Parameter estimation for whole-body kinetic model of FDG metabolism

Based on the radioactive tracer ［¹⁸F］2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), positron emission tomography (PET), and compartment model, the tracer kinetic study has become an important method to investigate the glucose metabolic kinetics in human body. In this work, the kinetic parameters of three-compartment and four-parameter model for the FDG metabolism in the tissues of myocardium, lung, liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and marrow were estimated through some dynamic FDG-PET experiments. Together with published brain and skeletal muscle parameters, a relatively complete whole-body model was presented. In the liver model, the dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and the portal vein to the liver was considered for parameter estimation, and the more accurate results were obtained using the dual-input rather than the single arterial-input. The established whole-body model provides the functional information of FDG metabolism in human body. It can be used to further investigate the glucose metabolism, and also be used for the simulation and visualization of FDG metabolic process in human body.     

Near-infrared fluorescent amphiphilic polycation wrapped magnetite nanoparticles as multimodality probes

Construction of multifunctional/multimodality nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy has become an attractive area of investigation. In this report, we designed a multimodality nanoprobe for cell labeling, and can be detectable by both magnetic resonance and near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. Multiple hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanocrystals are self-assembled into nanocomposites in water phase with the help of partially alkylated hyperbranched polycation, polyethylenimine (PEI), which already conjugated with the indocyanine dye Cy5.5 and can be used for cell imaging under NIR fluorescence imaging. The amphiphilic PEI/SPIO nanocomposites have a strong T 2 relaxivity. The iron uptake process in MCF-7/Adr displays a time dependent behavior. Confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that the nanoprobes are internalized into the cytoplasm of MCF-7/Adr after 24 h labeling. Both MR and NIR fluorescence imaging showed strong image contrast against unlabeled cells. Under a clinical MRI scanner, labeled cells in gelatin phantom present much darker images than controlled ones. The T2 relaxation rate of the labeled cells is 98.2 s 1 , significantly higher than that of the control ones of 2.3 s 1 . This study provides an important alternative to label MCF-7/Adr at optimized low dosages with high efficiency, and may be useful to label other biologically important cells and track their behaviors in vivo.     

Amphiphilic dextran/magnetite nanocomposites as magnetic resonance imaging probes

Superparamagnetic iron oxide （SPIO） nanoparticles are effective contrast agents for enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging at the tissue, cellular or even molecular levels. High quality SPIO nanoparticles can be synthesized in the organic phase but need to be transferred into water before any biomedical applications. In this study, amphiphilic poly（ε-caprolactone） grafted dextran （Dex-g-PCL） was used as carriers for particle encapsulation and stabilization in the aqueous phase. Multiple SPIO nanoparticles were self-assembled together with the help of Dex-g-PCL during phase transfer from chloroform to water, and diameters of Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites were （64 ± 22） nm through dynamic light scattering measurement. These nanocomposites were superparamagnetic at 300 K with saturated magnetization of 88 emu/g Fe. In the magnetic field of 1.5 T, Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites had a T2 relaxivity of 363 Fe mL·mol-1·s-1. This unique nanocomposite brought significant mouse liver contrast with signal intensity changes of -60% at 5 min after intravenous administration. However, uptake of Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites in liver reticuloendothelial cells （Kupffer cells） did not immediately happen at shorter time points （〈4 h） as verified by histology studies, and it was evident that more iron staining would be located in Kupffer cells 24 h after contrast agent administration. After 24 h and 10 d, the signal intensities （SI） gradually recovered, and SI changes were -44% and -31%, respectively. From our observation, the time window for enhanced-MRI could last at least 12 days and totally recovered after 16 days. This novel sensitive MRI contrast agent may find potential applications in discovering small liver lesions such as early tumor diagnosis.     

SPECIAL TOPICS:Bio-spectroscopic sensing

Sensing of changes in the spectroscopic properties of organic fluorochromes or nanoparticles (NPs) on their interaction with analytes (targets) can be used for analyte detection. This technique has been extensively investigated and is used widely in the analysis of     

Silica nanoparticle is a possible safe carrier for gene therapy

In order to develop a safe and effective gene therapy carrier, some toxicological and biodynamical experiments were carried out on silica nanoparticles （SiNPs）. First we prepared SiNPs with appropriate portions of cyclohexane, deionized water and ethyl silicate, and then transfected the modified SiNPs and GFP plasmid DNA complex into the HT1080 cells to test the effectiveness of transfection for gene therapy. At the same time, we injected the SiNPs into a number of mice through tail vein. Then we made the mice crossed to evaluate the acute, long-term and reproductive toxicity. In vivo distribution analysis and pathological examination were made on both adult mice and their offspring. SiNPs were uniform and had an average diameter of 40 nm, and the modified SiNPs carried exogenous DNA molecules into target cells and the transferred GFP fusion gene was effectively expressed in the cells. The SiNPs injected via tail vein were widely distributed in almost all of tissues, and the injected mice had the ability to reproduce normally. The in vivo and in vitro results of this study clearly show that SiNPs can be used as a safe and effective carrier for gene transfection and gene therapy.     

用离心法代替浮选提纯镜铁矿制备氧化铁红色素

This study used specularite, a high-gradient magnetic separation concentrate, as a raw material in reverse flotation. An iron concentrate with a grade of 65.1wt% and a recovery rate of 75.31% were obtained. A centrifugal concentrator served as the deep purification equipment for the preparation of iron oxide red pigments, and its optimal rotating drum speed, feed concentration, and other conditions were determined. Under optimal conditions, a high-purity iron oxide concentrate with a grade of 69.38wt% and a recovery rate of 80.89% were obtained and used as a raw material for preparing iron oxide red pigment. Calcining with sulfuric acid produced iron red pigments with different hues. Simultaneously, middlings with a grade of 60.20wt% and a recovery rate of 17.51% were obtained and could be used in blast furnace ironmaking. High-value utilization of specularite beneficiation products was thus achieved.     

A study on in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of nano hydroxyapatite/polymer biocomposite

When bioactive materials are implanted in vivo, a bone-like apatite layer can be found on their surfaces, which is critical to the establishment of bone-bonding between materials and living tissues. In this study, bone-like apatite formation in vitro and in vivo on surface of nano apatite/polyamide (n-HA/PA66) composite was investigated, and the interface between the implanted composite and surrounding bone tissue of rabbit were also examined. The results revealed that in both simulated body fluids (SBF) and dorsal muscles of rabbit, bone-like apatite could form on the biocomposite surface. When the samples were implanted in cortical bone, they combined directly with the natural bone without fibrous tissue in-between. The results showed that the n-HA/PA66 biocomposite had excellent bioactivity, which might be a good candidate for bone defect replacement.     

Research on magnetic metallization of bacterial cells

A multidisciplinary approach to the fabrication of biologically based magnetic monomers for biolimited forming is described.Rod-like Bacilli cereus about 0.5μm in diameter and 3-5μm in length,were used as templates on which the ferromagnetic material was deposited by an electroless deposition method.Different electroless plating solutions were compared in detail and CoNiP solution was selected.During the deposition process,both dispersant and mechanical stirring were used to solve the problem of aggregation of bacterial cells so as to obtain a uniform plating layer.The CoNiP film on Bacilli cereus was a mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline in the phase structure and showed a good magnetism.The magnetic metallized bacterial cells could be manipulated with a magnetic field.Parallel arrays of these micro magnetic particles were achieved and they could rotate along with the magnetic field.     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Recycle of valuable products from oily cold rolling mill sludge

Oily cold rolling mill (CRM) sludge contains lots of iron and alloying elements along with plenty of hazardous organic components, which makes it as an attractive secondary source and an environmental contaminant at the same time. The compound methods of “vacuum distillation + oxidizing roasting” and “vacuum distillation + hydrogen reduction” were employed for the recycle of oily cold rolling mill sludge. First, the sludge was dynamically vacuum distilled in a rotating furnace at 50 r/min and 600℃ for 3 h, which removed almost hazardous organic components, obtaining 89.2wt% ferrous resultant. Then, high purity ferric oxide powders (99.2wt%) and reduced iron powders (98.9wt%) were obtained when the distillation residues were oxidized and reduced, respectively. The distillation oil can be used for fuel or chemical feedstock, and the distillation gases can be collected and reused as a fuel.     

Effect of local hyperthermia induced by nanometer magnetic fluid on the rabbit VX2 liver tumor model

Hyperthermia induced by magnetic nanoparticles is a recent therapeutic approach for local targeting of hyperthermia and thermoablation and is a promising treatment of malignant tumors.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential and therapeutic effect of magnetic fluid hyperthermia on the rabbit VX2 liver tumor model.Rabbits bearing liver tumors 14 days after tumor implantation were randomly divided into five groups of 10 cases each,including three control groups and two hyperthermia groups.Hyperthermia was carried out immediately after a single intratumoral injection of uncoated water-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluid under an alternating magnetic field only once as one hyperthermia group and repeated hyperthermia after 5 days as the other treated group.The distribution of magnetic fluid was evaluated by CT scanning.All animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after tumor implantation.The therapeutic effect was determined by tumor size and macroscopic and pathological examination of the liver tumor.The local higher density imaging of intratumoral magnetic fluid deposits compared to the surrounding tissue was clearly observed by CT scanning.Twenty-eight days after tumor implantation,the tumor maximal diameter and tumor volume of two hyperthermia were both significantly less than those of control groups (P＜0.05).Tumor volume inhibition by single or repeated hyperthermia compared to the three control groups was 71.93-79.91% and 92.34-94.46% (P＜0.05),respectively.Under a microscope,coagulation necrosis was observed in the heated area,which had a clear boundary line with the surrounding tissue.The intratumoral distribution of magnetic nanoparticles,especially in the area of necrosis,appeared much more homogenous than in the untreated ones.This study demonstrates that hyperthermia induced by direct intratumoral injection of magnetic fluid can be used safely,and a well-homogenized distribution of high intratumoral temperature without heating adjacent to normal tissue can be achieved.     

Low-temperature magnetic properties of horse spleen ferritin

The magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic cores in ferritin are of importance in the construction and improvement of ferritin-based magnetic resonance imaging systems and their application to environmental magnetism. In this study, we carry out integrated magnetic and transmission electron microscopy analyses of horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) to understand the relationships between the magnetic behavior of HoSF and temperature, applied field and grain-size distributions. The R-value from the Wohlfarth-Cisowski test for the investigated sample at 5 K was 0.46, indicating very weak magnetostatic interactions among the nanoparticles of HoSF. The nanoparticles of HoSF show superparamagnetic properties at room temperature, while below the blocking temperature of T _b ≈ 12 K it has a net magnetic moment that comes from the uncompensated spins of the nanoparticle surface or spin-canting. The thermal relaxation process of HoSF follows the Néel-Arrhenius expression. From low-temperature AC susceptibility data, we calculated the effective magnetic anisotropy energy E _a=(5.52±0.16)×10^?21 J; the effective magnetic anisotropy energy constant K _eff =(4.65±0.14)×10⁴ J/m³ and the pre-exponential frequency factor f ₀=(4.52±2.93)×10¹¹ Hz. These values are useful in understanding the magnetic behavior of the antiferromagnetic nanoparticles and their potential application in biomedical technology.     

黄鳝SOD，AKP，补体C3、C4组织分布研究

以在水温28±3℃下饲养的黄鳝(Monopterus ablus)(37.35±0.89 g)为研究对象,以酶学方法研究黄鳝不同免疫组织(血液、体表粘液、肝脏、肠道、肾脏、脾脏)中非特异性免疫相关酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性和碱性磷酸酶(ACP、AKP)、补体C3、C4)的分布情况。研究结果显示,组织中SOD活性依次为;肝脏>肾脏、脾脏>粘液>肠道>血液(P<0.05);ACP活性依次为:脾脏>肾脏>肝脏>肠道>血液、粘液;AKP活性依次为:肾脏>肝脏>脾脏>肠道>粘液>血液;补体C3的含量依次为:肝脏>肾脏>脾脏>肠道>血液、粘液;补体C4的含量依次为:肝脏>脾脏>肾脏>肠道>血液、粘液。由此可见,超氧化物歧化酶和补体C3、C4主要分布于肝脏中,碱性磷酸酶主要分布于肾脏中,酸性磷酸酶主要分布于脾脏中;而各种非特异性酶和物质在肠道、血液和粘液中也均有少量分布。     

白鲢疯狂病鱼的组织病理研究

本文报道了由鲢碘泡虫Myxobolus drjagini Achermov寄生而引起的白鲢疯狂病鱼的肝,脾、肠和胃的组织病理变化。主要表现为:肝细胞颗粒性变化,萎缩,细胞核固缩,细胞界线不清。脾组织中白细胞增加。肠组织部分绒毛萎缩,肌纤维变性。肾脏水肿,肾小球严重病变,肾小管脂肪性颗粒沉积,细胞之间连接疏松。     

草鱼病理学研究Ⅲ．草鱼出血病苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶相对活性的变化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳方法，研究了正常草鱼和患出血病草鱼的肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、心脏、鳃、肌肉以及血清中的苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）同工酶。结果表明，患病草鱼和正常草鱼各组织器官及血清中的ＭＤＨ同工酶酶谱均为６条带，患病鱼的酶谱明显地不同于正常鱼的酶谱；ＭＤＨ同工酶的活性具有组织和器官的特异性，同一组织及器官，患病草鱼ＭＤＨ同工酶的总活性较正常草鱼偏高，其中鳃、肝脏、脾脏以及血清中的ＭＤＨ同工酶总活性具有显著性差异（ｐ＜０．０５）；同种组织及器官，患病草鱼的ＭＤＨ同工酶的相应组分，活性序列产生了较大的差异；ＭＤＨ同工酶可以作为草鱼患出血病的一个生理、病理指标。     

Competing crystallite size and zinc concentration in silica coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Silica coated(30 wt%) cobalt zinc ferrite(Co1 xZnxFe2O4, x?0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 1) nanoparticles were synthesized by using sol–gel method. Silica acts as a spacer among the nanoparticles to avoid the agglomeration. X-ray diffraction(XRD) reveals the cubic spinel ferrite structure of nanoparticles with crystallite size in the range 37–45 nm. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of spinel ferrite and SiO2. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images show that the nanoparticles are nearly spherical and non-agglomerated due to presence of non-magnetic SiO2 surface coating. All these measurements signify that the structural and magnetic properties of Co1 xZnxFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles strongly depend on Zn concentration and nanoparticle average crystallite size in different Zn concentration regimes.& 2014 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Dialdehyde starch nanoparticles as antitumor drug delivery system: An in vitro, in vivo, and immunohistological evaluation

Sustaining the release of therapeutic nanoparticles in a cell-, tissue-, or disease-specific manner is a potentially powerful technology. A new drug carrier-dialdehyde starch nanoparticle (DASNP) that can sustain the loading and release of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) antitumor drug is reported in this study. IR spectrophotometer and 1H NMR confirmed the formation of aldehyde groups, and scan electron microscope determinations showed that the dialdehyde starch nanoparticles obtained had an average diameter of 90 nm. 5-Fu, the model drug, was conjugated into nanoparticles by aldehyde groups. These 5-Fu-binding nanoparticles significantly enhanced breast cancer cell (MCF-7) inhibition in vitro compared with free 5-Fu. After subcutaneous 0 injection in the breast tumor-loaded rats, 5-Fu-DASNP exhibited remarkable tumor-inhibitory efficacy determined by measuring tumor weight in vivo. The tumor inhibition of 5-Fu-DASNP was 61%±6%, whereas that of free 5-Fu was only 42%±4%. Bcl-2/Bax immunohistochem-istry studies indicated that 5-Fu-DASNP remarkably induced tumor tissue necrosis. These results demonstrated that the DASNP prepared in this work is a potentially effective drug carrier.     

Cloning,sequencing of the HSC70 gene in Ctenopharyngodon idella

A cDNA encoding heat shock cognate protein 70(HSC70)was cloned from liver of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)(GenBank JF436930).This cDNA was found out to contain2 346 bp in length,including 1 950 bp of complete coding sequence encoding 649 amino acids(aa),plus 89 bp of 5′-UTR and 307 bp of3′-UTR.Analysis of its genomic structure revealed that its corresponding gene contained seven exons and six introns.Homology analysis indicated that it shared 99%of identity with HSC70 of breams and 86%of identity with HSP70 of Drosophila.Fluorescent RT-PCR analysis revealed that at 28℃,this gene was expressed in abdominal fat,muscle,intestines,brain,middle kidney,head kidney,gonads,swim bladder,liver,heart,spleen,gills,and fins with expression level in liver being the highest(p0.05),followed by that in the gonads;at 36℃,its mRNA expression level was increased at first but then decreased thereafter under heat shock stress,indicating that its expression can be regulated by heat shock.In conclusion,cloning and expression analysis identified a cDNA encoding a constitutive HSP70 gene that is expressed in many tissues of Ctenopharyngodon idella and its expression was down-regulated by heat shock.     

饥饿和再投喂对两种泥鳅不同组织细胞转录活性的影响

以Ag-NORs为指标,研究了长时间饥饿和再投喂对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅肝、肾和脾组织细胞核转录活性的影响.把试验动物置于水族箱中,0~28 d不投喂任何食物;29~35 d恢复食物的投喂.分别于0、7、14、21、28、29、30和35 d取出5尾测定其肝、肾、脾组织细胞核中Ag-NORs颗粒数目变化.结果表明:在长时间饥饿情况下,Ag-NORs数目减少,表明泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的生理活动逐渐趋于减缓.恢复投喂后,三种组织中Ag-NORs数迅速恢复.第1 d,肝和肾组织中Ag-NORs数就恢复到与起始值相近的水平;在第2 d,Ag-NORs数目平均值大于起始值;在第7 d恢复正常.在脾组织中Ag-NORs数恢复较缓慢.