表面处理对316L不锈钢粉末注射成型性能的影响

以聚乙二醇/环氧树脂(PEG-EP)为粉末表面改性剂，聚甲醛系树脂(POM)为粘结剂体系，混炼制备316L不锈钢粉末注射成型喂料，并通过硝酸催化脱脂后烧结得到316L烧结样品。通过傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、接触角测量仪、旋转流变仪、万能材料试验机、金相显微镜、碳硫分析仪、显微硬度计等研究了PEG-EP对316L不锈钢粉末的包覆效果以及PEG-EP表面处理对316L不锈钢粉末注射成型喂料和烧结样品性能的影响。结果表明，PEG-EP成功包覆在316L粉末表面，改善了316L不锈钢粉末与聚甲醛的界面相容性，提高了喂料流动的性能、生坯的力学性能和烧结样品的力学性能及硬度。当添加PEG-EP质量分数为0.662%、粉末装载量(体积分数)为63%时，316L注射生坯的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、弯曲强度分别为10.57 MPa、8.38%、21.24 N·(mm²)^-1；烧结样品晶粒尺寸为50.8μm，最大抗拉强度和维氏硬度为688 MPa和HV 151，烧结样品的综合性能最佳。     

不同粒度粉末注射成形试样的烧结性能

对平均粒径为65．71μm和9．57μm的316L不锈钢水雾化粉及其混合粉末进行注射成形，探讨在粗粉末中加入细粉末对混合粉末的烧结致密化过程和力学性能的影响。结果表明，在粗粉末中加入25％（质量分数）的细粉末，可以提高粗粉末的烧结活性；烧结样密度达到理论密度的95％，抗拉强度达498MPa，屈服强度达192MPa，伸长率为52％，硬度为HRB60，即在粉末成本增加不多的基础上，力学性能大大超过了单一粗粉末烧结样，基本达到了美国MPIF关于316不锈钢注射成形烧结件的性能标准，为316L不锈钢粉末注射成形较大尺寸件提供了一条可行途径。     

金属注射成形气雾化和水雾化316L不锈钢耐蚀性

对气雾化和水雾化316L不锈钢粉末进行注射成形和烧结,对烧结体的耐蚀性进行了测试和评价。结果表明通过控制烧结气氛,优化烧结温度,可以使烧结体具有较低的氮氧含量和较高的烧结密度,从而获得良好的耐蚀性。用5%HCl浸泡腐蚀和Ferroxyl腐蚀评级方法评定烧结不锈钢的耐蚀性,研究结果表明烧结水雾化316L不锈钢耐蚀性优于气雾化316L不锈钢。阳极极化曲线表明水雾化316L不锈钢烧结体在浓度为0.05 mol/L的硫酸中发生钝化,维钝电流约为10-4A/cm2。     

粗粉末金属注射成形烧结件的性能

对平均粒度分别为65.71μm, 26.69μm和19.25μm的3种较粗(相对于一般注射成形用细粉而言)水雾化316L不锈钢粉末进行了注射成形, 讨论了粉末粒度对金属注射成形烧结件性能, 如烧结密度、孔隙形貌、金相组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明, 只要工艺控制得当, 三种粗粉末都能用于金属注射成形, 且可得到比细粉更小和更稳定的烧结收缩率, 较高的密度, 较好的拉伸强度、屈服强度、硬度等力学性能。其中平均粒径为19.25μm粉末的烧结样品的力学性能为: 抗拉强度506 MPa、屈服强度193 MPa、延伸率54%、硬度HRB61, 达到并超过了美国MPIF关于316L不锈钢细粉末注射成形烧结件的性能标准值。     

316L不锈钢粉真空松装烧结的研究

研究了316L不锈钢粉注射成形等低压成形工艺的粉末真空松装烧结行为及其影响因素。通过添加石墨实现脱氧控碳,分析比较了气、水雾化粉真空松装还原烧结行为的差异。     

316L不锈钢粉末压坯的烧结行为

为了获得高性能的不锈钢烧结材料,研究了烧结气氛和烧结温度对316L不锈钢粉末压坯烧结性能的影响。实验结果表明,316L不锈钢粉末压坯分别在1 150℃、1 230℃和1300℃温度下进行烧结时,真空和分解氨气氛下烧结体的密度、抗拉强度和伸长率都随着烧结温度的上升而提高;在相同烧结温度下,真空烧结体的密度和伸长率要比分解氨气氛烧结体的密度和伸长率高得多,但是真空烧结体的抗拉强度比分解氨气氛下烧结体的抗拉强度低很多。     

添加青铜粉对烧结316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

研究了添加青铜粉对316L烧结不锈钢的密度、硬度和微观组织的影响。结果表明：添加青铜粉末提高了316L不锈钢的生坯密度。烧结样品的密度和硬度均随青铜粉体积分数的增大而提高，烧结温度升高也有利于316L烧结不锈钢密度和硬度的增大，最佳烧结温度为1200℃左右。当青铜粉的体积分数为30％、烧结温度为1200℃时，316不锈钢的最大相对密度和硬度分别为95．1％和HRB83。添加青铜粉引起的液相烧结使不锈钢颗粒球形化趋势明显，颗粒表面平直化。     

316L不锈钢粉末温压与模壁润滑的高密度成形

通常在室温下，用内润滑厅式难以将316L不锈钢粉末压制成高密度生坯。本工作研究了316L不锈钢粉末的温压、模壁润滑和同时使用温压与模壁润滑的压制过程。研究发现：（1）模壁润滑和温压的同时使用可大幅度提高316L粉末的模压生坯密度。（2）复合润滑剂比单质EBS蜡更适用于有模壁润滑的温压过程，在工业常用的压制压力下，粒度〈74μm的316L粉末的生坯密度超过7．4g／cm^3。（3）316L粉末的高密度成形使得粉末颗粒强烈塑性变形，出现了晶粒内的亚晶结构。（4）同时使用模壁润滑和温压得到的高密度生坯在烧结过程不会发生体积膨胀，烧结密度超过7．56g／cm^3。     

表面活性剂对MIM316L不锈钢粉末制备性能的影响

采用高压水气联合雾化工艺,在雾化水中加入适量表面活性剂,制备了MIM用超细316L不锈钢粉末,研究了表面活性剂对粉末雾化制备的影响。结果表明:表面活性剂的加入会一定程度地影响粉末的振实密度、粒径和粒度分布及表面形貌等。其中,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)能有效降低粉末颗粒粒径和提高振实密度,当SDS用量为1%(质量分数)时,粉末颗粒的中位径由10.33μm降低到8.76μm,振实密度可由4.16 g/cm3提高到4.65 g/cm3,且得到的不锈钢粉末分散均匀,颗粒表面光滑且呈类球形。粉末制成喂料,经注射成形及脱脂烧结后,样品指标均达到美国MPIF标准,当烧结温度为1 380℃时,烧结密度和硬度分别为7.85 g/cm3、70 HRB。经此工艺制得的316L不锈钢粉末,性能达到国内先进水平。     

FeCrBSi预合金粉末对金属注射成形316L不锈钢烧结性能的影响

研究了添加不同质量分数FeCrBSi铁基预合金粉末（FeCrBSi）作为烧结助剂对金属注射成形316L不锈钢（316L）烧结性能的影响,通过电子密度计、金相显微镜及洛氏硬度计等仪器分析讨论了烧结制品的烧结密度、金相显微组织及硬度等性能。结果表明:在1360℃烧结时,FeCrBSi与316L形成了超固相线液相烧结,液相的增加有利于烧结致密化,烧结密度随着FeCrBSi质量分数的增加而升高,孔隙度逐渐降低。当FeCrBSi质量分数为3%~5%时,烧结密度达到7.81~7.87 g·cm-3;当FeCrBSi质量分数增至7%时,烧结出现变形。制品硬度随相对密度的上升而提高,在FeCrBSi质量分数为3%时达到最大值（HRB 75）,此时力学性能亦表现优异。     

金属粉末注射成形喂料在振动力场下的流变行为

脉动压力诱导金属注射成形技术将振动力场引入到金属粉末注射成形全过程中,振动力场对金属粉末喂料熔体的流变行为产生影响,从而提高注射型坯的质量。本研究采用毛细管脉动流变仪对石蜡-油-聚丙烯粘结剂体系的316L不锈钢粉末喂料动态流变行为进行测量和表征,并分析了振动频率和振幅对喂料的平均动态表观黏度的影响。结果表明振动力场的引入能改善喂料的流动性能,与相应的稳态条件相比,喂料的表观黏度显著下降。     

Design of Wear-Resistant Austenitic Steels for Selective Laser Melting

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Type 316L stainless steel feedstock powder was modified by alloying with powders containing carbide/boride-forming elements to create improved...     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层抗磨粒磨损性能研究

采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂工艺在316L不锈钢基体上制备了WC-12Co涂层,测试了涂层的结合强度、显微硬度、气孔率以及抗磨粒磨损性能。并利用XRD对喷涂粉末及涂层进行了相结构分析,用扫描电子显微镜对喷涂粉末、磨粒磨损前后的涂层表面形貌进行了观察。结果表明:在喷涂过程中,仅有很少量的WC粒子发生氧化脱碳。涂层的结合强度和显微硬度高,组织结构致密。在相同的实验条件下,316L的磨粒磨损量是WC-12Co涂层的95倍,这表明HVOF制备的WC-12Co涂层具有优异的抗磨粒磨损性能。     

Effect of heating mode and electrochemical response on austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

Abstract

Powder metallurgical (P/M) processing has the main advantage of making near net shape products. Nowadays, in automobile industries, stainless steels have become the most promising material owing to their good corrosion resistance. In the current study, 316L and 434L stainless steel powders were sintered using microwave and conventional methods through powder metallurgy route. The effects of sintering modes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion responses of 316L and 434L stainless steel composites are investigated in detail. The results showed that the sample prepared through microwave sintering route exhibited significantly superior densification, higher hardness and better corrosion resistance as compared to the conventionally processed counterpart. On the whole, 316L composites showed better corrosion resistance than 434L stainless steels.     

Fe-Mo-B Enhanced Sintering of P/M 316L Stainless Steel

Liquid-phase enhanced sintering of powder metallurgy（P/M）316L stainless steel by addition of sintering aids was studied.2%-8% of pre-alloyed Fe-Mo-B powder with two different particle sizes was added as sintering aids,and the specimens were sintered in vacuum at 1 200-1 350 ℃.The results show that the fine Fe-Mo-B powder（5-10 μm）has stronger activated effect.The sintered density increases with the increase in sintering aid content or sintering temperature.Warm compaction has a better effect on the control of dimensional precision of compacts.The prealloyed Fe-Mo-B powder deviated from Mo2FeB2 component can also be sintering aid of P/M 316L stainless steel.     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation analysis of sintered micro-fluidic devices

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the use of numerical simulations to describe the solid-state diffusion of a sintering stage during a metal injection moulding process for micro-fluidic components with 316L stainless steel powders. Finite element (FE) analysis based on a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model was conducted to describe the densification process of a stainless steel porous component during solid-state sintering. The numerical analyses, which were performed on a 3D micro-structured component with various powder volume loadings to take into account the thermal debinding effect to propose a full debinding sintering simulation, demonstrated that the FE simulation results are in agreement with the experimental ones.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered austenitic stainless steel

The objective of this work is focused on understanding the effect of microwave heating on sintering of 316L powders. The stainless steel samples were prepared from prealloyed powders of 316L. The powder samples were compacted at a pressure of 560 MPa and sintered at 1300°C in a microwave furnace of 2.4 GHz and 2KW capacity in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintering time was varied from 10 to 20 minutes in order to study the effect of sintering time on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The sintered samples were subjected to optical metallography, hardness testing, tensile testing and fractogrphy. The average density of sintered stainless steels was 92% of the theoretical density, approximately 18% increment from green density for 20 min. sintering time. Microstructural analysis showed the regularly distributed porosity with very small grains. The hardness value was in the range of 365VHN to 396VHN and tensile strength, in the range of 255MPa to 580 MPa. Fractographs for these steels revealed mixed mode of fracture.     

Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel

 Austenitic 316L stainless steel has good corrosion resistance; however, the relative softness often limits its application. Severe adhesive wear often occurs between the 316L stainless steel and the metal counterpart. Cu-10Sn alloy is often used to improve the wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel. The influence of Cu-10Sn on sintering behavior and wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel was investigated. The parameters investigated included sintering temperature and volume percent of Cu-10Sn. A maximum relative density of 97% was achieved with 25% (in volume percent) Cu-10Sn content at a sintering temperature of 1300 ℃ for 60 min. The irregular and sharp angles of 316L stainless steel particles become round, and the pores are removed completely as a result of large amount of liquid phase formed during sintering. The minimum friction mass loss was achieved with 25% Cu-10Sn content.     

Master decomposition curve analysis of ethylene vinyl acetate pyrolysis: influence of metal powders

Abstract

Polymer burnout (pyrolysis or delubrication) is a crucial step in sintering die compacted powders. To systematically analyse and design the thermal delubrication step, the master decomposition curve (MDC) has been formulated based on the intrinsic kinetics of polymer pyrolysis. The Kissinger method was used to estimate the activation energy from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. The activation energy of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was determined and an MDC analysis was performed to map the weight loss of the polymer as a function of time and temperature. The developed MDC was used to investigate the effects of powder chemistry, powder shape, and particle size of 316L stainless steel on the decomposition behaviour of EVA. The activation energies for decomposition of EVA decreased in the presence of gas and water atomised 316L stainless steel powders, indicative of a catalytic effect. This effect was more pronounced for the first decomposition step suggesting the possible role of a carboxylate ion – metal transition state complex that promoted decomposition. In addition, the gas atomised 316L stainless steel had a greater effect on lowering the activation energy for decomposition compared to water atomised 316L stainless steel, emphasising the influence of powder surface chemistries. Based on the MDC analysis, the required hold time can be predicted for a given temperature and target binder weight loss. This reduces the experimentation required to optimise the delubrication cycle. Furthermore, when extrapolating to very small particle sizes, this approach is of particular interest for predicting the behaviour of nano-particulate materials.     

两相质量比对粉末冶金双相不锈钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

将316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末与430铁素体不锈钢粉末分别按照80:20、65:35、50:50质量比混合, 采用冷等静压成型方法制备了双相不锈钢, 研究了奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比对双相不锈钢组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明: 当奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比为65:35, 烧结温度1350℃, 保温时间60min时, 双相不锈钢综合力学性能较好, 其中, 抗拉强度为847MPa, 屈服强度为281MPa, 硬度为HV207, 断后伸长率为37.5%。