淬火变形问题系列讲座——第一讲 分析和控制淬火变形的冷却速度带法（5）

七、几个相关问题分析 1．局部加热淬火工件的变形问题 一般工件只要求有限几个特定部位的变形程度不超差，而对其他部分的变形则不加计较。因此可以说，决定工件淬火变形大小的不是整个工件的所有部分的冷却情况，而是工件上的参与了淬火变形部位的冷却情况。为此，在本文的第二部分提出了“工件上参与淬火变形部位”这个概念。但是，面对一个实际的工件，要回答“哪些部位参与了淬火变形？哪些部位没有参与淬火变形？”却很不容易。由于这样的原因，在前面对整体淬火变形问题的讨论中，我们实际上认为整个工件都参与了淬火变形。但是，在感应局部加热淬火、火焰局部加热淬火以及激光局部加热淬火等热处理中，从加热到淬火冷却都不涉及整个工件。     

高频淬火工艺对轻型车制动槽淬火变形的影响

通过对轻型车制动器齿轮制动槽的高频淬火工艺研究,指出了减少该类工件淬火变形的有效方法,提高了工件淬火质量。对减少类似工件的淬火变形具有一定的借鉴作用。     

圆柱形工件淬火变形的反击校直

对于圆柱形工件的淬火变形,大多数采用“热点法”校直;反击校直仅仅用在薄片工件的淬火变形上。根据我们对许多圆柱形工件进行的试验证明:用反击法校直圆柱形工件的淬火变形,可     

工件的淬火变形机理及预防措施

淬火过程中的快速冷却在工件内部产生的内应力是导致淬火变形的根本原因。详细探讨影响工件淬火变形的主要因素，提出了相应的预防措施。     

怎样防止轴類在火焰淬火时的变形

火焰淬火是在工件的表面加热,而且加热时间很急速,当热量还来不及传到工件的中心时,就被冷却水激冷了。因此,一般说来,用这种方法淬火,在工件内部所产生的淬火应力并不大,所以变形也很小。但根据我们在工作中的记录,如果工件的形状比较复杂,或者形状虽然很简单,但由于工件在淬火时的夹持方法不妥当,或工件曾经校直处理而没有消除校直应力,也同样会在淬火后产生很大的变形,使工件退修或报废。     

预变形淬火减小变形的热处理方法

我厂生产一批导套工件,材料为35CrMo,形状尺寸见图。技术要求为HRC36～42,热处理变形<0.30毫米。热处理工艺为预热—860℃加热保温—油淬 回火处理。按此常规工艺,工件淬火后弯曲变形大,一般为0.50～0.60毫米,最大的达到1毫米。由于工件长度短,直径较大,形状较复杂,淬火变形后,较难校直。因此解决淬火后的弯曲变形是关键问题。我们分析和试验了工件的变形规律。由于工件上有一条纵向     

机械加工残留应力对淬火变形的影响及补救

钢件在热处理淬火中产生的变形与开裂原因是比较复杂的,由于机械加工应力增大了热处理淬火变形,而使工件尺寸超差产生废品的情况时有发生。但对于几何形状不对称而易产生翘曲变形的工件(模具),也可以利用机械加工残留应力的影响来控制和减小淬火时的变形。     

冷却介质与淬火变形

初涉热处理工艺的人容易产生这样的认识：淬火介质的冷却速度越快，工件的淬火变形就越大。事实上，淬火介质的选择问题不这么简单。淬火变形超差成为问题，一定是在工件不淬裂且淬火硬度和淬硬层深度都能满足要求的前提下提出来的。因此，任何在特定条件下淬火的一种工件，都有最适合它的淬火介质的冷却速度范围。过快的冷却速度会引起淬火开裂和超差的淬火变形；而过慢的冷却速度不仅不能把工件淬硬，引起的淬火变形问题往往更加严重。一般说，油性介质的冷却速度较慢，而水性介质的冷却速度则可能很快。     

怎样防止轴类在火焰淬火时的变形

火焰淬火是在工件的表面加热,而且加热时间很急速,当热量还来不及传到工件的中心时,就被冷却水激冷了。因此,一般说来,用这种方法淬火,在工件内部所产生的淬火应力并不大,所以变形也很小。但根据我们在工作中的记录,如果工件的形状比较复杂,或者形状虽然很简单,但由于工件在淬火时的夹持方法不妥当,或工件曾经校直处理而没有消除校直应力,也同样会在淬火后产生很大的变形,使工件退修或报废。当轴类工件进行火焰表面淬火的时候,虽然只是局部的表面加     

薄板件淬火夹具

簿板形工件热处理淬火时不易操作,碎火后极易变形,须增加校直及去应力回火工序,这既延长了生产周期,又增加了电能消耗。为了提高薄板形工件的质量,提高热处理工作效率,我们对图1所示的厚度为2mm的工件进行了普通加热淬火。淬火后,工件的变形率由原来的百分之百降至百分之一,淬火后不再需要校直工     

多移动微小型机器人编队控制与协作避碰研究

针对多移动微小型机器人系统的协作避碰和队形保持,给出了一种分布式的编队控制方法。结合移动微小型机器人的运动控制模型,提出了一种路径规划方法,使其在运动中实时避免碰撞。在此基础上利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)法设计了一种编队控制器。在有界误差范围内,该控制器能够保证多机器人的轨迹跟踪和协作避碰。通过将编队控制转化为跟踪整个队形质心的轨迹,降低了控制的复杂度,从而可以较好地应用到计算资源有限的多移动微小型机器人中。通过仿真、分析和对比,对以上控制方法的稳定性和可行性进行了验证,并进行了实际的编队和避碰控制实验。实验结果表明该方法可有效地应用于多移动微小型机器人的协作避碰和编队控制。     

Characteristics and mechanism of top burr formation in slotting microchannels using arrayed thin slotting cutters

This paper investigates the characteristics and mechanism of top burr formation, and the influence of cutting conditions on top burr formation in slotting microchannels on stainless steel (SS304L) using arrayed thin slotting cutters. Saw-like top burr that is a combination of Poisson part and tear part was observed in the experiments. A 3D finite element model was developed for analysis of the top burr formation processes. The mechanism of top burr formation was proposed based on a series of stress contours and the progressive deformation of microchannel edge obtained from simulation. The process of top burr formation can be divided into four stages: Poisson part initiation, Poisson part development, tear part formation and tear part toppling. The top burr height was found to be largely determined by feed and cutting speed, while the top burr width was found to be strongly influenced by cutting depth, feed and cutting speed.     

润滑油基础油高温氧化沉积特性的研究

通过对比研究，利用加压差示扫描量热双峰法考察了加氢异构脱蜡基础油和溶剂精制基础及其不同组分的高温氧化及沉积物生成特性，并对添加剂的影响进行了研究。结果表明：异构脱蜡基础油和饱和烃的氧化安定性分别低于溶剂精制基础油和芳烃组分，但抗沉积物生成特性好于后者.添加剂对两种基础油氧化安定性有不同的影响，但会导致沉积物增多。     

Micro-burr formation and minimization through process control

This paper presents an investigation on micro-burr formation in machining. Micro-cutting is compared with conventional cutting in terms of cutting process characteristic and cutting conditions. In this paper, tungsten–carbide micro-mills were used to cut holes (in a drilling-like process) to investigate top burr formation. The size and type of burr created in stainless steel 304 are studied as a function of machining variables, which are feed, cutting speed and cutting edge radius, to help illuminate the micro-burr formation mechanisms. A series of experiments was conducted to study tool life as a function of cutting conditions. Tool life, here, is defined as the number of holes created before a significant increase in burr height. Based on experimental results, contour charts for predicting burr formation as well as tool life are developed to minimize burr formation and to improve tool life. The model, which includes the effect of feed, cutting speed, and the interaction between the two, predicted the burr height and tool life values with an accuracy of about ±15%.     

Morphology evolution and micro-mechanism of chip formation during high-speed machining

In this paper, the morphology and micro-mechanism of chip formation during high-speed machining aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is investigated based on the combination of dislocation theory and plastic deformation theory. Experiments of quick stop stoppage for turning and special method (Buda) for milling process were carried out in order to obtain shear angle in different cutting speeds. The results show that effective flow stress and temperature in front edge zone is higher and more concentrated than that in other deformation zones. The shear front-lamellar structure was observed and analyzed in the front edge zone which influences the chip formation directly. The influence of cutting speed on chip formation was analyzed by simulation and experiments. Cutting speed is an important factor affecting the morphology evolution and chip formation. When the cutting speed is below 1500 m/min, the concentration of shear stress and the shear front-lamella structure of cutting deformation are more remarkable and easier for forming continuous ribbon chips. With the cutting speed increase, the ribbon chip transforms into serrated chip when a critical cutting speed (2500 m/min) is reached. Finally, microscopic mechanism of chip formation has been revealed and critical condition of the shear front—the layer structure formation—has been determined.     

疲劳失效预测的研究现状和发展趋势

综述了国内外有关疲劳失效的判断、疲劳强度理论及其应用、疲劳失效预测方面的研究现状。分别对常用的理论和方法进行了介绍,指出了不同理论和方法的优缺点。重点介绍了疲劳裂纹形成的失效预测方法,按疲劳裂纹形成失效预测的基本假定和控制参数大致分为名义应力法、局部应力应变法、场强法和能量法等。根据断裂力学的相关理论所建立的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的相关预测方法在寿命预测中具有越来越重要的地位,对疲劳失效预测进一步的发展方向进行了展望。     

Antiwear Tribofilm Formation on Steel Surfaces Lubricated With Gear Oil Containing Borate,Phosphorus, and Sulfur Additives

The formation of antiwear tribofilms plays a critical role in the longevity of automotive gears. The focus of this experimental study was on the lubrication efficacy of gear oils with different contents of borate-, phosphorus-, and sulfur-containing additives leading to the formation of protective tribofilms. Experiments were performed with AISI 52100 steel balls sliding against AISI 52100 steel disks in baths of different oils at ambient (～32 °C) and elevated (～100 °C) temperatures under load and speed conditions favoring sliding in the boundary lubrication regime. Friction coefficient responses accompanied by electrical contact voltage measurements provided real-time information about the formation and durability of the antiwear tribofilms. The wear resistance of the tribochemical films was quantified by wear rate data obtained from surface profilometry measurements of wear tracks on the disk specimens and sliding tests performed at ambient temperatures after the formation of the tribofilms during elevated-temperature sliding. Results indicate a strong dependence of tribofilm formation on temperature and type of additives. The slightly lower friction and higher wear resistance obtained at elevated temperatures with blended oils is attributed to the increased chemical reactivity of additives containing borate, phosphorus, and sulfur, leading to the formation of durable tribofilms. Relatively higher wear resistance and faster tribofilm formation were obtained with the borate-enriched gear oil formulations.     

空化水射流的形成方法及其应用研究

空化水射流是一项可应用于国民经济众多工业领域的新技术。文章主要综述了空化水射流形成方法的研究现状以及空化水射流的应用状况,它为拓展空化水射流的形成方法和扩展空化水射流的应用范围提供了可借鉴的研究思路。     

中厚板弯曲模试验与数据分析

通过中厚板弯曲成形试验，获取典型样件弯曲成形试验的回弹数据，并对数据进行整理、分析，为中厚板弯曲成形模的设计提供可靠的依据，提高其设计水平和弯曲成形质量。     

球面滚子塑性成形及后续加工工艺

采用塑性成形工艺加工的球面滚子内部组织致密、金属流线好,材料利用率高,且生产效率高。介绍了球面滚子塑性成形技术及后续加工工艺的特点和方法。