南亚热带6种人工林凋落物的初步研究

2006年5月至2007年4月在广西凭祥市中国林科院热带林业实验中心伏波实验场,采用塑料网框收集法对米老排、西南桦、红椎、火力楠、马尾松、杉木6种人工林分凋落物的凋落量及凋落节律进行了研究,结果表明:不同树种林分凋落物的动态变化规律不同,凋落量也各异.在6种林分中,叶、杂物的凋落量以米老排最高,分别达4 748.23、1 881.07 kg·hm-2·a-1,西南桦最低,分别为2 641.32、153.88 kg·hm-2·a-1;枝凋落量以马尾松最高,达902.94 kg·hm-2·a-1,杉木最低,仅149.93 kg·hm-2·a-1.林分的年总凋落量也以米老排最高,达7 095.76kg·hm-2·a-1,西南桦最低,仅3 309.05 kg·hm-2·a-1,米老排林分的年总凋落量是西南桦的2.14倍,而红椎、杉木、马尾松、火力楠4种林分的年总凋落量比较相近,为5 555.61～5 864.87 kg·hm-2·a-1,相差不足6%.6种林分年总凋落量的差异极显著,多重比较显示,米老排与另外5个树种比较都达到了极显著差异,红椎和杉木与西南桦、火力楠、马尾松比较达极显著差异;火力楠、马尾松与西南桦比较达极显著差异.     

亚高山暗针叶林凋落物的分解过程

凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其分解过程是森林生态系统养分循环的重要环节。准确测定凋落物的分解动态,对研究森林生态系统的格局和过程非常重要。本文的工作在贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站开展,对海拔3 000 m的峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)林进行定位观测,并对峨眉冷杉林凋落物分解过程进行了长期测定。研究结果表明:(1)凋落物的分解速率是阔叶>针叶>枯枝,峨眉冷杉林的阔叶、针叶和枯枝等凋落物分解一半所需要的时间分别为6.8年、10.5年和14.5年,分解95%所需时间分别为29.3年、45.6年和63.1年;(2)无论阔叶还是针叶、枯枝,其有机碳含量均随着时间的推移而下降,而有机碳分解率均随着时间而增高;利用指数衰减模型,获得凋落物有机碳的分解系数是阔叶>针叶>枯枝;(3)在每年凋落物输入峨眉冷杉林林地时,其中的阔叶、针叶和枯枝已经开始分解,当年可释放的有机碳分别为52.18 kg·hm^-2、4.32 kg·hm^-2和0.67 kg·hm^-2,各类凋落物每年有机碳释放总量为61.13 kg·hm^-2,占凋落时有机碳量的6.58%。     

海岸沙地木麻黄人工林凋落物归还量及其热值动态研究

2002年11月至2003年10月在福建沿海中部惠安县崇武镇赤湖林场用收集筐法收集木麻黄凋落物,分析了凋落物各组分的归还量;应用GR-3500型氧弹式热值仪测定木麻黄凋落物的热值,并测定分析了凋落物各组分的灰分含量.结果表明:木麻黄人工林的凋落物归还量为14.18 t·hm-2·a-1,其中小枝占72.21%,枝条占23.41%,球果占2.68%,其余部分占1.69%.归还分布情况是:4-9月为归还高峰期,占总归还量的68.48%,其它月份占总归还量的31.52%.凋落物各组分灰分含量平均值顺序为:花(5.32%)＞小枝(4.90%)＞枝(4.69%)＞球果(3.20%);凋落物干物质热值平均值顺序为:小枝＞(21.11 Kj·g-1)＞花(20.96 Kj·g-1)＞球果(19.91 Kj·g-1)＞枝条(19.89 Kj·g-1);凋落物去灰分热值的顺序为:小枝(22.19 Kj·g-1)＞花(22.18 Kj·g-1)＞枝条(20.87 Kj·g-1)＞球果(20.63 Kj·g-1).整个林分的能量归还量为294.55 GJ·hm-2·a-1,其中小枝占主体,归还量为215.79 GJ·hm-2·a-1,其次是枝条66.07 GJ·hm-2·a-1,再次是果7.66 GJ·hm-2·a-1,花最小5.02 GJ·hm-2·a-1,各月的能流变化与凋落物生物量相似.     

海南麻竹林凋落物及养分动态研究

研究了海南麻竹林凋落物量及其养分动态.结果表明:麻竹林凋落物全年总量为6 862.8 kg·hm-2.N、P、K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为74.847、3.264、25.921、45.924、11.902kg·hm-2,大小顺序为:N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞P,养分总的年归还量是161.858kg·hm-2·a-1.凋落物分解失重率达95%的分解期为11.59个月,每年产生的凋落物全部归还于土壤.     

南宁马占相思人工林生态系统碳素密度与贮量

对南宁市马占相思人工林3个不同年龄阶段(4,7和11年生)生态系统的碳素密度、贮量及其空间分布特征进行研究.结果表明:马占相思不同器官中碳素密度为455.4～494.5 g·kg-1,各器官碳素密度表现为:皮＞干或叶＞枝＞根;同一林分中各层次碳素密度表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层;0～80 cm土层中碳素密度随林龄增加而增大,且随土层深度增加而下降;3个年龄阶段马占相思人工林生态系统总碳贮量分别为117.63,176.70和202.08 t·hm-2,其中乔木层分别占25.67%,46,10%和50.91%,灌木和草本层分别占1.82%,1.65%和1.62%,土壤层分别占69.84%,49.62%和44.59%,凋落物层分别占2.68%,2.34%和2.88%;3个年龄阶段林分碳素年净固定量分别为10.66,15.70和12.55 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层碳素年净固定量分别为7.54,12.14和9.36 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的70.17%,74.14%和74.58%;凋落物层碳素年固定量分别为312,3.56和3.191 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的70.17%.74.14%和74.58%.     

毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳平衡估算

采用CID-301PS光合测定仪,对湖南会同林区毛竹和杉木人工林土壤CO2排放动态进行观测,并结合现存生物量调查,对其生态系统碳平衡特征进行估算.结果表明:毛竹和杉木林生态系统碳贮量分别为144.3和152.52 t·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,凋落物层和林下植被层所占比例最小.毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占76.89%,乔木层占22.16%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占0.51%和0.41%;杉木林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占2.28%和0.70%.毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年固定CO2总量分别为38.87和26.95 t·hm-2a-1,但其每年以土壤异养呼吸和凋落物呼吸的形式排放CO2的量分别为24.35和15.75 t·hm-2a-1,毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年净固定CO2的量分别为14.52和11.21 t·hm-2a-1,折合成净碳量分别为3.96和3.07 t·hm-2a-1.     

第2代杉木林速生阶段营养元素的空间分布特征和生物循环

利用 2a定位观测数据 ,本文对速生阶段的第 2代杉木人工林内N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种养分元素的含量、积累、空间分布和生物循环进行了研究 ,结果表明 :各组分养分含量排列顺序为草本层 >灌木层 >树叶 >树枝 >树皮 >树根 >树干。树枝中Ca的含量丰富 ,树皮中K的含量丰富。凋落物层养分元素含量低于树枝和树叶 ,反映了凋落时养分元素向林木体内迁移回收的现象。杉木富集N、P、Ca 3种元素。 5种元素积累总量为 85 4 6 5kg·hm- 2 ,是第 1代的 1 5倍。第 2代杉木生产 1t干物质所需养分量为 11 6 2kg ,高于第 1代 ,第 2代杉木林将消耗更多的林地养分。林冠枝叶与树皮养分积累量占林木总积累量的 75 % ,采伐利用应仅取走树干而在林地中留下其它部分 ,让其分解使养分元素归还给土壤。草本层、灌木层与凋落物层三者的养分积累量为 88 13kg·hm- 2 ,是重要的养分库。第 2代杉木中养分元素的年积累量为 93 13kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略高于第 1代杉木林的养分年积累量。总归还量为 89 4 9kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,其中凋落物归还 17 4 6kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略低于第 1代 ,淋溶的养分量 72 0 4kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,是凋落物的 4倍多。吸收量为 182 6 2kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。与第 1代相比 ,第 2代杉木林中土壤K、P的含量高 ,而N、Ca、Mg 3种养分     

云杉人工林凋落物研究

本文以四川西部高山林区黑水县寡古1966年更新的川西云杉(Picea balfouriana)人工林为研究对象,开展了凋落物的收集和分析测定。结果表明:云杉人工林年凋落量为2 760.11 kg.hm-2,其中凋落针叶、树枝、树皮-杂物各占林分年凋落量的80.81%、17.40%和1.79%。凋落量各月间变化大,全年出现两个峰值;营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu)贮存量为64.086 kg.hm-2.a-1,凋落针叶、树枝和树皮-杂物分别占林分营养元素贮存总量的85.58%、13.61%和0.81%。     

南亚热带米老排成熟林碳库及其分布格局

以南亚热带地区广西宁明县米老排成熟林(34年生)为研究对象,采用标准样地法对其碳库及其分布格局进行研究。结果表明:1米老排不同器官碳素含量在472.6~509.3 g·kg-1之间,各器官碳素含量排序依次为树叶、干材、干皮、树枝、树根。灌木层、草本层、凋落物层碳素含量分别为480.4、469.1、483.2 g·kg-1。土壤(0~100 cm)土层中碳素含量为8.94g·kg-1,随土层加深土壤中碳素含量逐渐减少。2米老排人工林生态系统碳库为272.80 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为143.47t·hm-2,占52.59%;灌木层为0.44 t·hm-2,占0.18%;草本层为0.18 t·hm-2,占0.07%;凋落物层为5.07 t·hm-2,占1.86%;土壤层为123.64 t·hm-2,占45.32%。3米老排成熟林年净生产力为10.17 t·hm-2·a-1,碳素年净固定量为5.37 t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为19.69 t·hm-2·a-1。     

自然侵入阔叶树对琉球松人工林碳素及氮素动态的影响

对日本冲绳岛北部相同土壤条件下的琉球松纯林及其混交林的土壤氮素及有机碳素、地表凋落物量、枯枝落叶量以及土壤氮素矿化速率进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,琉球松纯林的地表凋落物层氮、碳平均贮量分别为133kg·hm- 2 和 7199kg·hm- 2 ,混交林则分别为 10 5kg·hm- 2 和 6 14 3kg·hm- 2 。然而 ,混交林地表 10cm矿质土层的氮、碳贮量则显著高于纯林 ,氮素比纯林多 4 93kg·hm- 2 ,碳素多 5 5 5 4kg·hm- 2 。在 30d的实验室培养实验中 ,混交林表层土壤的氮素矿化速率高于纯林 18% ;而且 ,混交林的落叶和土壤的碳氮比值亦明显低于松纯林。混交林土壤的年平均矿化氮素 (NH4 NO3- )浓度高于纯林 2 2 %。与松纯林相比 ,混交林通过枯枝落叶年平均氮素归还量多 4 3 7kg·hm- 2 ,碳素归还量多 16 5 5kg·hm- 2 。混交林具有较高的氮素归还量 ,主要是混交林的针叶含氮含量较高以及大量的高含氮量的阔叶落叶所致。上述结果充分说明针阔混交导致了林分氮素循环的变化。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。