、食用方法多又有一定的药用价值，是蔬菜中的佳品。笋期在惊蛰前后。     

4种大型丛生竹笋竹生长规律研究

选择我国重要经济竹种龙竹、云南甜龙竹、版纳甜龙竹和黄金碧玉竹4种大型丛生竹种,研究了这些竹种的发笋情况、笋高生长规律以及施肥对竹笋生长的影响。结果显示：4个竹种的竹笋形态均呈锥形,笋体颜色深浅不一,个体大小不一,龙竹笋体最大,黄金碧玉竹笋体最小;在相同环境条件下,黄金碧玉竹退笋率最低（17%）,其他依次为版纳甜龙竹（19%）、云南甜龙竹（22%）、龙竹（25%）;黄金碧玉竹的出笋期最长（222 d）,其他依次为龙竹（170 d）、云南甜龙竹（153 d）、版纳甜龙竹（100 d）;4个竹种的竹笋生长均呈现出慢—快—慢的生长规律,各竹种竹笋出土后30 d内高生长缓慢,30~80 d高生长较快,80 d以后高生长趋缓直至停止生长;4个竹种的竹笋生长与降雨量密切相关,年降雨量大的地区,竹笋的各项生长指标均表现最好;施肥能明显降低退笋率,延长发笋期,增加笋直径;不同肥料种类对竹笋生长的影响不同,各竹种均表现为施用尿素的竹笋生长效果最好,其次为施用复合肥,施用过磷酸钙的效果不明显。     

浙江主要经济竹种

浙江竹类资源丰富,有13个属200余种,占全国竹种的二分之一。全省竹子年产值1.3亿元。产值较高的经济竹种有5个属20个种。其中:毛竹属15种,茶秆竹属、苦竹属、慈竹属各1种,(竹剌)竹属2种。兹介绍于下: 浙江主要经济竹种 常见形态检索表1.地下茎单轴散生或复轴混生。 2.地下茎单轴散生;2分枝,两枝粗细     

珍稀保护竹种筇竹笋营养成分的研究

对特产我国的珍稀保护竹种筇竹笋的笋体特征、营养成分及其变化进行了研究,结果表明:筇竹鲜笋平均笋壳占45.48%,笋肉占54.52%,笋肉含水率为90.80%,笋肉干物质分别占笋肉鲜质量和总鲜质量的9.20%、4.99%;干样平均含蛋白质348.3 mg.g-1,氨基酸总量349.93 mg.g-1,粗脂肪115 mg.g-1,可溶性总糖29.8 mg.g-1,P68.2mg.g-1,Fe 0.07 mg.g-1,Ca 0.54 mg.g-1,Mg 1.63 mg.g-1,Zn 134.80 mg.kg-1,Se 0.50 mg.kg-1。不同种源的筇竹笋蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成不同,并随着海拔高度上升、发笋时期推迟呈下降趋势,在笋体内表现为自上而下含量降低;水煮后筇竹笋蛋白质含量相对提高,但约75%的氨基酸流失;施肥后筇竹林分竹笋的氨基酸和蛋白质含量高于天然林。根据研究结果提出了筇竹种源选择、施肥措施及生产经营等方面的建议,以提升筇竹林分经济效益、保护筇竹资源并实现可持续经营利用。     

雷竹主要器官Se的分配与富集累积规律研究

在浙江省富阳市主产雷竹的7个乡镇的8个试验点生长正常的雷竹林和春建乡的2年生雷竹林中分别对雷竹主要器官Se的富集累积和同一竹鞭系统内立竹间Se的转移累积规律进行了研究.结果表明:在雷竹主要器官中,以叶片的Se含量最高,平均值为0.132 8mg·kg-1(干重),其次是竹笋,平均值为0.067 0 mg·kg-1(干重);其它器官之间差异较小,且硒含量极低;雷竹竹鞭硒含量与其它器官(竹笋、叶片、竹枝、竹秆)硒含量之间又均达到显著和极显著线性相关;在同一竹鞭系统内,一竹株茎秆注射亚硒酸钠后,另一未茎秆注射亚硒酸钠的竹株叶片的硒含量有明显的增加,证明了硒可在同一竹鞭系统内的立竹间传递.     

13种中小径散生笋用竹出笋规律及营养分析

对浙江省临安太湖源竹种园引种的石竹、甜笋竹、雷竹、红竹、黄甜竹、高节竹、角竹、白哺鸡竹、乌哺鸡竹、水桂竹、黄皮刚竹、桂竹、四季竹等13个中小径笋用竹种的出笋成竹规律及其竹笋的营养成分进行观察、测定。结果表明,不同竹种出笋时间和昼夜生长节律不一致,雷竹和石竹笋期较早,黄甜竹、乌哺鸡竹、白哺鸡竹等笋期居中,黄皮刚竹和桂竹的笋期最晚;多表现出白天累计生长量大于夜间累计生长量的规律,而甜笋竹、红竹、水桂竹及乌哺鸡竹的昼夜节律却与之相反。不同竹种的竹笋营养成分含量不同,但均有较高的含水量和蛋白质含量,而脂肪含量较低,氨基酸种类齐全。本研究可为优良中小径散生笋用竹的引种扩繁提供参考。     

锡金龙竹竹笋的营养成分分析与评价

对锡金龙竹鲜笋的矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、粗纤维、总糖和氨基酸的含量进行了分析测定,并与版纳甜龙竹、勃氏甜龙竹、马来甜龙竹和麻竹竹笋以及6种常用蔬菜的相应含量进行了比较.结果表明:锡金龙竹鲜笋的蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、总糖及二氧化硫含量分别为227.7 g/kg,24.6 g/kg,82.7 g/kg,209.3 g/kg和2.65 g/kg,其蛋白质、粗脂肪含量与4种甜龙竹竹笋相当,蛋白质明显高于常用蔬菜,而粗脂肪含量略低于常用蔬菜.其每kg竹笋干物质中矿质元素和微量元素的含量为:P 9.33 g,Ca 42.33 g,K 367.67 g,Mg14.33 g,Fe 5.0 g,Zn 4.6 g,Cu 1.0 g,Mn 3.8 g, 略低或接近于4种甜龙竹竹笋,但明显高于所有参试的常用蔬菜.其锌铜比值为4.60,锌铁比值为0.92,说明锡金龙竹鲜笋所含的铜、铁、锌的比值是比较合理的.其蛋白质中含有17种氨基酸,包括9种人体必需氨基酸,总氨基酸(TAA)、人体必需氨基酸(EAA)和人体非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的含量分别为182.17 g/kg,54.39 g/kg,78.67 g/kg,都高于所有参试的常用蔬菜,其氨基酸总量略高于4种甜龙竹的竹笋.其所含的人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)的29.86 %,人体必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为69.14,符合FAO推荐的理想蛋白模式,其第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸,即蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸.认为,锡金龙竹鲜笋中富含矿质元素、微量元素和氨基酸,其粗蛋白质与粗纤维含量明显高于粗脂肪含量,属高蛋白、高纤维、低脂型且营养丰富、具有很高开发潜力的野生食用竹笋.     

采收期对3种笋用竹竹笋营养及氨基酸含量的影响

为探明不同采笋期对竹笋品质及营养成分的影响,对红哺鸡竹(Phylostachys iridescens)、白哺鸡竹(Ph.dulcis)和黄秆乌哺鸡竹(Ph.vivax'aureocaulis')3种笋用竹不同采笋期竹笋蛋白质、粗纤维、还原糖、灰分含量和氨基酸质量分数进行了测定.结果表明,3种笋用竹竹笋蛋白质干基含量均在310 g/kg以上,红哺鸡竹还原糖干基含量为107.0—188.1 g/kg,而白哺鸡竹和黄秆乌哺鸡竹还原糖含量分别为66.1—117.2,72.1—121.0 g/kg.3种笋用竹竹笋中粗纤维含量为43.0—84.2 g/kg,脂肪为26.0—36.0 g/kg.采收期异同不仅影响竹笋的粗纤维和灰分含量,也会影响到竹笋中蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖,但不同竹种的含量变化有所不同.红哺鸡竹竹笋中脂肪、蛋白质含量随采集时间的推后含量递减,但还原糖含量递增,而白哺鸡竹和黄秆乌哺鸡竹竹笋中脂肪、蛋白质含量随采集时间的变化不明显.3种笋用竹竹笋氨基酸总量(T)变化在13.06—35.4 g/kg,E/T值均在33.0以上.红哺鸡竹竹笋的T值随采收期的延后含量增加,而白哺鸡竹和黄秆乌哺鸡竹竹笋的T值则呈现出随采收期的延后含量递减,儿童必需氨基酸总量(CE)呈现类似的变化.竹笋营养成分和氨基酸的时令变化对于指导竹笋采集和竹林经营具有一定指导意义.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.