Reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with the Ge(100) surface

The adsorption and reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with the Ge(100)-(2×1) surface are investigated. The possibility of a surface Diels–Alder reaction ([4+2] cycloaddition), as well as a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction are explored. The surface reactions are followed by ultraviolet photoelectron and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopies. The vibrational spectroscopy results are compared with theoretically predicted frequencies for each of the possible surface reactions.     

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of chrysin derivatives linked with 1,2,3-triazoles by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 7-(3-azidopropoxy)-5-hydroxyflavone and phenylacetylene was carried out to investigate the synthesis of 7-(3-(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)- 5-hydroxyflavone in presence of ultrasound (sono-synthesis) and absence of ultrasound (conventional method) under relatively optimized solvent and catalyst conditions. The reaction rate was notably accelerated with the help of ultrasound irradiation. An experiment was especially carried out for investigating the acceleration mechanism of ultrasound on the cycloaddition. A novel series of chrysin derivatives linked with 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained by the copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition reaction using t-BuOH/H(2)O (1:1 v/v) as reaction solvents and CuSO(4)·5H(2)O/sodium ascorbate as the catalyst at room temperature in the presence of ultrasound irradiation. Their structures are elucidated by NMR, ESI MS, IR and Elemental analysis.     

Theoretical study of the mechanism of cycloaddition reaction between dichloromethylene silylene and formaldehyde

The mechanism of cycloaddition reaction between singlet dichloromethylene silylene and formaldehyde has been investigated using a MP2/6-31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it can be predicted that the cycloaddition reaction between singlet dichloromethylene silylene and formaldehyde has three competitive dominant reaction channels: (1) the two reactants first form a highly strained three-membered ring intermediate INT1c, which then isomerizes to an active four-membered ring product P1 via a transition state TS1c by ring-increasing reaction; Subsequently, P1 further reacts with formaldehyde to form the more stable silapolycyclic product P2; (2) the two reactants first form a four-membered ring intermediate INT1b by the [2?+?2] cycloaddition reaction, which then isomerizes to the four-membered ring product P3.1 via a transition state TS3.1, resulting from the chlorine transfer reaction; (3) INT1b further reacts with formaldehyde to form a silapolycyclic intermediate INT4, which then isomerizes to a silapolycyclic product P₄ via a transition state TS4.     

Intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction in enyne–allenes: a computational investigation and comparison with the Myers–Saito and Schmittel reactions

The reaction mechanisms as well as substituted effect and solvent effect of the enyne–allenes are investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) method and compared with the Myers–Saito and Schmittel reactions. The Myers–Saito reaction of non‐substituted enyne–allenes is kinetically and thermodynamically favored as compared to the Schmittel reaction; while the concerted [4 + 2] cycloaddition is only 1.32 kcal/mol higher than the C₂? C₇ cyclization and more exothermic (Δ_RE = ?69.38 kcal/mol). For R₁ = CH₃ and t‐Bu, the increasing barrier of the C₂? C₇ cyclization is higher than that for the C₂? C₆ cyclization because of the steric effect, so the increased barrier of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition is affected by such substituted electron‐releasing group. Moreover, the strong steric effect of R₁ = t‐Bu would shift the C₂? C₇ cyclization to the [4 + 2] cycloaddition. On the other hand, for R₁ = Ph, NH₂, O^?, NO₂, and CN substituents, the barrier of the C₂? C₆ cyclization would be more diminished than the C₂? C₇ cyclization due to strong mesomeric effect; the reaction path of C₂? C₇ cyclization would also shift to the [4 + 2] cycloaddition. The solvation does not lead to significant changes in the potential‐energy surface of the reaction except for the more polar surrounding solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or water. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铑(III)催化2-乙烯基苯酚衍生物与乙炔或一氧化碳的环加成反应机理研究

本文采用密度泛函理论M06-2X方法计算了铑催化直接合成苯并氧杂环庚三烯和香豆素衍生物的环加成反应. 通过对乙炔或一氧化碳的碳原子从六元环反应物的两个不同方向攻击和插入的两种竞争机制进行了计算研究,以阐明这种转变的主要特征. 计算结果表明：(i)炔烃或一氧化碳的插入过程是反应的关键步骤;(ii)对于乙炔的(5+2)环加成反应,需要更高的能量来破坏反应物的Rh$-$O 键,反应倾向于从Rh$-$C键一侧完成插入;(iii)对于一氧化碳的(5+1)环加成反应,两条反应路径的活化自由能都较低,两个通道会产生竞争机制.     

Mechanistic study on Mo(CO)6‐catalyzed intramolecular [2 + 2] or [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of 5‐allenyl‐1‐ynes

By means of density functional theory, the Mo(CO)₆‐catalyzed intramolecular [2 + 2] or [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of 5‐allenyl‐1‐ynes was investigated. All the intermediates and transition states were optimized completely at B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level (LANL2DZ(f) for Mo). Calculations indicate that the complexation of 5‐allenyl‐1‐ynes with Mo(CO)₆ occurred preferentially at the triple bond to give the complex M1 and then the complexation with the distal double bond of the allenes generates the complex M5 . In this reaction, Mo(CO)₆‐catalyzed intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition is more favorable than [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition. The reaction pathway Mo(CO)₆ + R → M5 → T7 → M12 → M13 → T11 → M18 → P4 is the most favorable one, and the most dominant product predicted theoretically is P4 . The solvation effect is remarkable, and it decreases the reaction energy barriers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Possible Thermal-triplet Nitrosobenzene Reaction

The reactions of nitrosobenzenes have been the subject of much study and many publications. However, not unlike other projects, at least as many questions have been raised as have been answered. There are several nitrosobenzene reactions which are of particular interest to us and we would like to raise a few more questions concerning their mechanisms. Nitrosoarenes are reported to undergo cycloaddition reactions with diphenylketene to yield 3 or 4-oxazetidinones depending upon ring substituents in the nitrosoarene.¹ More recently nitrosoarenes have been shown to undergo a similar cycloaddition reaction with ketenimines (nitrogen analogs of ketenes), but only the 3-iminosubstituted oxazetidine (the isomer unexpected from polar theory) is obtained regardless of ring substituents in the nitrosoarene.² A related problem is the 1,4-cycloaddition of nitrosobenzene and cycloheptadiene and the 1,6-cycloaddition of nitrosobenzene and cycloheptatriene.^3,4 The observed differences in products have been attributed to a variation in the mode of reaction.⁴ Concerted processes were postulated to give 1,4-addition while stepwise processes lead to 1,6-addition.     

2-（4，5-二硫甲基-1，3-二硫环戊烯基）-3，4-富勒吡咯烷的合成表征及电子光谱的INDO/ S研究

通过亚胺叶立德与C60 发生 1,3 偶极环加成反应的方法 ,合成了一种新的具有分子内给 受体系的C60吡咯烷衍生物 2 (4 ,5 二硫甲基 1,3 二硫环戊烯基 ) 3,4 富勒吡咯烷 (C66H9NS4) ,以红外、元素分析、核磁共振氢谱、紫外进行了表征 .运用Gaussian98量子化学程序包 ,利用密度泛函的方法对分子的几何构型进行了优化 ,在优化的基础上 ,应用INDO/S的方法计算了化合物的电子光谱 ,计算结果表明 ,C66H9NS4的光谱吸收在 4 38.9nm ,与实验值 4 31.4nm基本一致     

Unexpected regio- and stereoselective [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides with benzylidene thiazolidinediones: synthesis of pharmacologically active spiroindoline oxazepine derivatives and theoretical study

Molecular Diversity - An unexpected regio- and stereoselective [4?+?3] cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides with 5-benzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones has been successfully...     

High pressure assisted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: Synthesis of silylated triazoles from heteroaryl azides

Abstract

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2- and 3-benzothiopheneazide with (trimethyl-sily1)acetylene to yield 1,2,3-triazoles has been studied at pressures up to 1GPa. The kinetics as a function of pressure was followed interfacing a diamond anvil cell to a FTIR spectrometer. Alike with aryl azides, the rate of reaction was found to increase logarithmically with pressure with a yield close to quantitative.     

Expanding cyclitol structural diversity by biocatalysis and metalocatalysis. A click chemistry approach

The palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of phenyltrifluoroborate with a chemoenzymatically derived bromoazidoconduritol, combined with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, with a variety of alkynes is described. Fourteen new compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The click chemistry reaction can be effected by using sodium ascorbate and CuSO₄ · 5H₂O as catalyst in toluene–H₂O at room temperature.     

A facile and efficient ultrasound-assisted synthesis of novel dispiroheterocycles through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions

A facile and efficient one-pot three-component procedure for synthesis of novel dispirooxindolecyclo[pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole-6,5′-thiazolidine] derivatives without any catalysts under ultrasonic condition has been developed. Combining with the advantages of sonochemistry, such as mild reaction conditions, good yield and short reaction times, we have made a progress on construction of novel disiproheterocyclic compounds via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. Several experiments were especially carried out for investigating the acceleration mechanism of ultrasound on the cycloaddition.     

Ultrasound-assisted one-pot green synthesis of new N- substituted-5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione-isoxazoline derivatives using NaCl/Oxone/Na3PO4 in aqueous media

A rapid and green method for the synthesis of novel N-thiazolidine-2,4-dione isoxazoline derivatives 5 from N-allyl-5-arylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones 3 as dipolarophiles with arylnitrile oxides via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The corresponding N-allyl substituted dipolarophiles were prepared by one-pot method from thiazolidine-2,4-dione with aldehydes using Knoevenagel condensation followed by N-allylation of thiazolidine-2,4-dione in NaOH aqueous solution under sonication. In addition, the isoxazoline derivatives 5 were synthesized by regioselective and chemoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using inexpensive and mild NaCl/Oxone/Na₃PO₄ as a Cl source, oxidant and/or catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation in EtOH/H₂O (v/v, 2:1) as green solvent. All synthesized products are furnished in good yields in the short reaction time, and then their structures were confirmed by NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography analysis.     

Formation of pyrazol‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles through 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of 3‐thioxo‐[1,2,4]‐triazepin‐5‐one with nitrilimines: an experimental and computational study

In this work the experimental results and the computational study of the title compounds and some ancillary compounds are reported. Two bicyclic pyrazol‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole derivatives were synthezised by reaction between 6‐dimethylaminomethylene‐3‐thioxo‐[1,2,4]‐triazepin‐5‐one 1 and several nitrilimines 2a–f to give corresponding spirocycloadducts 3a–f , which undergo a rapid rearrangement leading to the new bicyclic compounds, 4a–f and 5a–f . These obtained bicyclic products were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and finally by X‐ray crystallography. Theoretical calculations have been carried out using DFT methods to rationalize the formation of the two new bicyclic compounds. Two reaction types are involved in the formation of the compounds 4a–f and 5a–f . The first one is a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (13DC) reaction between 1 acting as dipolarophile and 2a–f as dipoles. The results indicate that the cycloaddition between 1 and 2g , as model of 2a–c , takes place via a high asynchronous bond‐formation process. The regioselectivity obtained from the calculations is in complete agreement with the formation of the unique spirocycloadducts 3a–f . The second reaction leading to the formation of the final products is a domino process that is initiated by the quick and irreversible cleavage in a catalytic acid environment of triazepenic ring. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of ϒ- irradiation and study of ϒ-induced physico-chemical changes in high performance thermoset obtained by double cycloaddition of munchnone and bis-maleimide

ABSTRACT

Techniques in polymer synthesis are taking different dimensions in the last few decades. Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization processes resulted in a wide range of polymeric architectures made from an almost infinite reservoir of functional building blocks. The concept of click chemistry revolutionized the way how polymer chemists approached synthetic routes. Among the few reactions that could qualify as click approach; the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction is in the front place. Whether click or not, cycloadditions are powerful tools for designing polymeric materials in a modular fashion, with a high level of functionality and, sometimes responsiveness. Thus we have developed an efficient synthetic platform for the preparation of a new class of polyimide-based high-performance thermosets (HPTs) based on the double 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of munchnone with bis-maleimides. It is worth mentioning that this report is the first to deal with the changes in physico-chemical properties of HPTs obtained by cycloaddition reaction due to gamma irradiation. The polymers synthesized by this unique technique were irradiated with gamma doses in the range 10–300?kGy. The consequential effect of gamma radiation and the structural modifications induced on HPTs have been studied and discussed as a function of dose using different characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and UV-Vis Spectroscopy.     

CX2(X=F, Cl, Br)与CH3CHO中C－C键插入和环加成的理论模拟

采用密度泛函[DFT]和自然键轨道理论[NBO]及高级电子耦合簇[CCSD(T)]和电子密度拓扑分析[AIM]方法, 研究了单重态二卤卡宾CX2(X=F, Cl, Br)与乙醛CH3CHO 中C—C键的插入反应及其环加成的反应机理. 在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上优化了各驻点构型, 用频率分析和内禀反应坐标法(IRC)对过渡态进行了验证, 计算了各物种的CCSD(T)/6-31G(d, p)单点能量. 用经Wigner校正的Eyring过渡态理论分别计算了1大气压下主反应通道的热力学与动力学性质, 并对反应通道中构型进行了自然键轨道及电子密度拓扑分析. 结果表明, CF2与CH3CHO反应的主产物是P2F[CH3CF2CHO: 插入CH3CHO中C-C键, 反应I(2)], 而CCl2及CBr2与CH3CHO反应的主产物是P1Cl[Cl2COCHCH3: 成环反应II(1)]及P1Br[Br2COCHCH3: 成环反应III(1)], 1大气压下, 反应I(2)和II(1)及III(1)进行的适宜温度范围分别为400~1300K和400~1000K.     

Enhancing stereochemical diversity by means of microwave irradiation in the absence of solvent: Synthesis of highly substituted nitroproline esters via 1,3-dipolar reactions

Microwave irradiation induces the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of imines derived from alpha-aminoesters with beta-nitrostyrenes in the absence of solvent within 10-15 min. The reaction proceeds to give yields in the range 81-86% and three isomeric pyrrolidines are obtained in the cycloaddition. Consequently, the use of three imines and two beta-nitrostyrenes gives rise to a library of 18 nitroproline esters. The use of classical heating with longer reaction times (24 h) gives lower yields of products (below 50%) and only two stereoisomers can be detected in each reaction.     

Recent advances in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions on solid supports

Solid-phase methods are of a great significance in organic synthesis. Recent developments of these methods are providing new ways to construct libraries of small organic molecules. Five-membered heterocyclic compounds, which can be utilized in a variety of applications, are formed in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between dipolarophiles and dipoles. This review deals with the solid-phase synthesis of heterocycles via [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. Cycloaddition reactions of polymer-bound dipoles and polymer-bound dipolarophiles and intramolecular solid-phase cycloadditions are discussed in separate sections. Reactions of dipolarophiles such as alkenes, alkynes, and imines with dipoles such as azomethine ylides, azomethine imines, nitrile imines, azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides are described. The recent literature up to December 2003 is covered.     

侧链含查尔酮基团的聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯的光交联特性

采用红外光谱、热重分析、紫外光谱和荧光光谱对侧链含查尔酮基团的聚（4-甲基丙烯酰氧基-4'-二甲氨基查尔酮）（PMADMAC）和聚（4-丙烯酰氧基查尔酮）（PAC）的光交联特性进行了研究。随着光照时间的增加,PMADMAC和PAC聚合物光致环加成反应迅速进行,波长短的紫外线更易使得聚合物发生[2+2]环加成反应。与溶液状态相比,固体薄膜状态下的光交联反应速率较慢。PMADMAC聚合物更容易发生光致环加成反应,其光交联速率要比PAC聚合物快,环加成反应也更彻底。采用荧光光谱研究了聚合物的发光特性,发现PAC聚合物无荧光,而PMADMAC聚合物具有溶剂极性敏感的荧光特性。在PMADMAC聚合物的稀溶液中,随着365 nm紫外光照时间的增加,荧光强度迅速降低,其荧光特征波长在紫外光照射后发生蓝移。 PMADMAC和PAC聚合物的热稳定性较好,光交联后形成热不稳定的环丁烷结构,其热稳定性有所降低。     

High diastereoselectivity induced by intermolecular hydrogen bonding in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction: experimental and computational mechanistic approaches

A diastereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N‐aryl substituted maleimides with N,α‐diphenyl nitrone possessing 11‐hydroxyundecyloxy as a flexible substituent was performed. Experimental and comprehensive mechanistic density functional theory studies reveals that intermolecular H‐bonding and steric repulsive interaction predominate exo‐Z and exo‐E cycloaddition transition states, respectively. The reaction proceeded smoothly depending on the reactants and gave a good yield of (syn) cis‐isoxazolidine or (anti) trans‐isoxazolidine as a single diastereomer.