肝连续薄层冠状断面数据获取研究

目的 应用数控冷冻铣削技术获取肝的连续薄层冠状断面数据集.方法 经CT、MRI扫描筛选后,选择无明显病变的成年男性尸体1例,截取其上腹部,按直立位置于包埋容器内,经明胶包埋和深低温冷冻后,在低温冷冻室内用数控铣床从前向后连续铣削,获得肝的连续薄层冠状断面,用数码相机逐层拍摄,获取原始数据.结果 该例上腹部标本冷冻铣削后共获得层厚为0.2mm的肝连续冠状断面图像699幅,断面能够清晰显示肝的形态结构、位置及毗邻关系和肝内管道系统及其分支的走行分布.结论 应用数控冷冻铣削技术获取的肝连续薄层冠状断面数据集精度高,质量优,为基于冠状断面数据集的肝及肝内管道系统的三维重建奠定了基础.     

肝门部胆管癌与肝门部肝癌15例的超声诊断评价

仪器与方法:应用Aloka SSD-256、610型超声仪,探头频率3.5MHz。检查于早晨空腹进行,常规探查肝脏及胆道系统,对因胃肠气体影响而难以显示肝门及下端胆管结构者,饮温开水500ml充盈胃腔后再行探查。重点观察肝内胆管、肝门部胆道、胆总管、门静脉的形态、走行、管径大小、管壁厚度、内部回声以及肝门部肿物及其周围组织结构的回声特点等,并沿扩张的肝内胆管向下追踪扫查,以显示梗阻平面和梗阻病因。图像用照相机摄影记录。     

T/Y型胆管支架治疗肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值

目的探讨新型T/Y型胆管金属支架系统在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻中的临床应用价值。资料与方法对15例临床确诊为肝门部恶性胆管梗阻的患者先行单侧或双侧经皮肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD),再根据双侧肝内胆管的夹角置入"T"型或"Y"型胆管金属支架。结果15例均成功置入支架,其中单侧置入呈"T"型12例,双侧置入呈"Y"型3例。术后患者黄疸指数、胆管扩张状况均有不同程度改善,实现了内引流,未出现与支架置入相关的严重并发症。术后3～5天复查,胆管造影示支架系统几乎完全展开。结论T/Y型胆管支架在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻治疗中具有操作简便、创伤小及内引流效果好的优点。     

胆管肠道吻合内引流术的适应症

胆管肠道吻合内引流手术(简称胆肠内引流术)至今沿用已久,主要适应症是:(1)肝外或肝门部胆管肿瘤根治性切除术后胆肠通路的重建或晚期病例姑息性旁路内引流;(2)肝外或肝门部胆管的损伤性狭窄、梗阻或胆瘘形成后的修复与重建;(3)炎症性肝外或肝门部胆管及肝内大胆管狭窄的矫正和引流;(4)原发性胆管结石、肝胆管结石症时胆管病损所呈现的胆管扩张的外科处理。     

肝移植术后并发症的诊断与处理

本文总结回顾了3例肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断及处理。其中,肝移植术后胆泥形成导致胆管结石1例,胆肠吻合口狭窄1例,肝外胆管全程坏死1例。分别予以胆管切开取石,经皮经肝胆道金属支架置入及肝门部胆管与空肠盆氏吻合处理。1例恢复,1例出现肝移植以外并发症死亡,1例感染死亡。文章对胆道并发症的发病原因进行分析,认为供体胆管冷缺时间,胆管壁供血及感染是引起上述并发症的重要原因。手术、金属支架置入等是可选择的治疗方法。     

肝门部胆管癌的磁共振诊断和评价

肝门部胆管癌起源于肝内胆管，发生左右肝管汇合区，在肝脏恶性肿瘤中位居第二，在胆管肿瘤中位居第一，占胆管癌的58％-75％。由于肿瘤生长缓慢和隐蔽，早期影像学诊断困难；但由于肝门区有许多重要的血管，手术时多数癌肿已侵犯周围组织，手术切除难度大，预后很差。笔者搜集术前行MR检查、经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌28例，旨在探讨MR在肝门部胆管癌中的诊断价值。     

MRI结合MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的评价

目的:探讨MRI结合MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析66例肝门部胆管狭窄患者的临床、MRI资料,所有病例均进行MR平扫、增强及MRCP检查,其中12例经ERCP证实、6例经PTC证实,48例经手术病理证实.结果:66例肝门部胆管狭窄患者中,26例损伤性狭窄,9例肝门部胆管癌,6例肝门部转移性肿瘤,14例炎性狭窄,4例胆管结石,Mirizzi综合征及硬化性胆管炎各2例,3例先天性胆管囊肿.胆管受累范围按Bismuth分级,MRI和MRCP均显示了胆管狭窄情况及病变特征.结论:MRI和MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的诊断具有重要价值,对指导临床采取正确的治疗措施具有重要意义.     

肝门部胆管癌的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的：评价MSCT对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析17例行MSCT平扫及动态增强扫描的肝门部胆管癌影像学资料,并与手术及病理对照分析。结果：全部病例均有肝内外胆管扩张,肝内胆管扩张呈软藤状。胆管内肿块（5例）,胆管壁局限增厚和管腔狭窄（12例）,平扫均为等密度。增强扫描3例强化,14例延迟强化。结论：胆管壁局限增厚、胆管内肿块是肝门部胆管癌的较特征性CT征象,MSCT扫描结合薄层三维重建对诊断具有重要意义。     

经胆管192Ir内照射对胆管、肝脏放射损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨经胆管192Ir内照射的安全性、可行性以及有效治疗范围,为肝门部胆管癌经胆管192Ir内照射提供理论依据.方法 取雄性健康杂种犬16只,据照射剂量随机分成4组,每组4只.内照射前从犬肝边缘切取1 cm3大小肝组织作对照研究.术中将近距离治疗施源器经胆囊送入胆囊管与肝总管汇合处并用金属夹固定,根据预先设定的剂量进行胆管内照射.10 d后处死动物,取被照射胆管中央部分长约5 mm胆管,及距离胆管壁由近及远按设计距离分别取1 mm3大小肝组织,制备光镜切片,作HE染色;同时用2.5%戊二醛固定后常规制备电镜切片.光镜下观察胆管及周围肝组织的放射损伤并对损伤程度评分.电镜下观察肝组织超微结构损伤变化并计数凋亡肝细胞.结果 经胆管192Ir内照射30 Gy时,胆管损伤达部分肌层;50 Gy时,胆管仅存外膜;60 Gy时,胆管出现全层坏死.胆管周围肝组织放射损伤随剂量增加而加重.在胆管最大安全耐受剂量50 Gy时,距胆管0～15 mm处肝细胞核出现不可逆性改变.结论 正常胆管对192Ir内照射有良好的耐受性.在胆管最大安全耐受剂量50 Gy时,经胆管192Ir内照射有效的治疗范围可达15 mm.     

肝门部胆管癌的CT和MRI诊断

目的：评价和比较CT和MRI在肝门部胆管癌的分型和诊断中的作用。方法：回顾性分析30例肝门部胆管癌的MRI平扫、增强及MRCP表现，其中13例同时作CT检查，比较两者对肝门部胆管癌的显示能力，并与手术、病理对照。结果：肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI均表现为肝内胆管不同程度的扩张，肝门部见软组织肿块，MRI T1WI呈稍低信号，T2WI呈稍高信号，MRCP表现为肝门部胆管梗阻。对肿块型肝门部胆管癌MRI和CT显示均较好，对浸润型肝门部胆管癌MRI较CT显示好。结论：MRI和CT是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效手段。MRI及MRCP在显示浸润型肝门部胆管癌较CT优越。     

肝门部胆管癌影像学诊断

本文对５６例经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌进行了影像学回顾性分析，直接法胆道造影（ＤＣ）表现征象可分为胆道梗阻、狭窄、息肉样变和右肝管狭窄伴左肝管梗阻。ＵＳ显示肝内胆管的扩张，肝门区低回声占位，胆管内低回声肿块，门静脉癌栓。ＣＴ可表现，肝内胆管扩张，肝门区软组织密度肿块，肝门区肿块有增强，胆囊变小或萎缩，左肝萎缩和右肝增大，作者认为：ＤＣ加上ＵＳ或ＣＴ是诊断肝门区胆管癌的首选方法。     

Sonography of the common bile duct: value of the right anterior oblique view.

The common hepatic and proximal common bile ducts (common duct) lie anteriorly and generally to the right of the portal vein in the porta hepatis. This constant anatomic relationship can be used to demonstrate the common duct and to differentiate it from the portal vein by gray scale ultrasonography. The patient is scanned longitudinally from the right anterior abdominal wall with the ultrasound beam directed posteromedially until two tubular structures are demonstrated in the porta hepatis. The more anterior tubular structure in this projection is the common duct. If the common duct is less than 3 mm in diameter, it may not be clearly delineated. In these cases the absence of common duct dilatation can be inferred. The usefulness of this view for detecting common duct dilatation was evaluated in a series of 101 consecutive cases proven by surgery, autopsy, or cholangiography. The overall accuracy was 96% (four false negative studies; no false positives). We conclude that sonography should be the imaging procedure of choice for suspected extrahepatic biliary obstruction if the serum bilirubin level precludes intravenous cholangiography.     

Biliary atresia in neonates and infants: triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis at T2-weighted MR cholangiography with US and histopathologic correlation

PURPOSE: To correlate a triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiograms of biliary atresia with ultrasonographic (US) and histopathologic findings in a portal mass observed during a Kasai procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive neonates and infants (age range, 13-88 days; mean age, 59 days) with cholestasis underwent US and single-shot MR cholangiography. In 12 patients with biliary atresia diagnosed at histopathologic examination, MR cholangiographic findings in the porta hepatis were correlated with US and histopathologic findings in the portal mass. RESULTS: At US, eight of the 12 patients had round, linear, or tubular hypoechoic portions within a triangular cord; MR cholangiography revealed a triangular area of high signal intensity confined to the porta hepatis. Histopathologic examination of the portal mass revealed a cystic or cleftlike lesion surrounded by loose myxoid mesenchyme and platelike fetal bile ducts. Neither the large cystic lesion without ductal epithelium nor the small cleftlike lesion with scanty epithelium demonstrated bile staining. Similar areas of high signal intensity were not seen on T2-weighted images in the remaining patients (four with biliary atresia and nine with neonatal hepatitis). CONCLUSION: In biliary atresia, T2-weighted single-shot MR cholangiography can show a triangular area of high signal intensity in the porta hepatis that may represent cystic dilatation of the fetal bile duct.     

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the porta hepatis after orthotopic liver transplantation: sonographic findings.

The sonographic appearances of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma developing in the porta hepatis in three patients soon after hepatic transplantation were reviewed. The lymphomas appeared as large hypoechoic masses encasing vital portal structures--the hepatic artery and the common bile duct--in all three cases and displacing the portal vein in two. The liver was only locally involved. All patients presented with jaundice soon after transplantation (average interval, 6.3 months). Rapid tumor progression caused hepatic infarction, necessitating retransplantation in two patients. The third patient died shortly after diagnosis. The authors believe this complication will be seen increasingly as liver transplantation becomes more common. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma should be considered when an obstructing mass is found in the porta hepatis, even when the time interval since transplantation is short.     

Intrahepatic bile duct and portal vein anatomy revisited

Seventeen normal cadaver livers were studied to assess the anatomic relationship of bile ducts to portal veins. The common bile duct, main portal vein, and hepatic artery were cannulated and injected with air, dilute contrast medium, and mineral oil, respectively. The livers were placed in anatomic position and examined with computed tomography. In the lateral segment of the left hepatic lobe, the bile ducts were anterior to the portal vein in seven cases, posterior in seven, and tortuous (ie, both anterior and posterior) in three. In the medial segment of the left lobe, the bile ducts were anterior in four cases, posterior in four, tortuous in three, and not seen in six. In the right lobe, the bile ducts were anterior in nine cases, posterior in five, tortuous in one, and not seen in two. In the porta hepatis, the bile ducts were anterior in ten cases, posterior in one, tortuous in five, and not seen in one. Histologic findings confirmed the anterior and posterior location of the bile ducts relative to the portal veins. These findings contradict the commonly held view of intrahepatic bile ducts being anterior to the portal vein and are clinically significant for techniques such as bile duct drainage.     

中晚期肝门部胆管癌15例手术切除体会

目的探讨中晚期肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗方式。方法对2002年12月—2005年10月收治的15例中晚期肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗方式和随访结果进行回顾性分析,其中中期7例(BismuthⅢa型4例,Ⅲb型3例),晚期(Ⅳ型)8例。结果手术切除10例,非手术胆道支架内引流5例(Ⅳ型5例)。随访14例(14/15,93.3%),手术切除组随访10例,中位生存期14.2月(16d～32.3月);非手术胆道支架内引流组随访4例,中位生存期3.8月(1.3～7.2月),两组中位生存期差异显著(t=2.802,P<0.05)。结论对于中晚期肝门部胆管癌,联合肝切除的姑息性肝门部胆管癌切除可显著延长患者生存期、提高生活质量,必要时,辅以“架桥式”肝管空肠内引流对提高手术切除率、降低术后胆漏发生率具有重要作用。     

Percutaneous transhepatic stenting by wallstents of portal vein and bile duct stenoses caused by immunoblastic sarcoma in a liver transplantation

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders are infrequent tumors related to chronic immunosuppressive therapy. We present a liver transplant recipient who developed such a tumor in the porta hepatis that provoked obstruction of the entire portal triad. Treatment consisted of systemic chemotherapy, percutaneous dilatation, and placement of Wallstent endoprostheses across both biliary and portal vein stenoses. The patient died 3 weeks later of pneumonia and sepsis. At necropsy, the tumor was completely necrosed and the prostheses in both the common bile duct and the portal vein were patent.     

胆管内生长型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT诊断

目的:探讨胆管内生长型肝内胆管细胞癌(IICC)的CT表现特征。方法:对手术及病理证实的11例IICC的临床及CT资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果:11例ICIG中4例为周围型,5例为肝门型,2例同时侵润肝门及肝内胆管(下称混合型)。肝叶或肝段肝内胆管扩张,伴有或不伴有胆管内乳头状肿块、无定形态结构或只有轻度的扩张胆管密度增高是IICC的CT特点,管内肿块的大小决定了其是否在CT表现出来。结论:IICC的CT表现具有一定的特征性,对提高本病的术前CT诊断的准确性有一定的价值。     

Mirizzi''''s综合征的CT表现

本文总结分析了16例Mirizzi's综合征的临床资料和CT图象,16例病人的CT表现包括:(1)胰腺段以上的肝外胆管扩张,(2)胆囊萎缩、扩大或正常大小;(3)胆囊壁增厚;(4)胆囊周围炎性表现;(5)肝门区多囊多管征,肝门区各结构间脂间隙模糊、消失,肝外胆管壁增厚;(6)肝门区含钙结石位于囊、管结构内或位于其外;(7)可伴有肝硬化。上述征象中,肝门区多囊多管征、肝门区脂间隙改变及肝外胆管壁增厚,文献中未曾报道。本文病例的CT表现与手术结果相符合,这些征象是由于胆囊管的扩张、扭曲,以及胆囊周围炎累及肝门和肝外胆管造成的。在梗阻性黄疸的CT鉴别诊断中,当出现上述征象,特别是肝门区多囊多管征象,要考虑此综合征的可能。     

胆道闭锁的MRI诊断

目的:分析胆道闭锁的MRI表现,评价其诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析7例确诊为胆道闭锁患儿的MRI资料,观察其肝内外胆道、肝门部结构及胆囊的显示情况.结果:所有的患儿均未见到完整的肝外胆道.其中,3例冠状面T2WI可见肝门部三角形高信号影;5例门静脉周围增宽,肝门部出现条索状长T2信号;6例可见小胆囊,1例胆囊未显示.结论:胆道闭锁的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,多方位观察均未发现完整的肝外胆道时,应高度怀疑胆道闭锁.