中老年ST段抬高型心绞痛患者动态心电图与冠状动脉造影分析

为了解中老年ST段抬高型心绞痛患者的动态心电图特点及冠状动脉 (简称冠脉 )病变情况 ,对 18例动态心电图显示ST段抬高型心绞痛患者进行冠脉造影。结果 :变异型心绞痛发作时ST段呈多种形态上抬 ,且不断演变。 18例患者均有有意义冠脉狭窄 ,冠脉狭窄程度与ST段上抬幅度并非一一对应关系。结论 :冠脉狭窄的基础上发生痉挛可能是中老年ST段抬高型心绞痛患者的发生基础 ,心绞痛发作时ST段形态不断演变值得进一步研究。     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变的临床意义

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变与冠状动脉造影(CAG)所见冠状动脉病变部位的关系及其临床意义。方法 187例急性下壁心肌梗死患者,按入院时18导心电图胸前导联ST段改变分为3组,ST段无变化组(47例),ST段抬高组(16例),ST段压低组(124例);所有患者均行CAG。结果急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段抬高时多为右冠状动脉(RCA)近段闭塞(14例,82.3%),尤其是伴圆锥支动脉闭塞,与RCA中远端闭塞(2例,5.9%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且14例(73.7%)伴有右心功能不全和血流动力学障碍。下壁心肌梗死胸前导联ST段压低者可见于RCA、回旋支(LCX)闭塞及RCA、LCX闭塞与前降支(LAD)、对角支(D)病变的不同组合,其中LCX闭塞伴RCA病变者多表现为朐前ST V_4～V_6的压低,RCA闭塞伴LAD近端病变多有胸前ST V_1～V_6的压低,RCA伴D病变胸前ST V_1～V_3压低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性下壁心肌梗死合并胸前导联ST段抬高表明为RCA近段或丌口闭塞且多伴右心室心肌梗死和心功能不全;下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段压低提示为多支病变,ST V_1～V_3压低多伴有对角支严重狭窄,STV_1～V_6压低多伴有前降支的严重狭窄。     

平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠状动脉病变部位定位诊断的意义

目的探讨平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠心病的诊断价值及对冠状动脉病变部位定位诊断的意义。方法分析8例无心肌梗死而运动诱发ST段抬高的运动心电图及冠状动脉造影检查结果。结果8例患者冠脉造影均显示有程度不等的血管狭窄(50%￣100%);ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好对应关系。结论无心梗患者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高是冠脉痉挛或冠脉严重狭窄所致心肌局部缺血的标志,且对预测冠状动脉病变部位有一定意义。     

心电图检查在急性心肌梗死靶血管定位中的应用

目的 观察心电图（ECG）检查在急性心肌梗死（AMI）靶血管定位中的应用.方法 将经明确诊断为AMI的274例患者按ECG的ST段抬高与否分为急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI） 186例与急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死（NSTEMI）88例,计数两组病例中ECG与冠脉造影（GAG）阳性病例数,比较ECG定位与CAG检查结果,比较两组CAG结果,并进行统计学分析.结果 274例患者中,CAG阳性者267例,其中ECG有改变者245例,CAG阴性者7例,其中ECG有改变者5例.ECG诊断AMI的检出阳性率为89.4％,敏感性为90.3％,特异性为42.9％.ECG定位梗死部位为广泛前壁39例,经CAG检查病变部位为左前降支（LAD）6例、右冠脉（RCA） ＋LAD5例、LAD＋左回旋支（LCX）13例、RCA ＋LCX2例、多支病变13例;EGG定位梗死部位为正前壁46例,经CAG检查病变部位为LAD 12例、RCA＋ LAD 1例、LAD＋ LCX 13例、多支病变20例;ECG定位梗死部位为前侧壁34例,经CAG检查病变部位为RCA2例、LAD14例、LCX3例、RCA ＋LAD 2例、LAD ＋LCX 5例、多支病变8例;ECG定位梗死部位为前间壁13例,经CAG检查正常2例、病变部位为LAD2例、LCX2例、RCA＋ LAD 2例、LAD ＋LCX 1例、多支病变4例;ECG定位梗死部位为下壁51例,经GAG检查正常2例、病变部位为RCA 16例、LCX6例、RCA ＋LAD 7例、RCA ＋LCX4例、多支病变16例;ECG定位梗死部位为下侧壁45例,经GAG检查病变部位为RCA6例、LCX9例、RCA ＋LAD 6例、RCA ＋LCX 6例、多支病变18例.与NSTEMI组比较,STEMI组单支病变比例高（P＜0.05）,侧支循环及慢性钙化闭塞性病变比例低（P＜0.01）.结论 ECG对于AMI靶血管的判断具有较好的提示作用,可用于初步判断AMI病变的靶血管.     

平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠心病的诊断价值

目的探讨平板运动试验（TET）诱发ST段抬高对冠心病的诊断价值。方法回顾我院11例无心肌梗死而TET诱发ST段抬高患者,分析其TET心电图及冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查结果。结果 1例CAG未见固定狭窄。10例均有不同程度冠脉病变（其中1例为单支病变,9例为多支病变）,有8例冠状动脉狭窄程度达90%以上。ST段抬高导联与缺血相关冠状动脉有良好的对应关系。结论无心肌梗死者TET诱发的ST段抬高,提示冠脉痉挛或冠脉严重狭窄,且指示的缺血区域与病变冠脉一致。     

动态心电图一过性ST段抬高对变异性心绞痛冠脉病变的诊断价值

目的:通过动态心电图观察一过性ST段抬高对变异性心绞痛冠脉病变的诊断价值。方法;对28例动态心电图有一过性ST段抬高患者行冠状动脉造影检查。结果:28例变异性心绞通患者中,冠脉造影检查示冠状动脉伴有意义狭窄者共26例,其中狭窄>75％者达19例(占68％);>75％狭窄者:ST段抬高在>0.2 mV,≤0.2 mV者中分别占85％(17/20),25％(2/8),二者差异显著(P<0.05);在ST段抬高最长持续叶间<3分钟者,≥3分钟者中分别占36％(4/11),88％(15/17),二者差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:变异性心绞痛更易于在有病变的冠状动脉上发生,当冠脉痉挛发生时,ST抬高的时间、高度与冠脉狭窄的程度呈正相关。     

非典型性冠状动脉痉挛患者的临床特点及近期预后

目的总结非典型性冠状动脉痉挛患者的临床特点。方法选择临床具有静息性胸痛或胸闷,且冠状动脉造影无显著狭窄的64例患者进行乙酰胆碱冠状动脉痉挛激发试验,将乙酰胆碱试验阳性即冠状动脉痉挛患者根据胸痛或胸闷发作时心电图上是否有ST段抬高分为典型变异型心绞痛组（典型组）和非典型变异型心绞痛性冠状动脉痉挛组（非典型组）,比较两组的临床症状特点（危险因素、心电图和核素心肌灌注显像负荷试验结果以及冠状动脉造影和乙酰胆碱试验的影像学）。结果共有46例（72％,46／64）患者诱发冠状动脉痉挛,其中典型组和非典型组分别为12及34例。典型组的平均年龄偏低（P〈0．05）,血脂代谢紊乱在非典型组更常见,运动心电图试验两组多为阴性,核素灌注心肌显像负荷试验两组均表现有反向再分布,冠状动脉造影典型组多为轻度局限性狭窄或节段性内膜不光滑,肌桥发生率更高,乙酰胆碱试验多诱发节段性痉挛。而非典型组为弥漫性血管细小、内膜不光滑、僵硬,血管迂曲伴远端血流缓慢,乙酰胆碱试验多诱发弥漫性血管痉挛,并可见多支血管同时痉挛。结论非典型性冠状动脉痉挛较典型变异型心绞痛更常见,且具有一定的特征性,应引起临床医生高度重视。     

静息状态下心电图指标对冠心病多支病变诊断价值的比较

目的探讨静息状态下常规十二导联心电图对冠心病患者（非急性心肌梗死、无胸痛发作状态）冠状动脉（冠脉）多支病变的诊断价值。方法观察分析1999年11月至2006年1月于济南市第四人民医院心内科入院拟诊不稳定型心绞痛行冠状动脉造影（CAG）患者（104例）的造影资料及CAG前ECG资料。选择性多体位左、右冠状动脉造影,以左主干、前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉中任一支狭窄≥50%者为阳性,将患者分为阴性组（8例）、多支病变组[30例,LAD+LCX+RCA和（或）左主干病变]和非多支病变组（66例,单支病变+双支病变）。其中,左主干病变14例（可并发单支、双支或3支病变）。计数各组病例心电图aVR导联ST段抬高病例数、异常导联数、ST段移位绝对值之和、异常导联数+ST段移位绝对值之和、ST段时间,进行统计学分析。结果异常导联数+ST移位、异常导联数、ST段时间、aVR导联ST段抬高,多支病变组与非多支病变组比较有显著差异。异常导联数+ST移位、异常导联数和ST移位的敏感性显著高于aVR导联ST抬高,异常导联数+ST移位的敏感性明显高于ST移位。aVR导联ST抬高和ST移位特异性最好,两者之间无明显差异。结论异常导联数+ST移位、异常导联数、ST移位是诊断冠心病多支病变的敏感指标,且均优于aVR导联ST抬高;异常导联数+ST移位的敏感性明显高于ST移位。     

急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与相关冠状动脉阻塞的关系

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死时心电图ST段改变与相关冠状动脉阻塞的关系。方法对30例急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与冠状动脉造影结果对比分析。结果急性心肌梗死部位下壁12例、下壁+正后壁5例、下壁+右心室8例、下壁+前壁5例。其中单支病变10例,双支病变12例,三支病变8例。右冠状动脉狭窄87.7%,左回旋支狭窄12.2%。ST段抬高Ⅲ>Ⅱ,压低aVL>Ⅰ,诊断右冠状动脉阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为95.0%、93.4%。V4导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值>0.5,可诊断左回旋支阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为84.9%和79.4%,ST段抬高Ⅰ>aVL、压低Ⅱ>Ⅲ,提示左回旋支阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为52.1%和78%。结论急性下壁心肌梗死心电图ST段抬高Ⅲ>Ⅱ、ST段压低aVL>Ⅰ,提示右冠状动脉阻塞,V4导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值>0.5,ST段抬高Ⅰ>aVL、ST段压低Ⅱ>Ⅲ,提示左回旋支阻塞。     

12导动态心电图诊断变异型心绞痛1例

以ST段压低的阵发性心肌缺血在Holter上报道较多．但用12导动态心电图诊断短暂的一过性冠状动脉痉挛致ST段抬高的变异性心绞痛报道较少。现将我院1例用美国PI公司128兆12导动态心电图诊断短暂冠状动脉痉挛致变异型心绞痛1例报道如下。     

临床心电图和外周血管超声对冠状动脉病变预测价值的临床研究

目的 探讨心电图和外周血管超声对冠状动脉病变的预测价值.方法 回顾性分析168例冠心病患者联合心电图和外周血管超声与冠状动脉造影（CAG） 资料.根据CAG确定病变范围,通过分析心电图,多导联ST-T改变,如aVR 导联ST 段抬高＞0.05 mV,且合并≥6个导联ST段压低（幅度越大预测性越高）或aVR导联ST 抬高大于V1导联ST 段抬高,联合颈动脉和股动脉超声检测,提示外周动脉硬化积分与冠状动脉硬化狭窄积分呈正相关.结果 ①多支病变组心电图改变特点与非多支病变组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.②与非冠心病组比较,冠心病组颈股动脉内膜增厚和斑块形成率增高（P＜0.05）.冠状动脉多支病变组颈股动脉斑块形成率高于其他两组（P＜0.05）.③冠状动脉多支病变组颈股动脉粥样硬化IMT与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,与单支病变组比较差异亦有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 联合心电图和外周血管超声检测预测冠状动脉多支血管病变、左主干病变准确性高,临床检测方便,适合基层推广.     

Diagnostic and prognostic value of Holter-detected ST-segment deviation in unselected patients with chest pain referred for coronary angiography: a long-term follow-up analysis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of ST-segment deviation detected by ambulatory Holter monitoring in unselected chest pain patients referred for coronary angiography. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-seven patients (71% were men) who underwent coronary angiography for evaluation of chest pain were studied with 24-h ambulatory Holter monitoring within 72 h of angiography. A lumen diameter reduction of > or = 50% was considered coronary artery disease. The ST-segment deviation was defined as > or = 1-mm deviation from the baseline lasting > or = 1 min separated by a minimum of 1 min. The patients were followed up for 65 +/- 21 months (mean +/- SD) for occurrences of death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, and need for revascularization. RESULTS: Of the 277 patients, 223 (80%) had coronary artery disease. The prevalence of coronary artery disease was not significantly different in patients with (43 of 48 patients; 90%) and without (180 of 229 patients; 79%) Holter-detected ST-segment deviation. The diagnostic accuracy of Holter-detected ST-segment deviation in predicting the presence of coronary artery disease was poor (33%), with a sensitivity of 19% and a specificity of 91%. The presence of Holter-detected ST-segment deviation was not predictive of future cardiac events or death. CONCLUSION: The ST-segment changes detected on ambulatory Holter monitoring are of limited value in identifying coronary artery disease and predicting the future adverse cardiac events or death in unselected patients with chest pain.     

冠心病患者内皮素水平的变化及其与冠脉病变的关系

目的：探讨冠心病患者血浆内皮素（ET）水平变化与冠状动脉病变的关系.方法：选择2012年12月至2013年12月在我院心内科住院确诊的冠心病患者130例,其中稳定型心绞痛（SAP）、不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）各40例,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）、ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）各25例;多支血管病变58例,单支病变72例.冠状动脉造影正常者50名为非冠心病正常对照组.检测各组ET浓度并进行比较分析.结果：（1）冠心病各组血浆ET水平均显著高于非冠心病对照组（P均＜0.01）;STEMI组、NSTEMI组血浆ET水平显著高于UAP组和SAP组[（95.6±14.7） pg/ml、（89.6±11.2） pg/ml比（67.2±8.5） pg/ml比（35.7±5.8） pg/m门,且UAP组显著高于SAP组（P均＜0.01）,STEMI组和NSTEMI两组间比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）;（2）冠心病组中多支血管病变组血浆ET水平显著高于单支血管病变组[（81.3±12.6） pg/ml比（64.5±10.3） pg/ml],P＜0.01.结论：冠心病患者血内皮素水平显著升高,其检测对于观察病情、判断预后有重要临床意义.     

Huge ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias in vasospastic angina diagnosed by Holter monitoring

We report a case of a 67 year old man with a recent history of sporadic chest pain and palpitations. After a normal, maximal stress test he underwent 24-hours Holter monitoring that showed two short periods of huge ST segment elevation associated with non sustained ventricular tachycardia and chest pain, referable to coronary spasm. Coronary angiogram showed significant atherosclerotic stenosis in the right coronary artery treated by angioplasty and bare metal stent implantation. Holter monitoring is a non-invasive and low-cost examination that can give valuable informations; it should be reserved for selected patients when vasospastic angina is suspected.     

非心肌梗死冠心病患者运动致ST段抬高的临床意义

目的 研究运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率及其临床意义。方法 2004年6月至2006年6月共有4601例患者接受了运动平板试验,其中有15例非心肌梗死患者出现ST段抬高,对这15例患者的临床特点与冠状动脉造影结果进行分析。结果 15例（3．2‰）运动致ST段抬高患者中,男性13例,女性2例,年龄40-75岁。单支病变者6例（40％）,2支病变者6例（40％）,3支病变者3例（20％）;12例（80％）累及前降支,1例（6．6％）累及左主干,7例累及右冠状动脉,在累及前降支及左主干13例患者中有8例为重度狭窄病变（狭窄程度为90％-100％）,所有ST段抬高的导联均与病变血管的供血部位一致。结论 运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率非常低,多因冠状动脉有严重的固定性狭窄,特别是前降支,可根据出现ST段抬高的导联判断缺血心肌的部位。     

12导联动态心电图ST段压低诊断冠心病的价值

目的探讨24h12导联动态心电图ST段压低诊断冠心病的临床意义。方法将163例12导联动态心电图检查有缺血性ST段压低伴或不伴典型胸痛患者分为两组（A组ST段压低伴典型胸痛者88例，B组ST段压低不伴典型胸痛或无症状者75例），并与冠状动脉造影进行对比分析。结果A组88例冠状动脉造影明显狭窄79例，其中单支病变44例，双支病变25例，3支病变10例，而B组75例冠状动脉造影明显狭窄15例。以冠状动脉造影阳性为标准，A组对冠心病的诊断阳性率为89．77％，特异性为80．00％，准确度为85．28％。而B组阳性率仅为20．00％，两组阳性率差异有非常显著性意义（χ^2=80．75，P〈0．01）。结论12导联动态心电图检查缺血性ST段压低伴有典型胸痛，诊断冠心病的价值要优于仅有ST段改变者，前者阳性率和准确度较高，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Differentiating the infarct-related artery on initial electrocardiogram in single or multi-vessel disease in acute inferior myocardial infarction and evaluating involvement of vessels using correspondence analysis

Initial electrocardiography changes were compared prospectively with the findings of coronary angiography to predict the infarct-related artery (IRA) in cases of single- and multi-vessel disease and to demonstrate the relationship between other coexisting coronary involvements and IRA in patients who presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction (AMI). ST elevations or depressions of at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) were evaluated in the leads I, aVL, and V1-V6. Of the 160 patients hospitalized due to inferior AMI, 153 (96%) underwent coronary angiography using standard methods. The angiograms were screened for stenotic lesions using quantitative coronary angiography to confirm significance, which was considered >50% vessel lumen diameter reduction. Among single-vessel involvements, the IRA was either the circumflex artery (Cx) or right coronary artery (RCA). In conditions in which IRA was detected as either Cx or RCA, 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel involvements were also detected. Correspondence analysis was performed to show the vessel involvements accompanying IRA. Compared with patients with IRA as RCA, the presence of ST depressions in the leads V1 or V2 and aVL were more frequently seen in patients with IRA as Cx (p=0.000, p=0.015, respectively). Among all vessel involvements in which IRA was either Cx or RCA, a ST-segment depression in leads V1 or V2 (p=0.000) and aVL (p=0.000) and a ST-segment elevation in lead I (p=0.005) were considered to be significant for Cx, and a ST-segment depression in lead I for RCA involvement (p=0.010). According to correspondence analysis, the most frequent single-vessel involvement seen in inferior AMI was RCA; when IRA was RCA, a multi-vessel involvement included RCA and Cx; and when IRA was Cx, a single-vessel involvement included the left anterior descending (LAD) artery most frequently, and RCA+LAD less frequently (p=0.000). In inferior AMI, RCA was the most common IRA; however, the possibility of multi-vessel disease is increased when Cx is found to be the IRA. In patients presenting with inferior AMI, the presence of ST-depression in the leads aVL and V1-2 is a sensitive finding that indicates Cx stenosis rather than RCA stenosis and is not affected by coexisting other coronary artery involvements.     

变异型心绞痛的临床特征和诊治分析

目的总结变异型心绞痛的临床特征和诊断治疗状况。方法回顾性分析我院连续住院172例变异型心绞痛患者的临床特征、诊断方法和治疗措施。结果患者平均年龄50.7±9.9岁(男:女=8.6),75%的患者有吸烟史。确诊所需时间中位数为2.5个月,确诊时间≥6个月占43%。22.1%患者伴发心律失常,以缓慢性心律失常为主。155例行冠状动脉造影检查,冠状动脉无显著狭窄74例(47.7%),单支、双支和三支病变分别为47例(30.3%)、24例(15.5%)和10例(6.5%)。138例有心绞痛发作时心电图并行冠状动脉造影,冠脉痉挛发生在造影显示完全正常的冠脉占49.3%,发生在具有显著狭窄病变(≥50%)的冠脉占39.9%,右冠脉易发生痉挛。56例(32.6%)行介入或冠状动脉搭桥治疗,158例(91.9%)联合硝酸酯类和钙拮抗剂治疗。结论变异型心绞痛仍是易忽视的疾病,约50%患者冠状动脉正常,右冠状动脉痉挛更常见,治疗以药物为主。     

Detection of silent myocardial ischemia by Holter monitoring and its relation to severity of coronary artery disease

Thirty-five patients of chronic stable angina, unstable angina and post MI angina, who were on medical treatment, underwent 24 hours Holter monitoring and coronary angiography to find out the incidence of Silent Myocardial Ischemia (SMI) and its relation to anatomic severity of coronary artery disease. Total duration of Holter monitoring was 835.32 hours (average 23.40 hours per patient) with 48 ischemic episodes out of which 16 were painful and 32 painless. Total duration of painful episodes was 189 minutes and that of painless episodes was 428 minutes (70% was constituted by SMI). Out of 35 patients, 6 (17.14%) had SMI; 2 of 17 (11.7%) of chronic stable angina, 2 of 8 (25%) of unstable angina, and 2 of 10 (20%) of post-infarction angina patients. On analysis of coronary angiogram, all 6 (100%) patients with SMI, and only 22 out of 29 (76%) without SMI, had severe multiple coronary artery disease. Thus, although the overall incidence of SMI in this series is low, its presence invariably indicates a severe degree of coronary artery disease.     

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with postinfarction angina caused by coronary artery spasm

Clinical features and the course of 15 patients with postinfarction angina caused by coronary artery spasm are described. Episodes of postinfarction angina in the patients recurred at rest in the early recovery phase and were accompanied by transient ST-segment elevation. The area where ST-segment elevations were demonstrated on a 12-lead ECG always included the leads with newly developed abnormal Q waves. Pain resolved spontaneously or after sublingual nitroglycerin in several minutes. Holter ECGs during a 24-h period demonstrated frequent episodes of ST-segment elevation that were not always associated with chest pain. Treatment with calcium antagonist and/or nitrates effectively suppressed angina, and only one patient developed reinfarction. The patient's subjective symptoms were abolished by diltiazem and isosorbide dinitrate. A Holter ECG of the patient revealed silent ST-segment elevations before and after the reinfarction and an increase of the drugs completely suppressed the recurrence of silent ischemic ECG changes. Coronary arteriograms were obtained from 8 patients, which demonstrated more than 75% segmental stenosis on one coronary artery in 5 patients and no significant obstruction in the remaining 3. All patients performed a treadmill exercise stress test before discharge and most demonstrated excellent tolerance. All patients experienced no form of chest pain for an average of 25 months follow-up under medication. We conclude that among patients with postinfarction angina, those cases caused by coronary artery spasm have a relatively good prognosis.