Nanoclay migration from food packaging materials

A recent trend is to use nanocomposites materials for food-packaging applications. Different kinds of nanoparticles are incorporated into the polymers to improve their characteristics, and, among them, nanoclay is used to improve their barrier properties to gases. In this work, the results of migration studies with different food simulants (ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3%), temperatures and times (40ºC for 10 days and 70ºC for 2 h) from two commercialised LDPE nanocomposite bags are presented. The migration solutions thus obtained were analysed by ICP-MS to evaluate the amount of aluminium which migrated into the solutions both in dissolved form and as a part of nanoparticles. Aluminium migration was observed for both samples with a maximum migration value of 51.65 ng cm^–2 for the Aisaika bags and 24.14 ng cm^–2 for the Debbie Meyer bags. The presence of spikes working in single-particle mode using ICP-MS indicated that part of this aluminium was present as nanoparticles. The size and morphology of the nanoclay, in both the original material and the migration solutions, was studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (SEM-EDX). In this manner, nanoparticles of different morphologies and sizes were found to migrate into the food simulants.     

Potential silver nanoparticles migration from commercially available polymeric baby products into food simulants

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively employed in food packaging systems as a potential antibacterial agent. Although proven to be highly effective, the increased number of AgNP-containing products raises concerns among consumers regarding the migration of AgNPs from the packaging material into foods, which may exert toxic effects. To address this, five baby products were chosen (baby bottle A, baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and breastmilk storage bag) to investigate AgNPs migration into three food simulants (deionised water, 4% acetic acid (w/v) and 50% ethanol (v/v)) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, the highest level of migrated Ag was observed for 4% acetic acid in the case of baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and the breastmilk storage bag, with the detection amount ranging from 1.05–2.25 ng/mL. On the other hand, baby bottle A showed the maximum migration for 50% ethanol due to the polymer nature. Finally, a centrifugal ultrafiltration experiment was conducted to determine the fraction of dissolved Ag in acidic simulant and it was found that migrated Ag was predominantly in Ag⁺ form, with a small fraction of non-ionic AgNPs. Thus, it has been found that the amount of migrated Ag in baby products was low; however, the migration was dependent on the type of food simulant and polymer nature.     

采用ICP-MS研究聚酯类食品包装材料中锑向食品模拟物的迁移规律

目的 建立聚酯(PET)和4种食品模拟物中锑的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定方法.用该方法研究PET中的锑向水、10％(V/V)乙醇溶液、3％(W/V)乙酸水溶液和精炼橄榄油4种食品模拟物迁移的行为与浸泡时间、温度、食品模拟物属性、锑初始含量等参数的关系.方法 在不同的温度下,将不同的PET浸泡于食品模拟物中,于一定的时间点吸取少量浸泡液,用ICP-MS测定其含量.结果 ICP-MS方法回收率在94.3％ ～96.1％之间,相对标准偏差在1.38％ ～3.31％之间.结论 锑迁出量随温度升高而增加;随着时间的延长,锑迁出量逐渐增加,一定时间后达到迁移平衡;大部分PET材料本底含量越高迁出量越高;PET中锑易于在酸性食品模拟物中迁出,应少食用PET包装的酸性食品.     

食品包装材料中有害物质迁移的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,食品安全问题得到了广泛的关注。塑料、纸质、玻璃、金属和复合材料等食品包装材料中有害物质的迁移现已成为食品安全隐患的重要组成部分。食品包装材料中添加的功能性助剂以及包装印刷过程中使用含苯、正己烷、卤代烃等有害化工材料为主要原料的油墨、溶剂及辅料的迁移都得到了一定的研究。目前,国内研究多局限于塑料包装材料,而国外的研究相对全面。结合国内外的研究现状,对食品包装材料中有害物质的来源组成及其迁移的研究现状和趋势加以综述,为科研工作者的研究、食品包装行业的质量监控以及食品安全问题的妥善解决提供一定的理论基础和实践参考。     

Perfluorochemicals: Potential sources of and migration from food packaging

Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg^-1 amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low µg kg^-1 range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 µg kg^-1.     

Silver migration from nanosilver and a commercially available zeolite filler polyethylene composites to food simulants

Polyethylene composites containing Agion^TM commercial silver ion filler at three different percentage fill rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2% w/w) and polyethylene composites containing laboratory produced silver nanoparticles (Agnps) at two different percentage fill rates (0.1 and 0.5% w/w) underwent migration tests according to Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. Migrated silver in the two simulants (acidified water with 3% acetic acid and distilled water) was quantified using two techniques: inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) and Hach Lange spectroscopy. The former had higher sensitivity with mean silver migration from Agion composites (n = 12) ranging from < 0.001 to 1.50 × 10^?2 mg l^–1. Mean silver migration from Agnps composites ranged from 4.65 × 10^?2 to 0.38 mg l^–1 and 8.92 × 10^?2 and 5.15 × 10^?2 mg l^–1 for Hach Lange spectrophotometry and ICPAES, respectively. Both percentage fill rate in the composite and the simulant type, as factors, were found to be significant in both silver migration from Agion (p < 0.0001 and < 0.01, respectively) and Agnps (p < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imagery showed differences in size distributions and morphology of particles (shape and degree of agglomeration) before and after migration. PE composites containing 0.5% Agion, simulating contact with non-acidic foods, was the only scenario that did not exceed the permitted migration level of non-authorised substances given in EU 10/2011. This study illustrates the need for careful engineering of the composite filler system to conform to limits with cognisance of food pH and percentage fill rate.     

Study of silver ion migration from melt-blended and layered-deposited silver polyethylene nanocomposite into food simulants and apple juice

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were prepared via chemical reduction using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a reducing agent, stabiliser and solvent. Silver polyethylene nanocomposites were produced via two methods, namely: melt blending and layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of silver nanoparticles onto a polyethylene film. The silver ion release from either melt-blended or LBL-deposited nanocomposites into a food simulant and apple juice during 30 days at 4°C and 40°C was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The effects of incorporating or coating of silver nanoparticles, silver concentration, contact media, temperature and time on silver ion migration were evaluated using factorial design. The diffusion coefficients of silver ions into the food simulants and apple juice were calculated using the Miltz model. The results indicated that the production method of nanocomposite, silver concentration, temperature, time and contact media showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on silver ion migration. The quantity of silver ion migration from the nanocomposites into the food simulants and apple juice was less than the cytotoxicity-level concentration (10 mg kg^?1) in all cases over 30 days. The coating of silver nanoparticles, higher silver concentration in the nanocomposite, higher temperature and acidic property of contact liquid all promoted the silver ion release from the nanocomposite films. The migration of silver ions from nanocomposites obeyed first-order diffusion kinetics.     

中欧塑料食品包装总迁移量检测方法比较

总迁移量作为塑料包装检测的一个重要指标, 具有十分重要的意义。本文主要综述比较了中欧食品包装总迁移量检测方法, 对其合理性、科学性、可操作性进行研究, 为改进我国食品包装卫生指标检验方法提供一些依据和参考, 以更大程度地保障食品安全。     

Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods

The employment of novel food packaging materials has increased the number of occurring hazards due to the migration from packaging material to the packaged food. Although polymers have mainly monopolized the interest of migration testing and experimentation, recent studies have revealed that migration also occurs from "traditional" materials generally considered to be safe, such as paper, carton, wood, ceramic, and metal. The regulations and the directives of the EU tend to become stricter in this respect. The emphasis is on reaching a consensus in terms of food simulants and testing conditions for migration studies. Furthermore, the list of hazardous monomers, oligomers, and additives continues to augment in order to ensure that the consumer safety is in current agreement with the HACCP, which is continuously gaining ground.     

Investigation on mercury migration discipline in different paper-plastic food packaging containers

The understanding of the migration of mercury from packaging materials to food stuffs is the prerequisite for the development of food safety regulations. In this article, the migration of mercury from food paper-plastic packaging containers to four food stimulants under different migrated temperatures is studied. The results show that the mobility and the maximum migration volume of mercury increase at certain temperatures when the migration time is extended. It is also noted that the time to reach equilibrium is reduced as the temperature increases. Meanwhile, different solvents appear various different while the rates of migration are 3% acetic acid >10% ethanol >20% ethanol >50% ethanol. But they show the same trend at the different temperatures. Our data suggest that different solvents, temperatures, and food stimulants affect the migration rates, and ameliorate those conditions will reduce migration and promote food quality.     

快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移 风险的研究

目的：对快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂迁移至食品中的风险进行评估。方法：采集42批次一次性餐盒,依据GB/T 21928-2008《食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》,采用气相色谱-质谱法对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测;并依据GB/T 23296.1-2009选择迁移实验浸泡条件,考查样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果: 42批次快餐和早点包装中,共计有26批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂,占总抽检批次的61.9%。其中24批次检出含量在0~10mg/kg范围内,最高检出含量为93.5mg/kg。迁移实验中只有含量最高的样品检出DEHP迁移量为0.06mg/kg。结论：快餐和早点包装中PAEs总体暴露水平低于100mg/kg,正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants

An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01–1.75 mg l^?1. Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.     

食品金属包装材料中化学物的迁移研究进展

基于目前关于食品用金属包装材料中有毒有害物质迁移研究还基本空白的现状,本文介绍了金属包装材料中的潜在迁移情况,并着重介绍了重金属、双酚类物质和三聚氰胺等潜在迁移物及其研究现状,探讨了金属包装材料中化学物迁移研究的一般过程,为后期金属罐内有害物质的迁移研究和食品包装行业的危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP,Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point)管理提供依据。      

Effect of antioxidants and light stabilisers on silver migration from nanosilver-polyethylene composite packaging films into food simulants

The effect of exposure time, temperature and food simulants, especially additives, on the release of silver from nanosilver-polyethylene composite films to food simulants was studied. Two different type of nanosilver-polyethylene composite films (with or without additives) were chosen to conduct the experiment with the aim of exploring the behaviour of silver migration. It was shown that the migration of silver into 50% ethanol at 40 and 70°C was much less than that into 3% acetic acid. With the increase of exposure time and temperature, the release of silver increased. The migration even continued after a long exposure time (14 days at 20°C, 10 days at 40°C, and 6 days at 70°C respectively). Only about 0.15‰ of silver migrated from composite films with the additives into 3% acetic acid after 6 days of exposure at 70°C, while about 1.3% of silver migrated from composite films that did not contain additives under the same conditions. This could be because the addition of the antioxidants and light stabilisers prevents silver from being oxidised, which is an important way for the release of silver.     

2019年上海市微波食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移风险监测

目的 评估微波食品包装中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)塑化剂至食品中的迁移风险进行。方法 采集90批次微波加热食品, 依据GB 31604.30-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定和迁移量的测定》, 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测, 并考察样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果 90批次微波加热食品包装中, 共计有18批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂, 检出率为20%。其中15批次样品检出含量在0~10 mg/kg范围内, 最高检出含量为29.86 mg/kg。迁移实验未检出有塑化剂的迁移。结论 2019年上海市微波食品包装引入塑化剂污染的风险较低, 正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向食品模拟物的迁移研究

建立了基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）,铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向食品模拟物迁移量的测定方法。采用两种食品模拟物（3%（w/v）乙酸、水）,利用迁移机使食品模拟物与铝塑食品包装材料单面接触,在温度27±2、45、70℃下进行迁移实验,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对食品模拟物中的铝元素进行测定,得出迁移规律。随着迁移时间的延长,铝的最大迁移量都在增加;在实验温度区间,随着温度的升高,铝的迁移量也随之增加至迁移平衡。本方法适合用于铝塑复合食品包装中的铝向3%（w/v）乙酸溶液和蒸馏水两种食品模拟物迁移后的检测。      

Migration of perfluoroalkyl acids from food packaging to food simulants

A broad range of fluorochemicals is used to impart oil and water barrier properties to paper and paperboard food packaging. Many of the fluorochemicals are applied to paper and paperboard as complex mixtures containing reaction products and by-products and unreacted starting materials. This work primarily focussed on the determination of seven perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in two commercially available food contact papers: a di-perfluoro-alkyloxy-amino-acid and a perfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactant. In addition, the migration of the PFCAs into five food simulants from two commercial packages was evaluated. All seven PFCAs were detected in the range of 700–2220 µg kg^?1 of paper, while three perfluoroalkyl sulphonates were under the LOD. Results from migration tests showed that migration depends on paper characteristics, time and food simulant. The percentage of migration after 10 days at 40°C ranged from 4.8% to 100% for the two papers and different food simulants.     

塑料食品包装的安全性分析

台湾发生的塑化剂事件,再次引发了人们对食品安全的高度关注,同时也引发了人们对塑料食品包装安全的关心。塑料食品包装主要在材料本身、粘合剂和印刷油墨等三个方面对食品安全构成隐形威胁。塑料包装材料内部残留的有毒、有害物质,通过迁移、溶出影响所盛装食品的品质,从而导致食品安全问题。软包装复合薄膜的生产过程中所必须使用的溶剂型聚氨酯粘合剂存在一定的安全隐患,包装印刷油墨存在的色迁移和色渗透对食品安全存在危害等问题。对塑料食品包装的安全性进行分析,以期引发人们对绿色包装的重视和研究。      

可食性包装在冷却肉保鲜中的应用

系统阐述可食性包装的特点以及在冷却肉保鲜中的应用。介绍可食性包装减少冷却肉中水分和汁液损失,抑制油脂氧化和微生物生长繁殖,以及提高冷却肉品质和延长其货架期的研究进展,并提出目前可食性包装应用中存在的问题。     

塑料食品包装材料中双酚A的迁移量检测

目的检测液体食品模拟物中源于塑料包装材料的双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)的迁移量。方法建立高效液相色谱检测双酚A的方法学,通过液体食品模拟物探讨了时间、温度、酸度、乙醇浓度、微波加热时间、油脂6种因素对BPA迁移率的影响。结果 BPA在0.0464~1.044μg/m L内线性关系良好(r2=0.9993),精密度、稳定性、重复性的RSD分别为0.81%、1.42%、2.59%,加样回收率范围为95.0%~96.9%,RSD为0.80%。通过对液体食品模拟物中BPA含量的检测,发现随着储存时间延长、温度升高、酸度和乙醇浓度增加、微波加热时间延长、油脂增加,BPA从塑料食品包装材料转移到饮用品中的迁移率增加。结论正确使用塑料食品包装,对于减少BPA在体内蓄积至关重要。