混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响

本文研究乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和酵母菌混合菌种联合发酵对鱼肉香肠品质的影响。通过微生物测定、化学指标测定、色差分析和TPA质构分析,探讨发酵过程中鱼肉品质的变化规律。实验结果表明:在发酵的24h中,乳酸菌作为优势菌显著增殖,降低了鱼肉香肠的p H,抑制了假单胞菌和肠杆菌的生长;鱼肉香肠的挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量和硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值在发酵过程中显著降低,氨基态氮（AAN）含量、白度、硬度和弹性显著提高,说明混合菌种联合发酵可以延缓鱼肉香肠的腐败变质和油脂氧化,有助于风味的形成和营养价值的提高,并使得产品的色泽和质地得到改善。      

细菌型豆豉中溶栓活性成分的初步研究

利用纤维蛋白平板法研究发现，我国传统的细菌型豆豉——临沂豆豉中含有与日本纳豆相似的溶栓活性成分。研究发现春天自然发酵后未经洗曲的临沂细菌型豆豉的粗酶提取液溶栓活性最强；但该成分不耐热，在加工中应尽量保持较低温度。该实验为利用豆豉开发新型溶栓药物及保健食品提供了参考依据。     

Bacteriological properties and health-related biochemical components of fermented fish sauce: An overview

Fish sauce is an amber-colored salty liquid in Southeast Asian cuisine used as an important condiment for improving the taste of foods. It is produced by fermenting the fish with salt in the ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 (fish:salt, wet wt) in underground concrete tanks or earthenware for 6–12 months at ambient conditions. Proteins of the raw materials are hydrolyzed into peptides and amino acids by microbial proteolytic enzymes during fermentation. This paper reviews fish sauce diversity and its bacteriological, biochemical, and biofunctional properties. Additionally, efforts to accelerate fish sauce production by employing halotolerant bacterial cultures and proteinases to reduce the fermentation period and also to improve the acceptability of the product are also reviewed. Further, the review provides an overview of bacterial proteinases that have been employed to enhance the sensory and microbiological quality of fish sauce. The review also outlines the effect of fermented fish sauces on health, especially in reference to several bioactive peptides and bacterial metabolites apart from discussing desalination technique to recover the metabolites from fish sauce.     

Effect of mixed kojis on physiochemical and sensory properties of rapid‐fermented fish sauce made with freshwater fish by‐products

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mixed kojis on essential indices of fish sauce. Fish sauce inoculated with mixed kojis (FSB, Aspergillus oryzae koji:Aspergillus niger koji = 3:1) and A. oryzae koji (FSA, control) was prepared. At the end of fermentation, the content of amino nitrogen, total soluble nitrogen, Free amino acid (FAA) and glutamic acid in FSB increased by 7.50%, 7.84%, 9.80% and 28.43% compared to FSA, due to higher acid protease activity in mixed kojis. Moreover, flavour groups including phenols, ketones and nitrogen‐containing compounds in FSB were also improved. According to the results of sensory evaluation, FSB showed higher intensity of umami and caramel attributes, lower intensity of ammonia and sour attributes. All the results suggested that the usage of mixed kojis to produce fish sauce was an effective method that can accelerate the fermentation process and improve the flavour of fish sauce made with freshwater fish by‐products.     

冻藏对鲢鱼、鲤鱼鱼肉质构影响的比较研究

比较冻藏处理对鲢鱼、鲤鱼鱼肉质质构的影响.采用质构仪对冻藏的鲢鱼、鲤鱼鱼肉进行测定,并与未经冻结的鱼肉指标值进行比较.结果表明,经过冻结的鲤鱼、鲢鱼的硬度、弹性、黏附性、咀嚼性、恢复性等指标值均有所下降,下降幅度不同,与鲤鱼相比较,鲢鱼质构变化明显.     

Effect of starter cultures on the quality of Suan yu,a Chinese traditional fermented freshwater fish

The generation of volatile compounds of four starter cultures composed of isolated microorganisms from traditional Suan yu was investigated. The cultures included two pure starters (PS1: Lactobacillus plantarum 120 and PS2: Pediococcus pentosaceus 220) and two mixed starters (MS1: L. plantarum 120, Staphylococcus xylosus 135 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1; MS2: P. pentosaceus 220, S. xylosus 135 and S. cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1). Naturally fermented Suan yu was used as control. The volatile compounds were collected from the headspace of the samples by Solid‐phase microextraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The type and total content of volatile compounds in the mixed‐starter‐fermented fish were higher than those of the pure‐starter‐fermented samples and control. A total of seventy nine and eighty volatile compounds were detected in Suan yu fermented with MS1 and MS2, respectively, with ethanol as the predominant compound and hexanal, ethyl acetate, 3‐methylbutanol, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, hexanoic acid ethyl ester and 2,3‐butanedione as the other compounds. Furthermore, the sensorial acceptance of the different products with mixed starter cultures seemed to improve the quality of Suan yu products.     

白鲢鱼骨汤酶解工艺的研究及风味分析

以白鲢鱼骨高压熬制而成的鱼骨汤为原料,选择中性蛋白酶对鱼骨汤进行酶解,以水解度为指标,通过单因素实验和正交设计确定中性蛋白酶水解鱼骨汤的最佳工艺条件;并对酶解前后骨汤中的挥发性成分和游离氨基酸含量进行比较。结果表明:鱼骨汤酶解的最优条件为酶添加量2000U/g,起始pH6.5,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间3h。此条件下酶解的水解度能达到24.04%;酶解前后骨汤中的腥味挥发性成分含量降低,呈鲜香味游离氨基酸含量增高,鱼骨汤中的鱼腥味明显减小,风味得到较大改善。      

温度对加曲速酿低盐鱼露性质的影响

以蓝圆够为原料,添加酱油曲制备低盐鱼露,考察了恒温发酵温度和变温分段发酵对低盐鱼露性质的影响。在发酵过程中,20℃和40℃恒温发酵可以使酱醅pH稳定在5．2～5．5,但在30℃下经过90d发酵后酱醅的pH逐渐上升并接近6,导致鱼露的挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）含量最多,表明加曲速酿鱼露的发酵不适合在30℃下进行。然而,20℃低温发酵鱼露中的氨基酸态氮（AA—N）和可溶性总氮（TS—N）的含量都较低,40℃发酵的鱼露含有一定的苦味。当利用先低温后高温分段发酵方式制备低盐鱼露时,不仅可以提高鱼露的AA—N和TS—N的含量,而且可以降低TVB—N含量。游离氨基酸组成分析和感官评价结果表明,分段发酵还可以改良加曲速酿鱼露的品质。     

番茄白鲢鱼脯加工工艺研究

利用感官评定方法确定了脱腥、烘干方式以及番茄浓缩汁的添加量等关键工艺参数,从而制作出一种不仅适合工业化生产,而且营养丰富,色、香、味俱全的复合型鱼脯。     

Effect of autochthonous starter cultures on the volatile flavour compounds of Chinese traditional fermented fish (Suan yu)

Effect of autochthonous starter cultures on the volatile flavour compounds of Chinese traditional fermented fish was studied. Lactobacillus plantarum 120, Staphylococcus xylosus 135 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31, isolated from Suan yu, were selected as starter cultures. Volatiles were extracted by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technology (GC‐MS). Esters and alcohols were the main components of volatiles, accounting for over 50 percentage points in all samples. The highest content of esters (3034.54 μg kg^?1) was observed in S1 inoculated with L. plantarum 120, while the highest content of alcohols (2164.53 μg kg^?1) and ketones (379.98 μg kg^?1) was detected in S3 inoculated with S. cerevisiae 31. The content of acids and aldehydes was lower in inoculated samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the volatile composition was primarily influenced by the nature of the starter cultures. L. plantarum 120 and S. xylosus 135 could accelerate fermentation.     

Effect of fermented rice culture on the microbiological,biochemical and sensory characteristics of low‐salt douchi,a traditional Chinese fermented soybean condiment

A low‐salt (4% NaCl, w/w) douchi supplemented with different concentration of fermented rice culture (FRC) of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (v/w) was produced, and the effect of FRC on microbiology, biochemistry and sensory quantity was investigated. Results indicated that FRC had a significant effect on low‐salt douchi. Compared with the control (added 0% FRC), in the other treatments, the counts of yeast and lactic acid bacteria increased by about 50%, whereas the moulds decreased by about 30%; the pH reduction was close to 4.7; total acid increased to about 1.300 g per 100 g; reducing sugar maintained a decrease to 21.07 mg per g; amino nitrogen increased to about 0.900 g per 100 g, but not above the control (1.013 g per 100 g). In general terms, total free amino acid contents and three organic acids were higher in low‐salt products than four commercial products. Sensory evaluation of products supplemented with 10% and 15% FRC revealed better overall acceptability compared with other treatments and a commercial product.     

鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白抗氧化活性肽提纯及结构鉴定研究进展

为了利用鲢鱼鱼鳞生产胶原蛋白,采用生物酶解技术制备胶原蛋白抗氧化活性肽,可以提高水产品加工附加值且更好地保护环境。本文综述了鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白抗氧化活性肽的不同制备方式(包括固相化学合成法、液相化学合成法、酶水解法、DNA重组法等)和分离纯化方法(包括超滤法、离子交换色谱法、凝胶色谱法、反相高效液相色谱法等),并对其结构鉴定方式(包括质谱分析、连续流快原子轰击质谱、电喷雾离子化质谱、基质辅助激光解析等)做了阐述,以期为鲢鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白抗氧化活性肽的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

萌发对青稞甜醅饮料的活性成分及其抗氧化活性的影响

目的 探究青稞籽粒萌发对所制青稞甜醅饮料的活性成分及其抗氧化活性的影响。方法 对青稞籽粒进行不同时间的萌发预处理, 再进行甜醅发酵并与纯净水、稳定剂复配制备青稞甜醅饮料, 以未萌发青稞籽粒制备的饮料为对照, 测定饮料的总酚、总黄酮含量及对2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2-azinlbis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate), ABTS]、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)和羟自由基的清除率。结果 不同时间萌发时间处理条件下, 青稞甜醅饮料的活性成分含量及其抗氧化活性相较于对照均有所提升, 其中总酚和总黄酮含量均在萌发第40 h时达到最高, 分别为2.69 mg/mL和1.71 mg/mL, 分别比对照 2.21和1.35 mg/mL提高了21.72%和26.67%。经萌发处理后的青稞甜醅饮料对ABTS自由基和羟自由基清除能力在萌发第48 h时清除率分别达到64.64%和76.97%, 分别比对照48.83%和67.61%提高了32.38%和13.84%, 对DPPH自由基清除能力在萌发第40 h时清除率达到最高为94.11%, 比对照86.28%提高了9.07%。结论 青稞籽粒经萌发处理后制得的青稞甜醅饮料具有良好的抗氧化能力, 为提高青稞系列产品的附加值提供参考。     

Physicochemical properties,antioxidant content,volatile organic compounds and sensory profile of cocoa beans fermented with yeast starter cultures

This study determined the influence of selected yeast starters on the antioxidant content, volatile organic compounds and sensory qualities of fermented cocoa beans. Cocoa beans fermented with Hanseniaspora thailandica (MH979675), Pichia kudriazevii (MH979681), or a mixture of both species in fermentation (20 kg) were highly reproducible based on the physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH of nibs, fermentation index and cut test). The usage of H. thailandica improved the total polyphenols content of cocoa beans with fermentation index around 1.24 and 1.33. The correlation analyses suggested that phenolics and flavonoids compounds may not be the main constituents that led to the antioxidant activities of the fermented samples. Principal Component Analysis showed distinct differences in VOC profiles between spontaneous and fermentation using yeast. Sweet and spicy notes were only found in sample fermented with yeast. The inoculation of yeast in fermentation influenced the sensorial and antioxidant properties of cocoa beans.     

Ka-pi-plaa fermented using beardless barb fish: physicochemical,microbiological and antioxidant properties as influenced by production processes

Production of Thai fish paste Ka-pi-plaa fermented using beardless barb, Cyclocheilichthys apogon was monitored. The physicochemical, microbiological and antioxidant properties were compared after each process, that is autolysis, salting, sun-drying and fermentation. Colour parameters L* decreased while a* and b* increased during production (P < 0.05). The Ka-pi-plaa finished product presented an intense brown colour as shown with the increase in browning intensity (A₄₂₀). Contents of formal nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and amino nitrogen showed continuous increase (P < 0.05) indicating the formation of peptides and free amino acids, which were verified by protein patterns. Populations of total, halophilic, proteolytic, lipolytic and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) generally increased. Halophilic bacteria grew rapidly after salting. LAB counts were correlated with the pH change. It was suggested that a few biochemical reactions occurred during production, including protein hydrolysis by microbial and fish proteases, lipid oxidation as presented by the increasing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value, and Maillard reaction based on the determined precursors and products. Antioxidant activities generally increased during production particularly fermentation, suggesting Ka-pi-plaa possessed 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging and metal chelating activities, and ferric reducing power. This study provides important information on the relationship among production steps, various properties and chemical reactions for fish fermentation.     

Effects of koji fermented phenolic compounds on the oxidative stability of fish miso

In the present study, Aspergillus oryzae-inoculated koji inhibited lipid oxidation in fermented fish paste rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids following a long fermentation period. The fermentation of koji by A. oryzae liberated several bioactive phenolic compounds, including kojic acid and ferulic acid, which were the most abundant. A linear correlation between several phenolic compounds and their bioactive properties, including their radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, metal-chelating activity, and ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation was observed. This suggested an important role of koji phenolics in the oxidative stability of fermented fish paste. The activities of different carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes, including α-amylase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase, were positively correlated with the liberation of several phenolic compounds through koji fermentation. Thus, the application of koji offers a novel strategy to enhance the oxidative stability of newly developed fermented fish miso. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Application of traditional Japanese koji fermentation technique to develop an aroma enriched fish meat bases seasoning has been established. Aspergillus oryzae-inoculated koji releases several carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes, including α-amylase, cellulose, and β-glucosidase, which led to the liberation of several phenolic compounds during fermentation. Improvement of oxidative stability of the fermented fish meat paste by koji phenolics suggests a useful strategy to uplift the value of different trash fish meat-based seasoning through proper utilization of the present technique.