低醇安梨果酒发酵工艺优化及其挥发性风味成分分析

以安梨为原料酿造低醇安梨果酒。以褐变抑制率为考察指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化低醇安梨果酒复合护色剂配比;以酒精度和感官评分评价指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验优化低醇安梨果酒发酵工艺,并采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）联合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析果酒挥发性风味成分。结果表明,最佳复合护色剂配比为L-抗坏血酸0.36 g/100 m L、壳聚糖0.35 g/100 m L、乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA-2Na）0.06 g/100 m L。低醇安梨果酒最佳发酵工艺为初始糖度9.8%、发酵时间98 h、发酵温度25℃、酵母菌接种量0.1%。在此优化条件下,低醇安梨果酒酒精度为4.35%vol,感官评分为93.42分。HS-SPME-GC-MS结果表明,低醇安梨果酒共检测出42种挥发性风味化合物,其中醇类9种、酯类11种、酸类8种、烷烃类8种、酚类2种、酮类1种、其他类3种。     

酶制剂废液促进木薯酒精生产的发酵工艺

为实现木薯酒精发酵中原材料利用的降本增效,该研究将木薯作为原料进行酒精发酵条件实验,确定液化温度为95.0℃时,液化时间为70.0 min;糖化温度为60.0℃时,糖化时间为40.0 min;在上述条件下木薯淀粉最高产酒率为54.01%,淀粉的利用率达89.25%。在此基础上,研究了酶制剂废液(包括糖化酶废液、淀粉酶废液)应用于木薯酒精生产。结果表明,添加糖化酶废液后,每吨酒精可以节省淀粉酶1320 mL,糖化酶316.8 mL,同时可免去尿素、硫酸镁等营养盐的添加,出酒率提高至54.64%。因此,采用酶制剂废液可大大减少木薯酒精生产中新鲜糖化酶和淀粉酶的用量,降低了营养盐的添加,同时原料出酒率也得到了有效提高。本研究不仅为酶制剂工业生产中酶制剂废弃资源的有效利用提供了新途径,也为木薯酒精发酵工业发展提供了新的理论支持。     

响应面法优化乳清梨酒发酵工艺的研究

以乳清粉作为试验原料,通过单因素试验研究了酵母菌接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间、蔗糖添加量对乳清梨酒发酵的影响,并且借助响应面设计,对乳清梨酒发酵工艺进行了优化。结果表明,乳清梨酒最佳发酵条件为接种量6%、发酵温度28 ℃、发酵时间79 h。在此最佳条件下,乳清梨酒酒精度为8.10%vol,酸度17.72 g/L。乳清梨酒呈淡黄绿色,酒香清雅,酒体醇厚,酸甜爽口。     

不同品种梨发酵果酒品质评价及挥发性化合物分析

目的 分析不同品种梨发酵果酒的品质指标及挥发性化合物, 探究适宜的梨酒加工品种。方法 以河南省主栽的酥梨、圆黄、早酥红、中梨1号和晚秋黄5个梨品种为原料制备发酵果酒, 比较采用不同品种梨所酿梨酒的酒精度、色度、总糖含量、总酸含量、总酚和黄酮含量等理化指标, 对发酵梨酒的外观、香气、滋味和典型性进行感官评价, 对理化指标和感官评分进行相关性分析, 并对不同品种梨发酵果酒进行挥发性化合物鉴定。结果 梨品种是决定梨果酒品质的首要因素, 发酵梨酒的总酚含量对酒体色泽和口感有决定性作用; 晚秋黄梨酒的感官评分最高, 酒精度(12.83% vol)、糖酸比(0.96)、黄色度(0.225)、黄酮含量(683.63 mg/100 mL)最高, 总酚含量较低(5.45 mg/100 mL)。5种梨发酵果酒样品中共定性出19种挥发性化合物, 其中, 酯类7种、醇类5种、醛类4种、酮类2种、酸类1种, Gallery Plot指纹图谱和主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)结果均可将5种梨发酵果酒样品有效区分。结论 晚秋黄梨为适宜的酿酒品种, 所酿梨酒色泽金黄、果香浓郁、酒体丰满、醇厚协调、典型性突出。     

新型酶制剂在酒精生产中的应用

针对酒精发酵原料中的半纤维素、植酸和发酵过程中酵母产生的海藻糖,山东隆科特酶制剂有限公司推出了超耐热植酸酶、超耐热木聚糖酶、海藻糖酶三款酶制剂。对这三款产品的性质及其在酒精生产中的应用方法和效果作了介绍。超耐热植酸酶在液化工序添加,能够水解植酸,释放出玉米原料中的肌醇、无机磷、金属离子等,有利于：淀粉、蛋白的分离和酶解、促进酵母的生长代谢、提高出酒率、缩短发酵周期、提高DDGS的营养价值。针对小麦原料的酒精生产中工艺中,超耐热木聚糖酶能够显著降低液化醪粘度、改善液化效果、提高小麦掺混比例、减少发酵泡沫、提高出酒率、缩短发酵周期。在酒精发酵过程中添加海藻糖酶可以将发酵过程中产生的海藻糖水解为葡萄糖,供酵母利用,提高出酒率。     

梨酒酿造工艺研究进展

梨酒既保留了梨的营养价值又具有梨的特色风味。该文主要对梨酒酿造过程中涉及的工艺环节进行了介绍,涉及梨品种的选择、原料预处理、发酵菌株、发酵条件等方面,同时简述了梨酒香气组成及其功能性成分的研究现状,以期为梨酒研制和品质改良提供理论参考。     

苹果梨酒生产工艺的研究

以苹果梨为原料,研究发酵温度、初始糖度和NaHSO3加入量对苹果梨果酒的影响.结果表明,发酵温度对酒精度和发酵速度均有影响,在糖度一定时,20℃发酵酒精含量最高,25℃时发酵速度最快;温度一定时,初始糖度不同对酒精发酵有很大影响,糖度越高,酒精度越高.NaHSO3加入量为60～80 mg/kg时,酒精含量高于NaHSO3加入量为100 mg/kg时.正交试验得出,最佳发酵条件组合为发酵温度20℃,初始糖度20%,NaHSO3添加量60 m/kg.     

梨酒酵母的筛选及鉴定

以梨的果皮和梨园土壤作为分离源进行梨酒酵母的分离、筛选,期望得到发酵性能好的适合于梨酒发酵的菌株。首先对酵母菌富集培养和分离,再通过TTC平板一级筛选,杜氏发酵管二级筛选,三角瓶发酵三级筛选,得到菌株YDJ05。实验结果表明该菌株在梨汁中发酵能力较强,产酒精能力较好,即发酵7d产酒率达到8.8%,且残糖较低,产香较好,可作独立的发酵菌株使用。经过26S rDNA D1/D2区序列分析,鉴定为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),命名为Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDJ05。     

发酵温度对梨酒品质的影响

发酵温度会影响梨酒发酵过程中微生物的代谢，进而影响梨酒的香气和质量。本文以库尔勒香梨为原材料，分别在8、13、18及23℃发酵温度下进行梨酒酿造，发酵完成后对梨酒的基本理化指标、色度和褐变度进行测定，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（headspace solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS）进行定性和半定量，研究发酵温度对梨酒品质的影响。结果表明：较低发酵温度ULT组（8℃）和LT组（13℃）梨酒酸度低、褐变度低、亮度高，酒体更澄清透明。梨酒中共鉴定出挥发性物质28种，其中酯类12种，醇类8种，酸类4种，酚类1种，烷类3种。在13℃下生产梨酒的酯类物质含量最高，为3150.30μg/L，特征香气物质辛酸乙酯含量最高，可达1939.45μg/L；同时感官评分最高，为83.7分，为梨酒适宜的发酵温度。综上，在13℃发酵具有改善梨酒品质的潜力。     

具高乙醇耐受力酵母菌的选育及其在猕猴桃果酒中的应用

以呼市周边各旗县果园的果实和土壤中筛选出的具有乙醇耐受力酵母菌株HJ-1为实验菌株,猕猴桃为原料,探究了猕猴桃果酒的发酵工艺。通过紫外诱变处理后经TTC法筛选、杜氏小管筛选等四级筛选,挑选正向突变酵母菌株,并应用于猕猴桃果酒发酵。后经单因素实验与正交实验,研究了发酵温度、接种量、初始pH等因素对猕猴桃果酒品质的影响。经紫外诱变最终筛得一株高乙醇耐受力正向突变菌株HJ-1E,其乙醇耐受力可达18% vol,产酒精能力为11.9% vol。猕猴桃果酒生产的最佳工艺为菌株接种量3.5%,初始pH5.7,SO₂添加量70 mg/L,发酵温度为21℃。诱变所得正向突变菌株HJ-1E在此发酵条件下生产的猕猴桃果酒果香浓郁,酒体醇厚,酒精度为13.3% vol,为猕猴桃果酒的酿造提供了参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the