集雨补灌对玉米生长及产量的影响

该文针对黄土高原半干旱区农业气候资源的特点以及该区降雨年内分布不均、水分供需不平衡的基本特点，以集雨技术及工程设施为基础，通过有限补充灌溉方式，研究了玉米在不同生长时期的补灌水量和覆膜坐水技术带来的增产效果，并分析了集雨补灌对玉米生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响。试验研究表明：在地表水和地下水严重缺乏的旱作区结合不同的微灌方式(该文试验采用滴灌)，在玉米需水关键期进行集雨补充灌溉，增产效果明显，水分利用效率显著增加，表现出需水关键期有限水分供给的高效性。该研究为集雨补灌旱作区节水农业的发展提供理论依据。     

集雨补灌对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响

试验结果表明:集雨补灌显着提高了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,蒸腾速率增大。无论是干旱年份或正常年份,集雨补灌的最佳时期均为拔节期,此期补灌12.24mm,较其它时期等量供水的供水效率提高2～6倍,表现出需水关键期有限水分供给的高效性。     

辽宁主要粮食作物生长季需水与降水耦合度分析

以辽宁省1957−2017年逐日气象数据和研究区作物系数为基础，基于SIMETAW模型计算和分析辽宁主要粮食作物（春玉米、大豆和水稻）需水规律和降水对作物需水的满足程度，以揭示气候变化对该区域粮食作物需水的影响，探究自然降水对主要粮食作物需水的满足程度及其时空变化特征。结果表明：辽宁春玉米、大豆和水稻全生长季需水量多年平均值分别为511.8mm、509.4mm和605.1mm，均呈不显著下降趋势。春玉米和大豆全生长季需水与降水耦合度多年平均值分别为0.821和0.814，即降水分别满足了82.1%和81.4%的需水量，亏缺的17.9%和18.6%仍需播前灌溉或补灌，尤其在西部地区耦合度大于0.8的保证率仅为28.2%和21.1%。水稻全生长季耦合度为0.464，耦合度大于0.4的保证率全省仅为69.1%，西部地区保证率低至36.8%。辽宁4个分区中，3种作物均在东部地区耦合度最大，中部、南部和西部次之。3种作物各生长阶段耦合度呈现生长中期最高，快速生长期次之，初期和成熟期普遍最低。春玉米和大豆生长初期需水与降水耦合度近年来显著上升，3种作物成熟期耦合度则呈显著下降趋势。辽宁省主要粮食作物均需注意春旱和秋旱的发生，及时补充灌溉。在目前降水条件下，辽宁省最适宜种植春玉米，尤其水资源匮乏的西部地区，根据实际情况可适当扩大春玉米种植规模。大豆最适宜在辽宁东部和中部地区种植，水稻在东部和南部地区种植最为适宜。     

集雨补灌春小麦花后干物质积累分配及灌浆特性

研究了集雨补灌条件下陇中半干旱区春小麦产量水分效应、开花后干物质积累分配及籽粒灌浆特性。结果表明,集雨补灌对旱地作物具有补偿或超补偿效应,具有明显的增产效应,可提高产量水平、水分利用效率(WUE)及灌水利用效率(IWUE)。孕穗期补灌的WUE最高,而拔节期 孕穗期分期补灌的IWUE最高。经模拟,春小麦的叶、茎、鞘干物质积累动态不同于穗及全株。补灌小麦的干物质积累量、日生产量及相对生长率(RGR)均高于对照。在干物质运转分配方面,补灌小麦较之于对照表现为移动量大,转换率高。补灌延长了春小麦灌浆持续期及提高了平均灌浆速率。     

Stacking集成模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数

为准确模拟膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数,该研究以4个经典机器学习模型:随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、BP神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BP)和Adaboost集成学习模型(Adaboost,ADA)为基础,基于Stacking算法建立了集成学习模型(Linear Stacking Model,LSM)对膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数进行模拟。并将LSM的模拟精度与RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型的模拟精度相比较,结果表明:1)RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米的逐日蒸散量和作物系数时的相对均方根误差均大于0.2;2)相比RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型,LSM模型提高了玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数模拟精度。LSM模拟的膜下滴灌玉米的作物系数相比于FAO推荐值更接近实测值;3)日序数、平均温度、株高、叶面积指数和短波辐射5个特征对玉米膜下滴灌玉米日蒸散量和作物系数影响最高,基于这5个特征建立的LSM模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米的蒸散量和作物系数的R2分别为0.9和0.89,相对均方根误差分别为0.23和0.16。因此,建议在该研究区使用日序数、平均温度、株高、叶面积指数和短波辐射5个特征参数建立LSM模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米蒸散量和作物系数。该研究可为高效节水条件下作物蒸散量和作物系数的精准模拟和合理制定灌溉制度提供参考。     

黔中地区玉米水分生产函数模型适应性评价

为探寻适合黔中地区的玉米水分生产函数,基于不同灌水处理下玉米的耗水量和产量数据,比较分析了Jensen模型、Minhas模型、Blank模型、Stewart模型和Singh模型5种水分生产函数模型.结果显示,乘法模型Minhas模型的λi顺序与玉米水分生理特征不符,加法模型Blank模型的Ai值在第②阶段最高、Stewart模型中Bi值②阶段＞④阶段、Singh模型中Ci值在第③和第⑤阶段出现负值,这都与玉米的水分生理特性及灌溉实践不符,而由Jensen模型推算出的作物缺水阶段敏感顺序与玉米的水分生理特性以及灌溉实践相一致,因此确定适合贵州黔中地区的玉米水分生产函数模型为Jensen模型.     

基于SPAC系统的作物腾发量模型的试验研究

通过田间试验对河北省2004年和2005年棉花、冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育期的冠层温度、地表温度和叶面积指数进行测定,根据能量平衡方程和空气动力学方程,结合当地气象资料推导出作物腾发量模型,并与棉花、冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育期实际腾发量比较发现:作物腾发量模型计算值不仅反映了这3种作物不同生育期腾发量的变化规律,而且与实际腾发量平均值的相对误差2004年分别为8.46%、4.76%和12.85%,2005年分别为3.42%、1.65%和0.84%,因此可以利用作物腾发量模型来计算作物腾发量,该研究为监测土壤墒情和确定作物缺水指标提供了理论依据.     

鄂北地区水稻适宜节水模式与节水潜力

研究作物需水规律、探寻适宜节水模式对缓解农业用水短缺十分重要。该文基于长渠灌溉试验站2009-2013年的水稻灌溉试验数据,分析了浅灌、中蓄、湿润3种传统灌溉模式下水稻的需水规律;运用率定后的ORYZA_V3模型模拟了30 a(1981-2010年)不同灌溉模式、不同灌溉下限以及不同灌水定额等多种情景下的水稻生长,对比分析了水稻各生育阶段腾发量、耗水量、灌溉定额、灌水次数、产量以及水分生产率在不同情景下的差异;通过模拟典型年不同受旱情景下的水稻生长,对比分析了各生育阶段不同受旱程度对水稻腾发量和产量的影响。结果表明:与浅灌模式相比,湿润模式下水稻年均产量增加2.7%、灌溉用水量减少4.2%;中蓄模式下水稻产量减少2.3%、灌溉用水量减少1.1%;湿润模式优于浅灌、中蓄模式。分蘖期的灌溉下限低于90%能减少水稻腾发量47%以上,其他阶段的灌溉下限低于70%时能减少水稻腾发量10%以上;拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期受旱对产量的影响最大;综合考虑节水、降低田间管理难度、确保粮食产量等因素,提出了鄂北地区的适宜灌溉模式:蓄水深度为60 mm,返青期保持薄水层,黄熟期水层自然落干,拔节孕穗期、乳熟期可中度受旱(灌溉下限为饱和含水率的70%~80%),分蘖、抽穗开花期可轻度受旱(灌溉下限不能低于饱和含水率的80%);灌水定额为30~40 mm。该适宜灌溉模式可为鄂北地区至少可节水1.68亿m~3,具有巨大的节水潜力。研究结果对指导鄂北地区水稻灌溉用水和明晰节水重点具有重要意义。     

参考作物腾发量主成分神经网络预测模型

为解决采用神经网络模型预测参考作物蒸发蒸腾最Eto研究中预测能力不足的问题,将气象因子包括最高、最低和日平均温度、日照时数、气压、水汽压、相对湿度和风速进行主成分分析,提取主成分,建立了基于主成分的三层BP神经网络模型.选取崇川水利科学试验站2001年到2004年的旬气象资料,采用Matlab神经网络工具箱进行模型训练与预测,并以传统BP网络模犁作为对照.结果表明,主成分网络模型能够很好地反映诸多影响因子与Eto之间的关系,尤其对训练样本以外的验证样本,主成分网络模型具有显著优于传统BP网络模型的识别能力,取得更为可靠的预测结果.     

基于模拟技术及遗传算法的作物灌溉制度优化方法

通过土壤水量平衡模型对作物生育期内的土壤含水率及田间腾发过程进行动态模拟，并利用作物水分生产函数的Jensen模型估算作物产量，建立了以灌溉日期为决策变量、最大相对产量为决策目标的灌溉制度优化模型，并采用保留最佳个体的遗传算法求解作物最优灌溉制度。结合山西潇河灌区2003年冬小麦返青后的实际气象状况，用上述模型对冬小麦灌溉制度进行了优化与分析。对动态规划、单纯形搜索法及遗传算法的求解结果进行了比较，表明保留最佳个体的遗传算法能搜索到全局最优解，且结果稳定。不同情况下的灌溉制度优化结果表明抽穗初期是冬小麦的生长关键期，其次是拨节期。随着灌溉水量的增加，最优灌溉制度下的田间腾发量及冬小麦产量也相应增加，但增加幅度逐渐减小。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.