电涌保护器级间退耦元件的选型分析

针对电涌保护器（SPD）级间能量配合试验中配合失效的问题,主要利用波的传输理论与基尔霍夫定律进行分析,结合JB/T 10618-2006（组合式电涌保护器）的规定假设一套组合型SPD,通过基础理论分析与精确计算得出：当被保护装置属于低频（直流）设备时,在不影响信号强度的情况下,退耦元件采用电感或电阻型元件均可;当被保护装置属于高频设备时,退耦元件只能选用低电感量的电阻型退耦元件.退耦元件的参数值均可按照波的传输理论与基尔霍夫定律进行理论计算.这在组合型SPD退耦元件的选型过程中,具有重要的指导意义.     

MOV通流能力衡量优化方法

MOV作为压敏型电涌保护器(SPD)的主要防雷元件,依据IEC 61643的规定,其通流能力是反映SPD防雷性能的重要指标,故通常用标称(最大)放电电流来衡量MOV通流能力,但这并不意味着MOV的标称放电电流就是衡量MOV的通流能力最佳参数,为了更为准确地研究SPD的防雷性能,需要对MOV通流能力的衡量方法进行进一步优化分析。通过详细分析通流能力的本质含义,引入能量资源(安秒资源)的概念,区分了MOV的标称(最大)放电电流与通流能力的关系,结果显示:利用MOV的能量资源(安秒资源)来体现器件的通流性能,更符合MOV的特征,优化后的衡量方法对于SPD防雷性能的精确定标具有重要的参考价值。     

十脉冲下限压型SPD级间串联退耦电感前后能级匹配研究

退耦电感是限压型浪涌保护器(SPD)级联配合核心元件,对于限压型SPD能级匹配具有重要影响.针对退耦电感与限压型SPD能级匹配问题,基于行波传输理论建立多级限压型SPD能量匹配模型,并结合更接近自然雷击的10个8/20 μs多脉冲试验进行研究,试验结果可知:恒定波阻抗下,增大SPD线路间退耦电感值,可有效减缓雷电瞬态过...     

复合型电源防雷器放电通道的探讨及产品应用

引言 复合型电源防雷器(SPD)是基于开关型空气间隙和限压型压敏元件零距离组合而成的防雷产品,它具有结构紧凑、性能可靠、适应窄小环境安装等优点.国内外此类产品目前已广泛应用于空间距离有限,需要多级防雷的场所,如加油站,电信基站等.     

小议电源防雷器(SPD)的安装

对电源防雷器(SPD)的类型以及设备的使用情况和电源的制式、电源的线径与电源防雷保护器安装的距离和接地方面进行阐述,只有正确地选择、配置、安装才能使SPD达到预期的效果.     

在低压配电系统中采用SPD接线方式应注意的问题

从防雷工程设计施工实践出发,按照国内外相关防雷技术标准中的规定,对TN和TT系统这两种主要接地制式的低压配电系统中不同SPD接线方式进行了分析。结果表明,TT制低压配电系统适宜采用“3 1”保护模式的SPD接线方式;对于有剩余电流保护器(RCD)的TT制低压配电系统,“4 0”保护模式的SPD只能安装在RCD负荷侧或采用“3 1”保护模式的SPD;对于SPD的接地独立于配电系统接地的TN制低压配电系统,其SPD的安装应将TN系统视为TT系统。     

电源SPD安装、使用问题的探讨

文章介绍了低压配电系统防雷保护方案设计中所遇到的SPD安装位置、SPD间的配合、SPD保护模式等问题,以及SPD安装中的注意事项和SPD的日常检查维护。     

新建筑防雷装置设计中存在的问题

总结了在山东省的防雷施工图设计说明和防雷装置设计中普遍存在的问题,设计说明中存在的问题主要包括:引用规范不全面、防雷类别标注不准确、避雷带材料标注不明确、SPD参数不明等.防雷装置设计中存在的问题主要是:(1)未充分考虑建筑物屋面特点,造成安全隐患; (2)未设计SPD的各种技术参数.     

UPS防雷问题探讨

分析了内部安装防雷元件和没有安装防雷元件的UPS遭受雷击的原因.雷电感应过电压是造成UPS遭受雷击的主要原因.UPS的雷电防护措施,重点在于电源线路的防护,应采取合理设置SPD、屏蔽、接地和等电位连接等措施,保障UPS在雷雨季节能真正起到不间断供电的作用.     

雷电脉冲下金属氧化物压敏电阻并联的性能分析

金属氧化物压敏电阻(MOV)是电涌保护器(SPD)的核心部件,为了提高SPD的通流量,厂家通常采用MOV并联的方式。为了研究MOV并联的耐压性能,本文利用组合波发生设备,分别对单片MOV与双片并联MOV加载雷电脉冲。研究发现:并联组合的MOV的残压比单片MOV要低;并联组合MOV保护水平高于单片MOV;保护水平的不同是MOV的电流偏差引起的;对MOV均流性并联能尽量降低电流偏差。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.