制霉菌素引起的肠道菌群失衡及代谢物水平的变化

目的 研究广谱抗真菌药对肠道菌群平衡改变及代谢产物的影响.方法 选用C57BL/6雌性小鼠,用含广谱抗真菌药制霉菌素饮用水喂养7 d,分离小鼠血清进行代谢组学分析.分离口服制霉菌素7 d后小鼠结肠内容物,提取肠道菌群基因组进行16S rDNA扩增子测序、构建SMRT Bell文库,利用PacBio公司SMRT分析软件进行操作分类单元(OTU)物种注释.通过PCoA和PCA、NMDS等降维图和样品聚类树分析群落结构差异,选用t检验、MetaStat、LEfSe、Anosim和MRPP等方法对物种组成和群落结构进行差异显著性检验.结果 结肠内容物菌群基因组测序结果表明,微生物多样性分析显示制霉菌素降低肠道菌群多样性;与对照组比较,服药组硬壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)细菌增加;拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、糖杆菌门(Saccharobacteria)细菌丰度降低;血清代谢组检测结果显示,服药组增加的物质包括葡萄糖、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、4-羟基丁酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酰胺,降低的物质为谷氨酸、乳酸.结论 小鼠肠道菌群稳态的改变可能与连续服用制霉菌素有关,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门等优势菌种的变化明显,而且瘤胃菌群、毛螺菌科及拟杆菌群在两组之间结构差异显著,导致谷氨酸、亮氨酸等氨基酸代谢增加,而糖类代谢减慢.     

褪黑素在γ射线诱导的小鼠放射性肠损伤中对肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨褪黑素在γ射线诱导的小鼠放射性肠损伤中对肠道菌群的影响。方法采用简单随机分组法将C57BL/6J雄性小鼠分为3组, 即对照组(不给予任何处理)、照射组(以13 Gy剂量对小鼠进行腹部照射)和褪黑素+照射组(对小鼠实施褪黑素给药, 连续5 d, 然后以13 Gy剂量进行腹部照射), 每组5只, 共15只。照射后3 d收集小鼠粪便, 进行16S rDNA扩增子测序, 分析小鼠肠道菌群的变化, 应用Uparse软件进行操作分类单元聚类和物种注释, 应用Qiime微生物组分析平台进行样品复杂度分析和多样品比较分析。结果巴斯德菌属、分节丝状菌属和拟杆菌属是褪黑素+照射组小鼠肠道中丰度最大的菌群。与对照组相比, 褪黑素+照射组小鼠肠道菌群的丰度和多样性均下降(均P<0.01), 群落结构增加(P<0.001)。由门至种的不同分类级别的变形菌门/纲、肠杆菌目/科、巴斯德菌目/科/属/种和梭状芽孢杆菌纲/目是褪黑素+照射组小鼠肠道菌群组间丰度最大的菌群。在构建小鼠肠道菌群优势菌属共发生网络中, 确定了变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门这四大门类下占互作主导地位的菌属以及它们之间...     

16S核糖体DNA Amplicon测序法分析2型糖尿病患者口腔微生物多样性

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者口腔微生物多样性及结构的差异。方法采集23例2型糖尿病患者与23名正常人的唾液与龈上菌斑样本,提取口腔菌群的总DNA,利用16S核糖体DNA（16S ribosome DNA,16SrDNA）Amplicon测序法进行测序,使用Pandaseq、Qiime等软件分析菌群多样性及结构。结果2型糖尿病患者和正常人口腔菌群丰度及优势菌属差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2型糖尿病患者样本中布雷德菌属、瘤胃菌科、幽门螺杆菌科丰度较高,正常人样本中韦荣菌科、Selenomonadales目、Negativicutes纲、月形单胞菌属、丁酸弧菌属、Anaeroglobus属、Candidatus Saccharibacteria门、Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis属、诺卡菌科、气微菌属丰度较高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论用16SrDNA Amplicon测序法分析2型糖尿病患者与正常人口腔菌群结构具有相似性,幽门螺杆菌与2型糖尿病之间的关系还有待于进一步的研究。     

脾肾阳虚型结肠腺瘤性息肉患者肠道菌群特征分析

目的探讨脾肾阳虚型结肠腺瘤性息肉患者肠道菌群与健康人群肠道菌群差异。方法选取2015年3—5月沈阳军区总医院中医消化门诊及病房收治的20例脾肾阳虚型结肠腺瘤性息肉患者的粪便样本为观察组,同时,选取体检的12例健康人粪便样本为对照组。提取两组样本中细菌总DNA,根据16Sr DNA V3~V4区设计引物进行扩增,使用Illumina Miseq平台予以高通量测序,通过生物信息分析软件对测序结果进行分析,比较两组样本物种信息。结果两组样本平均优化序列、平均高质量序列长度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组肠道菌群中种群多样性高于观察组,两组样本Chao、shannon、Ace指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。门分类水平,观察组与对照组样本丰度值较高依次为拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门;观察组与对照组样本肠道菌群中,拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门比值分别为(3.343±0.733)与(1.777±0.337),观察组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组样本厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门及梭杆菌门丰度值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。纲分类水平,两组样本丰度值较高依次为拟杆菌纲、梭菌纲;观察组梭菌纲丰度值低于对照组,γ变形菌纲丰度值高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。属分类水平,两组样本丰度值较高依次为拟杆菌属、柔嫩菌属;观察组布劳特氏菌属、瘤胃球菌属丰度值低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。主成分分析显示,观察组与对照组样本被分开,两组样本菌群结构存在显著差异。结论结肠腺瘤性息肉患者与健康人群在肠道菌群多样性方面有明显差异,菌群结构亦存在较大的差别。     

肠道菌群在冠心病合并心衰患者中的变化及益生菌干预效果研究

目的 探讨肠道菌群在冠心病合并心力衰竭(心衰)患者中的变化及益生菌干预对炎性因子的影响.方法 ①选择2019年1-8月郑州大学第五附属医院体检科健康体检者15人为对照组,特需病房就诊的冠心病患者20例为冠心病组,冠心病合并心衰患者20例为合并组.采用PCR扩增及基因测序方法完成3组肠道菌群测定;将扩增后获得的PCR产物进行纯化,根据不同的相似度水平,对所有序列完成操作分类单位(OTU)划分,以门、属、种统计完成群落组成,并比较分析3组肠道菌群的差异.②从合并组中选取10例,按随机数字表法分为A1、A2两组.A1组予以膳食管理,A2组在A1组基础上联合益生菌干预,比较两组干预效果.结果 OTU划分出14个细菌门,其中5个细菌门为3组共有.3组中丰度最高为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,平均丰度对照组为66.23±5.11,冠心病组为45.69±4.63,合并组为27.89±2.39);在属水平上,55份标本共鉴定36个细菌属,其中拟杆菌属、普雷沃菌属、萨特菌属等,在3组中含量均>1％,3组标本在上述细菌属中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而在种水平上,共鉴定出24个细菌种,3组丰度较高的种包括:普雷沃菌卡布里、普通拟杆菌等.A2组益生菌干预后,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)及梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)丰度均高于A1组(P<0.05);拟杆菌门丰度均低于A1组(P<0.05);肿瘤坏死因子?α(TNF?α)、白细胞介素?6(IL?6)、IL?8及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平低于A1组(P<0.05).结论 PCR扩增及基因序列可用于检测冠心病及合并心衰患者体内有害菌群及促进健康的有益菌群;对于冠心病合并心衰患者给予益生菌干预能调节肠道菌群,值得推广应用.     

维持性血液透析终末期肾病患者肠道菌群特点探讨

 目的 探讨维持性血液透析终末期肾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)患者肠道菌群的特点。方法 收集维持性血液透析的稳定ESRD患者和健康对照组受试者各22例粪便样本,提取样本DNA,进行16S rRNA基因测序,对肠道菌群的分布情况进行分析。结果 (1)维持性血液透析ESRD组观察到的各样品微生物物种量、物种多样性较健康对照组低,物种多样性在18～44岁组有统计学差异;(2)两组在纲、目、科、属、种分类水平上分别发现2、4、9、29、28个相对丰度有统计学差异的物种(P<0.05); 其中Negatibicutes纲、粪球菌属-3相对丰度维持性血液透析ESRD组低于健康对照组,而丹毒丝纲、目、科、属、种水平相对丰度维持性血液透析ESRD组高于健康对照组;(3)通过KEGG代谢途径的差异分析,推测两组间有3个存在统计学差异的代谢途径(P<0.05),其中与碳水化合物代谢途径相关基因在健康对照组粪便样品中显著富集,而与细胞运动性及药物耐药途径相关基因在维持性血液透析ESRD组粪便样品中显著富集。结论 维持性血液透析ESRD组患者肠道微生物群落多样性降低,与健康对照组比较在微生物群落相对丰度、KEGG功能预测相关基因代谢途径上存在差异。     

受控生态生保系统180天试验人体表菌群结构研究

目的了解受控生态生保系统下长期生存对乘员体表微生物种群状况的影响。方法利用地面密闭舱4人180天实验,分别于实验前、进舱后30天、60天、90天、120天、150天及撤离前,对4名乘员的体表(包括额头、耳后、肘窝、腋窝,腹股沟)进行采样,采用16S r DNA V3-V4区的Illumina高通量测序技术,并进行生物信息学分析,包括群落结构、多样性、主坐标及物种丰度分析。结果肘窝和前额菌群多样性显著高于其他体表位置。体表菌属主要分属放线菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门等。在属水平,5个部位优势菌属为棒状杆菌和葡萄球菌,此外丙酸杆菌属在额头和耳后两位置也占优势比例。主坐标分析结果显示在属水平,肘窝在构成上有独立性,腋下和腹股沟菌群结构相似,额头和耳后菌群结构相似。与进舱前比较,乘员在进舱后第1个月菌群变化明显,之后逐渐恢复稳态。结论人体在不同体表位置菌群多样性不同;菌群结构在门水平差异小,但在属水平不同部位菌群结果有所差异。受控生态生保系统密闭环境作为应激因素可影响体表菌群结构。     

2006～2008年度MARS体液标本中细菌耐药监测分析

目的总结全军细菌耐药监测计划（MARS）西安地区临床分离病原菌的菌群分布及其耐药性。方法常规方法培养分离医院内感染病原菌,并应用全自动细菌鉴定分析仪或ATB系统鉴定到种,药敏试验方法按CLSI规定的标准进行。采用WHONET5．4软件进行数据统计分析。结果两年中体液标本中共分离病原菌493株,排名前5位的细菌分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和屎肠球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率分别为40．74％、75．00％;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL的产生率分别为63．33％、65．91％;未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌及肠球菌。鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对多粘菌素B全部敏感,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率在21．70％-92．00％之间。结论大肠埃希菌是体液标本中感染的主要病原菌;碳青酶烯类药物、哌拉西彬他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星对其保持良好的抗菌活性。鲍曼不动杆菌、屎肠球菌耐药现象严重,应引起临床重视。     

68株医院感染葡萄球菌属细菌分布及耐药情况分析

目的 探讨医院感染葡萄球菌属细菌的分布、危险因素及其耐药情况，为预防感染及临床治疗提供线索。方法 回顾性调查我院68例医院感染病例标本中分离的葡萄球菌属细菌的分类及耐药性，并对感染者的一般情况、感染部位等进行统计分析。结果 68例患者中感染部位前三位依次为呼吸道36例（52．94％）．切口14例（20.59％），泌尿道8例（11.76％）；细菌分类以金黄色葡萄球菌为主有51株（75％）。本组葡萄球菌均为多重耐药茵，但均对万古霉素敏感。结论 严重创伤、手术及侵入性诊疗操作等使机体正常屏障结构的破坏，是发生葡萄球菌所致医院感染的重要原因。对手术和侵入性诊疗操作要严格消毒隔离和无菌技术，对各类插管要加强护理．积极预防和治疗感染。     

肠道菌群变化对大鼠激素性股骨头坏死造模效果的影响

目的 探究激素性股骨头坏死(GA-ONFH)模型大鼠的肠道菌群变化及其对造模效果的影响。方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、抗生素组(ABX组)、激素性股骨头坏死模型组(GA-ONFH模型组)、抗生素+激素性股骨头坏死模型组(ABX+GA-ONFH组),每组10只。ABX组和ABX+GA-ONFH组持续给予抗生素溶液洗脱肠道微生物1周。1周后GA-ONFH模型组和ABX+GA-ONFH组给予脂多糖(LPS)+地塞米松腹腔注射建立早期GA-ONFH模型,空白对照组和ABX组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,连续注射6周。收集大鼠粪便和股骨头样本,基于16S rDNA扩增子测序分析大鼠肠道菌群的构成及丰度,使用micro-CT和HE染色观察早期GA-ONFH造模效果,评估肠道菌群对GA-ONFH造模效果的影响。结果 与空白对照组比较,GA-ONFH模型组大鼠肠道菌群丰度发生改变,其中拟杆菌门丰度明显下调,而厚壁菌门丰度明显上调,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在科水平上,普雷沃菌科、梭状芽胞杆菌科、消化球菌科、理研菌科和克里斯滕森菌科的丰度明显下调,而葡萄球菌科的丰度明显上调,差异有统...     

Vaginal microbial flora analysis by next generation sequencing and microarrays; can microbes indicate vaginal origin in a forensic context?

Forensic analysis of biological traces generally encompasses the investigation of both the person who contributed to the trace and the body site(s) from which the trace originates. For instance, for sexual assault cases, it can be beneficial to distinguish vaginal samples from skin or saliva samples. In this study, we explored the use of microbial flora to indicate vaginal origin. First, we explored the vaginal microbiome for a large set of clinical vaginal samples (n = 240) by next generation sequencing (n = 338,184 sequence reads) and found 1,619 different sequences. Next, we selected 389 candidate probes targeting genera or species and designed a microarray, with which we analysed a diverse set of samples; 43 DNA extracts from vaginal samples and 25 DNA extracts from samples from other body sites, including sites in close proximity of or in contact with the vagina. Finally, we used the microarray results and next generation sequencing dataset to assess the potential for a future approach that uses microbial markers to indicate vaginal origin. Since no candidate genera/species were found to positively identify all vaginal DNA extracts on their own, while excluding all non-vaginal DNA extracts, we deduce that a reliable statement about the cellular origin of a biological trace should be based on the detection of multiple species within various genera. Microarray analysis of a sample will then render a microbial flora pattern that is probably best analysed in a probabilistic approach.     

远航期间任务人员晕船反应调查及原因分析

目的:研究和平方舟医院船上任务人员在远航期间晕船反应发生情况,分析晕船反应发生的原因,为今后医院船合理配置任务人员及降低任务人员晕船反应发生率提供参考依据。方法:根据自愿原则,采用自制问卷对和平方舟医院船上260名任务人员进行问卷调查,问卷内容主要包括两部分,第一部分基本情况调查,包括性别、年龄、体质量、吸烟史等;第二部分影响晕船反应发生的因素调查,包括出海次数、人员类别、住舱所在甲板位置、登船前是否每日进行体育锻炼、登船后是否每日进行体育锻炼等信息。回收有效问卷251份。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件及Empower Stats软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:单因素分析发现晕船反应发生与性别、体质量、是否抽烟、既往是否执行过出海任务、住舱所在甲板位置、人员类别之间明显相关( P<0.05)。多元回归分析表明,女性及既往未执行过出海任务是晕船反应发生的危险因素( P<0.05)。阈值饱和效应分析显示,从第2个航段开始,每经历1个航段,任务人员晕船反应发生率降低0.51%。 结论:医院船在配置任务人员时应综合评估任务人员基本情况,在安排住舱位置时,应将晕船人员尽量安排在靠近船体中部底层。任务人员平时应注重身体锻炼,保持营养摄入平衡,增强抗晕船适应性训练。     

Toxicologic evaluation of the space shuttle "Columbia"

Atmospheric contamination of spacecraft crew cabins has been a toxicological concern since this country began its efforts in manned space flight (1). Procedures have been developed and utilized for determining the identities and quantities of contaminant gases present in the crew cabin environment. Methods have also been developed for assessing and controlling the trace gas contaminant buildup within the closed environment of spacecraft cabins. Although nearly one hundred contaminant gases have been detected in the Shuttle crew cabin, for the most part, the concentrations of these gases have been maintained below a toxicity hazard level.     

某舰微环境和空气细菌调查与分析

目的了解舰艇内部环境温湿度和空气微生物浓度及种类,发现导致舰艇官兵呼吸道疾病高发的可能致病因素。方法采用数字温湿度计测量舰艇内部环境温度和湿度;平皿暴露法采集舰艇内部空气细菌,平板划线接种分离纯化出细菌纯培养物,使用革兰染色、细胞镜检和16S rDNA测序等细菌鉴定方法鉴定细菌种类。结果气温符合标准要求的调查点占20%,相对湿度符合率为100%;采样当天舰艇内部空气细菌浓度不高,但细菌种类多样,分离出济州金黄杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、耐热芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、头部葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌人亚种、人耐新生霉素败血亚种、科恩葡糖球菌科恩亚种和解脲亚种、空气滤器水栖菌、干酪乳杆菌、溶酪大球菌、产氨棒杆菌、短芽孢杆菌、丛毛单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、矢野口鞘氨醇杆菌、人金黄杆菌18株不同种或亚种的细菌。结论舰艇官兵呼吸道疾病高发可能与舰艇内部气温偏低及空气中某些细菌存在有关。     

Tracer study of proximity and recirculation effects on exposure risk in an airliner cabin

There is continuing concern about whether and to what extent airliner cabins represent an increased risk of transmission of airborne infectious disease. The purpose of this study was to examine through a simple experiment the relative importance of close proximity and partial recirculation of cabin air on the potential risk of disease transmission. Results are presented from measurements of instantaneous point source dispersion in a cabin on a commercial airline flight. A small amount of tracer gas was released as a puff in the passenger cabin of a wide body jet at cruise altitude. Tracer gas samples were taken manually in the period immediately after the release by two technicians sitting 2 m and 30 m forward of the release point in the cabin. The maximum tracer concentration observed at the 2 m sampling point occurred at 5 s after the release and was a factor of 500 greater than the maximum observed at the 30 m sampling point, which occurred 6.5 min after the release. The integrated tracer exposure at the 2 m location was approximately a factor of 30 greater than at the 30 m location. Assuming risk of transmission is proportional to dose, then the results support the hypotheses that infectious diseases are transmitted primarily between people sitting in close proximity to each other in an aircraft cabin and that partial recirculation of ventilation air in the cabin has a negligible impact on occupants' risk of exposure.     

Four men in a boat: Ultra-endurance exercise alters the gut microbiome

ObjectivesCompositional and functional adaptions occur in the gut microbiome in response to habitual physical activity. The response of the gut microbiome to sustained, intense exercise in previously active individuals, however, is unknown. This study aimed to prospectively explore the gut microbiome response of four well-trained male athletes to prolonged, high intensity trans-oceanic rowing, describing changes in microbial diversity, abundance and metabolic capacity.DesignA prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject report.MethodsSerial stool samples were obtained from four male athletes for metagenomic whole-genome shotgun sequencing to record microbial community structure and relevant functional gene profiles before, during and after a continuous, unsupported 33-day, 5000 km transoceanic rowing race. Calorific intake and macronutrient composition were recorded by validated food frequency questionnaire and anthropometry was determined by body composition analysis and cardiorespiratory testing.ResultsMicrobial diversity increased throughout the ultra-endurance event. Variations in taxonomic composition included increased abundance of butyrate producing species and species associated with improved metabolic health, including improved insulin sensitivity. The functional potential of bacterial species involved in specific amino and fatty acid biosynthesis also increased. Many of the adaptions in microbial community structure and metaproteomics persisted at three months follow up.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that prolonged, intense exercise positively influences gut microbial diversity, increases the relative abundance of some bacterial species and up-regulates the metabolic potential of specific pathways expressing microbial gene products. These adaptions may play a compensatory role in controlling the physiological stress associated with sustained exertion as well as negating the deleterious consequences accompanying endurance exercise.     

基于多重置换扩增技术的胃癌患者胃内微生物的宏基因组学研究

目的 通过多重置换扩增技术（multiple displacement amplification,MDA）与宏基因组鸟枪法测序相结合的方法研究胃癌患者和健康受试者胃内微生物的组成特征。方法 纳入2017年9月—2017年12月在医院就诊的胃腺癌患者4例,健康受试者4例,收集受试者胃液标本,经过标本预处理、DNA提取、MDA扩增提取的DNA、构建测序文库、高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究2组受试者胃内微生物的组成特征,寻找与胃癌显著相关的菌种,并评估该方法用于胃内微生物宏基因组学研究的可行性。结果 MDA能显著扩增从胃液样本中提取的微量微生物DNA（207.27±33.17）倍,扩增后的DNA量能满足构建高质量测序文库的要求;总体上看,所有样本共鉴定出131个菌种,胃癌患者胃内菌群多样性显著低于健康受试者（P<0.01,t=4.189）;在细菌门水平,受试者胃液菌群主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、梭杆菌门组成;优势物种的组间差异分析表明,与健康受试者相比,牙髓卟啉单胞菌、口腔链球菌、干燥奈瑟菌在胃癌患者胃液中富集(P<0.05)。结论 MDA能有效用于扩增胃内微量微生物DNA;胃癌患者的胃液菌群构成与健康人存在显著差异;部分口腔及上呼吸道条件致病菌与胃癌显著相关,是潜在的胃癌生物学标志物;通过全基因组扩增和高通量测序相结合的方法可以从菌种甚至菌株的水平上寻找与胃癌发生、发展相关的微生物。     

Two death cases originating from supplementary heater in the cabins of parked trucks

A supplementary heater can be mounted in trucks or other transportation vehicles and used to heat the air in the cabin independent of the engine of the vehicle. This apparatus works with diesel fuel or gasoline. Combustion products burning in the pre-combustion chamber heat the fins of the engine. The air passing through the fins is heated and is transferred into the cabin. The malfunction of such an apparatus may be the cause of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning or fire. In this study, we report two cases in which drivers died while asleep in the cabins of parked trucks. In the first case, a 43-year-old man died because of CO poisoning originating from a broken supplementary heater. In the second case, a 48-year-old man died owing to a fire that resulted from the burning of upholstery cloths in the truck cabin, and which was caused by a supplementary heater set at very high temperatures. In both cases, it was determined by a technical expert that the CO poisoning in the first case and the fire in the second case were caused by the supplementary heater in the trucks. It is emphasized in this article that the supplementary heater in the truck might be the cause of mortal CO poisoning as well as be responsible for fires in the cabins of the trucks. It aims to highlight that a detailed investigation of supplementary heaters at the death scene is required for such death cases in the trucks.     

七味白术散与酵母菌联用对菌群失调腹泻模型小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性的影响

目的为七味白术散与酵母菌的临床联合运用提供微生态学依据。方法给抗生素造模菌群失调腹泻小鼠,分别灌胃25%超微七味白术散[0.04g/(kg·d)]+25%酵母菌[0.25×10~(10)个酵母/(kg·d)]、50%超微七味白术散[0.08g/(kg·d)]、全量传统七味白术散[0.16 g/(kg·d)]、无菌生理盐水0.16g/(kg·d),采集回肠的肠道内容物,提取微生物宏基因组DNA,用乳酸杆菌特异引物PCR扩增后进行ARDRA分析。结果 25%超微七味白术散+25%酵母菌组的OTUs(分类单元)数为5,Shannon指数为2.3219,Brillouin指数为1.3814,与正常组和50%超微七味白术散组数据相同,高于全量传统七味白术散组和模型组;从主成分分析来看,25%超微七味白术散+25%酵母菌组累积贡献率低于正常组,高于50%超微七味白术散组、全量传统七味白术散组和模型组。结论 25%超微七味白术散+25%酵母菌对乳酸杆菌多样性的调控作用优于50%超微七味白术散组和全量传统七味白术散组,更有利于腹泻的治疗。     

Professional exposure of drivers to carbon monoxide as a possible risk factor for the occurrence of traffic accidents in the road traffic

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of increased carbon monoxide concentrations in the air of car cabin on the health status of exposed drivers and the occurrence of traffic accidents. Exposed group was comprised of 250 drivers professionally exposed to increased carbon monoxide concentrations in the car cabins. Control group was comprised of 120 professional drivers who were not exposed to increased concentrations of carbon monoxide in the air of the car cabins. Average carbon monoxide concentration in the air of the car cabins of the drivers from exposed group was 71.2 +/- 8.1 ppm, which was significantly higher compared to the controls (5.4 +/- 1.2 ppm). The drivers from the exposed group more frequently suffered from headaches, irritability, vertigo and palpitation than the drivers from the control group. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, arrhythmia, atherosclerotic peripheral artery diseases and coronary heart diseases was more frequent in the exposed than in the control group. Drivers from the exposed had longer reaction time on acoustic and visual stimulation compared to the control group. The examined drivers statistically caused more traffic accidents than the drivers from the control group.