Growth of gem-grade nitrogen-doped diamond crystals heavily doped with the addition of Ba（N3）2

Additive Ba(N 3) 2 as a source of nitrogen is heavily doped into the graphite-Fe-based alloy system to grow nitrogendoped diamond crystals under a relatively high pressure (about 6.0 GPa) by employing the temperature gradient method.Gem-grade diamond crystal with a size of around 5 mm and a nitrogen concentration of about 1173 ppm is successfully synthesised for the first time under high pressure and high temperature in a China-type cubic anvil highpressure apparatus.The growth habit of diamond crystal under the environment with high degree of nitrogen doping is investigated.It is found that the morphologies of heavily nitrogen-doped diamond crystals are all of octahedral shape dominated by {111} facets.The effects of temperature and duration on nitrogen concentration and form are explored by infrared absorption spectra.The results indicate that nitrogen impurity is present in diamond predominantly in the dispersed form accompanied by aggregated form,and the aggregated nitrogen concentration in diamond increases with temperature and duration.In addition,it is indicated that nitrogen donors are more easily incorporated into growing crystals at higher temperature.Strains in nitrogen-doped diamond crystal are characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy.Measurement results demonstrate that the undoped diamond crystals exhibit the compressive stress,whereas diamond crystals heavily doped with the addition of Ba(N 3) 2 display the tensile stress.     

B2O3添加宝石级金刚石单晶的生长特性

利用温度梯度法, 在5.3-5.7 GPa压力、1200-1600 ℃的温度条件下, 将B₂O₃粉添加到FeNiMnCo+C合成体系内, 进行B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的合成. 研究得到了FeNiMnCo触媒生长B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的相图分布规律. 结果表明B₂O₃添加会使晶体生长的“V”形区上移和低温六面体单晶生长区间变宽. 通过晶体生长实验, 研究合成了不同形貌的B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶. 研究同时证实, B₂O₃的过量添加会对宝石级金刚石单晶生长带来不利影响. 当B₂O₃的添加量高于约3 wt‰、生长时间超过20 h时, 很难实现优质B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的生长. 但B₂O₃的适量添加(不超过1 wt‰), 有助于提高低温板状六面体宝石级金刚石单晶的成品率. 通过对晶体生长速度的研究发现, B₂O₃的添加使得优质晶体的生长速度明显降低, 随着晶体生长时间的延长, B₂O₃添加剂对晶体生长的抑制作用会越发明显. 扫描电镜测试结果表明, 合成体系内B₂O₃添加剂的引入, 导致晶体表面的平整度明显下降.     

籽晶{100}面形状对高温高压合成金刚石大单晶的影响

选用不同形状的{100}金刚石籽晶面,以NiMnCo合金为触媒,利用温度梯度法在压力为5.5 GPa、温度为1260～1300 ℃的条件下,合成Ib型金刚石大单晶。通过光学显微镜和电子显微镜对晶体的形貌进行表征。研究发现,将合成籽晶的{100}晶面切割成不同形状,只会令晶体的长宽比发生改变,晶体并不会因籽晶形状的改变而偏离{100}晶体的正常形貌。晶体的合成质量受到籽晶长宽比的影响：在籽晶长宽比较小的情况下,晶体的合成质量能够得到保证;但当籽晶长宽比过大时,合成晶体的下表面出现较多缺陷。关于籽晶形状对晶体生长情况影响的研究,揭示了籽晶形状与合成晶体形貌之间的关系,有利于更深入理解晶体的生长过程和外延生长机理,对于今后合成不同形貌的金刚石具有借鉴意义。同时此项研究有助于扩大籽晶的选取范围,降低籽晶的选择难度,提升工业级金刚石的利用率,为合成金刚石大单晶的籽晶选取提供了技术支持。

     

合成腔体尺寸对Ib型六面体金刚石单晶生长的影响

利用液压缸直径为550 mm的大缸径六面顶压机, 在5.6 GPa, 1200-1400 ℃的高压高温条件下, 分别采用单晶种法和多晶种法, 开展了Ib型六面体宝石级金刚石单晶的生长研究, 系统考察了合成腔体尺寸对Ib型六面体金刚石大单晶生长的影响. 首先, 阐述了合成腔体尺寸对合成设备油压传递效率的影响, 研究得到了设备油压与腔体内实际压力的关系曲线; 其次, 选择尺寸为Φ 14 mm的合成腔体, 分别采用单晶种法和多晶种法(5颗晶种), 进行Ib型六面体金刚石大单晶的生长实验, 研究阐述了Φ 14 mm合成腔体的晶体生长实验规律; 再次, 为了解决液压缸直径与合成腔体尺寸不匹配的问题, 将合成腔体尺寸扩大到26 mm, 并开展了多晶种法六面体金刚石大单晶的生长研究, 最多单次生长出14 颗优质3 mm级Ib型六面体金刚石单晶, 研究得到了Φ 26 mm合成腔体生长3 mm级Ib型六面体金刚石单晶的实验规律, 并就两种腔体合成金刚石单晶的总体生长速度与生长时间的关系进行了讨论; 最后, 借助于拉曼光谱, 将合成的优质六面体金刚石单晶与天然金刚石单晶进行对比测试, 对所合成晶体的结构及品质进行了表征.     

Effects of a carbon convection field on large diamond growth under high-pressure high-temperature conditions

Large diamond crystals were successfully synthesized by a FeNi-C system using the temperature gradient method under high-pressure high-temperature conditions. The assembly of the growth cell was improved and the growth process of diamond was investigated. Effects of the symmetry of the carbon convection field around the growing diamond crystal were investigated systematically by adjusting the position of the seed crystal in the melted catalyst/solvent. The results indicate that the morphologies and metal inclusion distributions of the synthetic diamond crystals vary obviously in both symmetric and non-symmetric carbon convection fields with temperature. Moreover, the finite element method was applied to analyze the carbon convection mode of the melted catalyst/solvent around the diamond crystal. This work is helpful for understanding the growth mechanism of diamond.     

高温高压下掺硼宝石级金刚石单晶生长特性的研究

本文在5.1—5.6 GPa,1230—1600℃的压力、温度条件下,以FeNiMnCo作为触媒,进行单质硼添加宝石级金刚石单晶的生长研究.借助于有限元法,对触媒内的温度场进行模拟.研究得到了FeNiMnCo-C-B体系下,金刚石单晶生长的P-T相图.该体系下合成金刚石单晶的最低压力、温度条件分别为5.1 GPa,1230℃左右.研究发现,在单晶同一{111}扇区内部,硼元素呈内多外少的分布规律.有限元模拟结果给出,该分布规律是由在晶体生长过程中,{111}扇区的增长速度逐渐减小所致.{111}晶向的晶体生长实验结果表明,硼元素优先从{111}次扇区进入晶体.研究发现,这是该扇区增长速度相对较快,硼元素扩散逃离可用时间短导致的.另外,同磨料级掺硼金刚石单晶生长相比,对于温度梯度法生长掺硼宝石级金刚石单晶,由于晶体的增厚速度较慢,即使硼添加量相对较高,也可以实现表面无凹坑缺陷的优质金刚石单晶的生长.     

高温高压下氮氢协同掺杂对{100}晶面生长宝石级金刚石的影响

在压力为5.5–6.2 GPa, 温度为1280–1450 ℃的条件下, 利用温度梯度法详细考察了氮氢协同掺杂对100晶面生长宝石级金刚石的影响. 实验结果表明伴随合成腔体内氮、氢浓度的升高, 合成条件明显升高, 金刚石生长V形区间上移; 晶体的红外光谱中与氮相关的吸收峰急剧增强, 氮含量可达2000 ppm, 同时位于2850 cm^-1和2920 cm^-1对应于 sp³杂化 C–H 键的对称伸缩振动和反对称伸缩振动的红外特征峰逐渐增强, 表明晶体中既有高的氮含量, 同时又含有氢. 对晶体进行电镜扫描发现, 氮氢协同掺杂对晶体形貌影响明显, 出现拉长的{111}面, 且晶体表面上有三角形生长纹理. 拉曼测试表明, 晶体的峰位向高频偏移、半峰宽变大, 说明氮、氢杂质的进入对晶体内部产生了应力. 本文成功地以{100}晶面为生长面合成出高氮含氢宝石级金刚石单晶, 在探究氮氢共存环境下金刚石生长特性的同时, 也可为理解天然金刚石的形成机理提供帮助.     

Growth characteristics of type IIa large single crystal diamond with Ti/Cu as nitrogen getter in FeNi–C system

High-quality type IIa large diamond crystals are synthesized with Ti/Cu as nitrogen getter doped in an FeNi–C system at temperature ranging from 1230℃ to 1380℃ and at pressure 5.3–5.9 GPa by temperature gradient method. Different ratios of Ti/Cu are added to the Fe Ni–C system to investigate the best ratio for high-quality type IIa diamond. Then, the different content of nitrogen getter Ti/Cu(Ti : Cu = 4 : 3) is added to this synthesis system to explore the effect on diamond growth. The macro and micro morphologies of synthesized diamonds with Ti/Cu added, whose nitrogen concentration is determined by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), are analyzed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. It is found that the inclusions in the obtained crystals are minimal when the Ti/Cu ratio is 4:3. Furthermore, the temperature interval for diamond growth becomes narrower when using Ti as the nitrogen getter.Moreover, the lower edge of the synthesis temperature of type IIa diamond is 25℃ higher than that of type Ib diamond.With the increase of the content of Ti/Cu(Ti : Cu = 4 : 3), the color of the synthesized crystals changes from yellow and light yellow to colorless. When the Ti/Cu content is 1.7 wt%, the nitrogen concentration of the crystal is less than 1 ppm.The SEM results show that the synthesized crystals are mainly composed by(111) and(100) surfaces, including(311)surface, when the nitrogen getter is added into the synthesis system. At the same time, there are triangular pits and dendritic growth stripes on the crystal surface. This work will contribute to the further research and development of high-quality type IIa diamond.     

添加Fe(C5H5)2合成氢掺杂金刚石大单晶及其表征

在Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅-C体系中添加含氢化合物Fe(C₅H₅)₂作为新型氢源, 利用温度梯度法, 在压力为5.5-6.0 GPa、温度为1280-1400 ℃的条件下, 成功合成出氢掺杂的宝石级金刚石大单晶. 通过傅里叶显微红外光谱发现, 随着Fe(C₅H₅)₂添加量的增加, 合成晶体中与氢相关的对应于sp³杂化C-H键的对称伸缩振动和反对称伸缩振动的红外特征峰2850和2920 cm^-1逐渐增强, 而晶体中氮含量却逐渐减少. 通过合成晶体的拉曼光谱分析发现, 金刚石的拉曼峰伴随Fe(C₅H₅)₂的添加向高频偏移, 这表明氢的进入在金刚石内部产生了压应力. 观察扫描电子显微镜图像发现, 在低含量Fe(C₅H₅)₂添加时晶体表面平滑, 而高含量添加时晶体表面缺陷增多, 且呈现出气孔状. 使用新的添加剂Fe(C₅H₅)₂作为氢源, 合成出含氢宝石级金刚石单晶, 丰富了金刚石单晶中对氢的研究内容, 也可为理解天然金刚石的形成机理提供帮助.     

类天然金刚石的高温高压合成研究

本文利用高温高压(HPHT)法分别合成出普通Ⅰb型、高氮型和高氮含氢型金刚石单晶,然后对金刚石单晶进行高温高压退火处理成功制备出ⅠaA型,ⅠaAB型类天然金刚石大单晶.详细研究了氮在不同退火温度下的聚集行为,及氢存在情况下C心氮的转化情况.研究发现高氮型金刚石中氮的聚集行为直接受退火温度的影响,随着退火温度的上升,氮的...     

有限元法在金刚石合成中的应用进展

金刚石以其优异的性能广泛应用于国防工程、机械加工、电子科技等领域,其需求量也日益增大。有限元法适用于复杂几何结构和物理问题的模拟分析,由此开辟了有限元法应用于金刚石合成和相应设备优化的新途径。阐述了有限元方法在六面顶压机及金刚石合成腔体工艺方面的应用进展。首先,考虑静力、应力强度、应力分布和形变等影响因素,对铰链梁和工作缸进行模拟分析,运用有限元法对顶锤的作用、破坏机理及新型顶锤设计进行探讨;其次,总结有限元法在金刚石腔体内的温度场、压力场、电学场等研究中的应用进展;最后,对有限元法在金刚石合成中的应用前景进行展望。

     

籽晶尺寸对宝石级金刚石单晶生长的影响

本文在国产六面顶压机上,在5.6 GPa, 1250—1450℃的高压高温条件下,分别选用边长0.8, 1.5和2.2 mm三种尺寸的籽晶,系统开展了Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶的生长研究.文中系统考察了籽晶尺寸对宝石级金刚石单晶生长的影响.首先,考察了籽晶尺寸变化对宝石级金刚石单晶裂晶问题带来的影响.研究得到了籽晶尺寸变大,裂晶出现概率增加的晶体生长规律.其次,在25 h的生长时间内,考察了上述三种尺寸籽晶生长金刚石单晶时,生长时间与单晶极限生长速度的关系.得到了选用大尺寸籽晶,可以提高优质单晶合成效率、降低合成成本的研究结论.借助扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜,对三种尺寸籽晶生长金刚石单晶的表面形貌进行了标定.最后,傅里叶微区红外测试,对三种尺寸籽晶生长宝石级金刚石单晶的N杂质含量进行了表征.研究得到了选用大尺寸籽晶实现快速生长金刚石的同时,晶体的N杂质含量会随之升高的晶体生长规律.     

Effects of Mg on diamond growth and properties in Fe–C system under high pressure and high temperature condition

Diamond crystal crystallized in Fe–Mg–C system with Archimedes buoyancy as a driving force is established under high pressure and high temperature conditions. The experimental results indicate that the addition of the Mg element results in the nitrogen concentration increasing from 87 ppm to 271 ppm in the diamond structure. The occurrence of the {100}plane reveals that the surface character is remarkably changed due to the addition of Mg. Micro-Raman spectra indicate that the half width of full maximum is in a range of 3.01 cm~(-1)–3.26 cm~(-1), implying an extremely good quality of diamond specimens in crystallization.     

X-ray study of SnO2 under high pressure and temperature generated with sintered diamond anvils

Abstract

In-situ X-ray diffraction technique using synchrotron radiation was applied for polymorphic transitions in SnO₂ under high pressure and temperature generated with 6–8 type double-stage multianvils made of sintered diamond. At 23.6 GPa, the mixed phases of rutile-type structure (R-SnO₂) and columbite-type (c-SnO₂) were heated: at 700°C peaks of fluorite-type structure (F-SnO₂) began to appear, and at 1000°C, C-SnO₂ and 5m later R-SnO₂ disappeared completely and a single phase of F-SnO₂ was recognized, indicating a direct transition from R-SnO₂ to F-SnO₂. The volume reduction of 5.3% was obtained for C-SnO₂→F-SnO₂ transition.