6T51高频加热电子管用碳化La2O3—Mo阴极的研究

研究了应用于6T51发射管中的碳化La2O3-Mo阴极的制作工艺及电子发射性能，在碳化钍钨阴极的实践基础上，实现了La2O3-Mo阴极的碳化以及碳化La2O3-Mo阴极6T51管的去气和阴极激活。对比碳化钍钨阴极，分析了碳化La2O3-Mo阴极6T51管的发射能力，认为目前碳化La2O3-Mo阴极研究的发射量最高水平只达到钝钨阴极的下限值，还不具备取代碳化Th-W阴极的条件，由于碳化Th-W阴极6T51管设计时所选取的阴极发射能力富余量相当大，经过严格的去气，老练处理，碳化La2O3-Mo阴极基本上满足6T51测试的要求，但其发射稳定性不好，发射寿命也不容易掌握，论述了La元素消耗或碳化层消耗是两个影响碳化La2O3-Mo阴极发射稳定性的因素。     

稀土镧钼热阴极材料表面镧元素的蒸发

从理论上计算了碳化Mo-La2O3热阴极材料在不同温度下活性物质镧元素的蒸发速度,分析了镧元素蒸发对材料热电子发射及其稳定性的影响.计算结果表明:当温度为1623～1700K时,阴极中镧的扩散速度大于阴极表面镧的蒸发速度,Mo-La2O3阴极表面单质La的生成和蒸发保持平衡,阴极发射稳定; 当工作温度超过1700K,阴极表面镧的蒸发速度超过扩散速度,发射电流逐渐减少.测试了Mo-La2O3阴极FU-6051电子管在不同温度时的发射性能,热力学理论计算结果较好地解析了实验结果.     

Thermionic properties of Mo-La_2O_3 cathode wires

The recent advances in Mo-La2O3 thermionic cathode materials were presented. It is shown that Mo-La2O3 cathode has better ductility, radioactive pollution-free, excellent thermionic electron-emission properties and lower operating temperature compared with W-ThO2 cathode. At operating temperature 1350～1400℃, the average saturation current of the Mo-La2O3 cathode is 118mA, the corresponding average current density is 367mA/cm2, and the average emission efficiency is 11.8mA/W. The lifetime of diode is more than 2000h when the stable emission current is 80mA. Moreover, the lifetime of practical 6T51-type triode is more than 1000h. These advances show that the Mo-La2O3 cathode electron tube is closer to industry application.     

FU105大功率广播发射管用碳化镧钼阴极研究

研究了FU105大功率广播发射管用碳化镧钼阴极，参照碳化钍钨阴极FU105管的制备工艺，实现了镧钼阴极的碳化以及镧钼阴极FU105管的排气和老炼。通过镧铝阴极FU105管的性能测试，对碳化镧钼阴极的发射能力和稳定性进行了分析。结果认为：FU105管碳化镧钼阴极的发射能力可以达到碳化钍钨阴极的水平，但其稳定性还有待改进。     

Simulations of the dielectric constant of bonding materials and field emission properties of CNT cathodes

The effect of the dielectric constant (k) of bonding materials in a screen-printed carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode on the field enhancement factor was investigated for high-efficiency CNT cathodes using the ANSYS software. The values obtained by a simulation study were compared to the experimental results obtained for screen-printed CNT cathodes. The field enhancement factor increased as the dielectric constant decreased, reaching a maximum value at a dielectric constant of 1, the value for a vacuum. The findings indicate that the larger sheet resistance of the bonding materials, after the firing process, can be attributed to the larger emission current of the CNT cathode. From these results, it was concluded that the best bonding materials for screen-printed CNT cathodes should have a low dielectric constant and a high sheet resistance. This finding can be used as criteria for selecting bonding materials for use in CNT pastes for highly efficient CNT cathodes.     

Surface Carbonization of Mo-La2O3 Cathode

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Surface Carbonization of Mo-La2O3 Cathode

The carbonized structures of Mo-La₂O₃ cathode specimens have been investigated by means of FESEM and XRD, respectively. The substructure of carbonized layer in the Mo-La₂O₃ cathode has been found for the first time. The results showed that the carbonized layer with uniform Mo₂C was helpful to emission, while the demixing carbonized layer with a compact MoC outside layer was harmful to emission. The uniform Mo₂C layer consists of coarse particles with lots of grain boundary crevices as well as holes arranging perpendicular to the wire axle and up to surface, which was beneficial to the migration of activated rare-earth in activation and operating.     

A study on carburized La–Mo cathode material

The effect of carburization on the thermionic electron-emission properties of the La₂O₃-doped molybdenum (La–Mo) cathode has been systematically studied, and the optimal carburizing technology has been obtained. The optimal carburizing technology is that the La–Mo cathode is exposed to benzene vapour for 8 min at about 1500°C, and the pressure of benzene vapour is about 8.5–9.5 Pa. The thermionic electron-emission capacity of the La–Mo cathode has reached the level of the traditional thoriated tungsten (Th–W) cathode, and the service lifetime of the 6T51-type electron tube equipped with the La–Mo cathode has been about 1657 h under on–off working conditions. So it is possible that the La–Mo cathode will replace the Th–W cathode with the problems of radioactive pollution and drastic brittleness as cathode material of some powerful electron tubes, and this is also the purpose of the study.     

中低温用Sm1-2xEuxBaxB6阴极材料的制备及性能

采用硼/碳热还原-热压烧结集成工艺(BCTR&HP)制备了高纯致密的Sm_1-2xEu_xBa_xB₆(x=0.1,02,0.3)多晶块体,系统研究Eu&Ba掺杂SmB₆对其结构、力学性能与电学特性的影响。结果表明,BCTR&HP制备的Sm_1-2xEu_xBa_xB₆呈CsC1型简单立方单相结构,晶格常数随Eu&Ba掺杂量的增加而增大,贡献于力学性能的提高和电阻率的下降。热电子发射性能结果表明,Eu&Ba掺杂能够改善SmB₆阴极材料的发射特性,在测试温度1773 K,外加电压1 kV条件下,Sm_0.4Eu_0.3Ba_0.3B₆阴极的发射电流密度达到35.1 mA·cm^-2,零场电流密度达到21.4 mA·cm^-2,在1523~1773 K其平均有效功函数为3.6 eV,其固有的高电阻率可作为"直热式"阴极简化热子结构,具有很大的应用前景。     

Chemical stability of La_2O_3 in La_2O_3-Mo cathode materials

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La_2O_3-Mo阴极的发射机理

采用热分析、原位ＸＰＳ等方法对 Ｍｏ—Ｌａ２Ｏ３阴极中 Ｌａ的价态进行了研究,探讨了该阴极的发射机理．实验结果表明,在高温下Ｌａ２Ｏ３可以被Ｍｏ２Ｃ还原成单质Ｌａ． Ｌａ２Ｏ３－Ｍｏ阴极的发射可用原子膜机理解释：在阴极工作过程中,还原得到的 Ｌａ覆盖在Ｍｏ基体表面,降低了基体 Ｍｏ的逸出功,促进了阴极的发射根据此机理提出Ｌａ２Ｏ３－Ｍｏ电子管制备和运行工艺．使电子管的工作寿命提高到了满足实际应用要求的水平．     

Advances in Thermionic Cathode of Tungsten and Molybdenum

Tungsten and motybdenum have been usedwidely in metallUrgy illumination and electfo-nics, astfonavig8tion and chemical fields due totheir high melting poillts and high hardness.They are imPoftam materials used in illumina-tion aPparatlls and electfon tubes. ln electron tu-bes, trigsten is used as thermonic cathode ma-terial, and molybdenum is mainly used as stand,anode, etc. Recently molybdenurn has beenused as thermonic cathode material for its goodperformance at high temPerthee. The aPplic…     

粉末粒度对SPS固相烧结La0.6Eu0.4B6阴极材料的影响

采用高能球磨法制备出La0 6Eu0.4B6纳米粉体,将球磨后的纳米粉进行放电等离子(SPS)烧结,制备出了高致密的La0.6Eu0.4B6多晶块体材料.系统研究了烧结温度、烧结压力对样品致密度和力学性能的影响.结果表明,该方法与传统热压烧结方法相比有效降低了烧结温度,制备出的样品密度、维氏硬度和抗弯强度分别达到4.71 g/cm3、23.37 GPa和295.14MPa,这些值均高于传统热压烧结方法.热电子发射结果表明,当阴极温度为1873 K时,最大发射电流密度为33.74 A/cm2.实验过程中还发现,在相同烧结工艺下,球磨纳米粉与粗粉相比,维氏硬度、抗弯强度和热电子发射电流密度分别提高了28％、58％和32％.因此,在固相烧结过程中,粉末粒度的减小,更有助于烧结性能的提高.     

Microstructure and properties of a Mo-CeO2 heated cathode material

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and election-emission properties of a newly developed heated cathode material Mo-CeO2 with 4.0% (mass fraction) of CeO2 were investigated. It is shown that the Mo-CeO2 cathode material possesses high tensile strength and good room-temperature ductility. After carbonized, the Mo-CeO2 cathode material has a higher zero field emission current density and a lower work function compared with the W-ThO2 cathode material.     

家用微波炉磁控管用碳化La2O3-Mo阴极

研究了家用微波炉磁控管碳化La2 O3 Mo阴极 ,参照碳化ThO2 W阴极磁控管的制作工艺 ,成功实现了La2 O3 Mo阴极的碳化以及碳化La2 O3 Mo阴极磁控管的去气、激活。碳化La2 O3 Mo阴极的微波能量输出功率为 5 0 0W ,而同类型的碳化ThO2 W阴极磁控管的额定微波能量输出为 90 0W。通过分析认为 ,碳化La2 O3 Mo阴极磁控管微波输出能量不足的主要原因在于碳化La2 O3 Mo阴极材料本身的电子发射能力不足。     

Preparation and properties of Os–Ir–Al alloy for impregnated tungsten cathodes

Os–Ir–Al alloy was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique.IrAl and OsIr interalloys were synthesized to reduce the Al evaporation and ensure the composition of the ternary alloy.Analysis on microstructures shows that each component is distributed homogeneously,and the green density reaches 94.9%.Ba–W cathodes with Os–Ir–Al alloy magnetic sputtered on the tips are prepared and directly current density tests are carried out on these cathodes.It is found that at 1,050℃,the average zero field emission density of the cathode reaches up to 20 Aácm-2.The improvements of cathodic current density and stability may indicate the prosperous application of Os–Ir–Al alloy on cathode.     

Formation of low angle boundaries and stray grains in welds of single-crystal Mo-3Nb alloys

ABSTRACT

Mo-3Nb single-crystal alloy is an ideal material for emitters of thermionic fuel elements. In this experiment, heat-affected zone of electron beam welding of Mo-3Nb single-crystal tubes was investigated, and it was discovered that heat-affected zone basically inherited the orientation of parent metal while there were still plenty of low angle boundaries and a few stray grains (SGs). Those low angle boundaries (LABs) stemmed from the fusion line and converged toward the centreline. Besides, the distribution of LABs was asymmetrical about the centreline of welding pool, and Laue diffraction pattern showed that the side with more LABs had higher dislocation density than the other. Furthermore, SGs existed merely at the bottom of welding pool and were discontinuously distributed along the circumferential direction of single-crystal tube.     

On the Electrodeposition of Tungsten-Cobalt Alloys From Aqueous Solutions

Sound coherent deposits of tungsten-cobalt alloys with up to 60–66 wt. % of tungsten can be produced at cathode current efficiencies of up to 21% from solutions containing 40–70 g./l. of tungsten as sodium tungstate, 4–12 g./l. of cobalt as cobalt sulphate, 70–150 g./l. of citric acid and 50 g./l. of ammonium chloride, adjusted to room-temperature pH of 7·5–8·5 with sodium hydroxide, and operated at 50–70° C. with interrupted d.c. pulses of 0·05–2 sees, and equal or rather greater “off” periods, the cathode current density during the pulses being 5–20 amps./dm.². Moderate agitation of the solution is desirable.

Hydrogen overpotential for hydrogen deposition from citrate buffers is much less on tungsten-cobalt cathodes than on tungsten or cobalt cathodes. Evidently the electronic structure of the alloy cathodes is much more favourable than that of tungsten for hydrogen deposition: this suggests that it is also more favourable for tungsten deposition, which may help to explain why tungsten-cobalt alloys are so much more easily deposited than pure tungsten.

A number of amphipathic organic molecules, among them thiourea, benzenesulphonamide and pyridine, increase the hydrogen overpotential on tungsten-cobalt alloys: but they do not increase the cathode current efficiency of alloy deposition, evidently because they increase the metal-deposition overpotential about equally.     

Fabrication and performance of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/YSZ graded composite cathodes for SOFC

The performance of multi-layer (1-x)La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/xYSZ graded composite cathodes was studied as electrode materials for intermediate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance of multi-layer composite cathodes were investigated. The thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity decreased with the increase in YSZ content. The (1-x)La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/xYSZ composite cathode greatly increased the length of the active triple phase boundary line (TPBL) among electrode, electrolyte, and gas phase, leading to a decrease in polarization resistance and an increase in polarization current density. The polarization current density of the triple-layer graded composite cathode (0.77 A/cm2) was the highest and that of the monolayer cathode (0.13 A/cm2) was the lowest. The polarization resistance (Rp) of the triple-layer graded composite cathode was only 0.182Ω·cm2 and that of the monolayer composite cathode was 0.323Ω·cm2. The power density of the triple-layer graded composite cathode was the highest and that of the monolayer composite cathode was the lowest. The triple-layer graded composite cathode had superior performance.     

纳米阴极材料电弧分散特性的理论分析

采用扫描电子显微镜观察了纳晶结构和粗晶结构的W-20%Cu和Cu的首击穿烧蚀形貌,指出纳晶电弧烧蚀痕迹分散,烧蚀比较轻微;常规材料烧蚀比较集中,且烧蚀比较严重。通过分析阴极材料的微观结构,建立了多晶材料电子所处势场结构模型,通过数值计算得出：晶粒越小,对应价电子子能带间能隙越大。分析认为,纳米晶结构的阴极材料电弧分散是由于较大的能隙阻碍了大量电子同时参与导电并迫使阴极斑点快速运动,从而避免大电流产生的焦耳热所导致的严重烧蚀。