Feasible process for producing in situ Al/TiC composites by combustion reaction in an Al melt

In situ Al/TiC composites with a homogeneous distribution of TiC reinforcements were prepared by adding a reactant mixture of Al-Ti-C to an Al melt. A certain amount of CuO addition facilitates a combustion reaction of the Al-Ti-C system and thereby enables the formation of in situ TiC at a reasonably low temperature range of 750–920 °C. Synthesised TiC particles with sizes of 1–2 μm are present in the Al matrix along with Al₃Ti. Besides the CuO addition, the melt temperature plays a significant role in the final microstructure of the composites. Increase in the melt temperature up to 920 °C with CuO provides more external heat input and initiates the combustion reaction within a few seconds. Pellet microstructure evidently shows that the polygonal Al₃Ti originates from the unreacted layer of which the distance is significantly shortens by increasing the melt temperature. The suppression of the Al₃Ti formation is the most likely to occur at 920 °C, with producing a large volume fraction of TiC in situ synthesised.     

Effect of pressure on combustion synthesis of TiC/Fe-Cu composites under the action of electric current

Using electric-current-assisted combustion synthesis (ECACS) in a Gleeble thermal simulation instrument, composites of TiC/Fe-Cu have been in-situ synthesized directly from elemental powders of iron, copper, titanium and graphite. This study was focused on the effect of pressure on the combustion synthesis of TiC/Fe-Cu composites and the properties of TiC/Fe-Cu composites. With the aid of a high electric current, a relatively low onset temperature for the combustion reaction, between 747 °C and 768 °C, could be achieved. The ignition temperature decreased with the increase of the pressure in the heating process. The final products of samples were composed of Fe, Cu, TiC and the pressure had little influence on the phase composition. All the titanium carbide particles were fine and in a range of about 0.2 μm–0.35 μm. When the pressure increased, the density and microhardness of sample increased, so the wear resistance improved.     

原位合成TiC颗粒增强铁基复合材料热、动力学的研究

采用铸渗复合原位反应技术制备TiC颗粒增强铁基复合材料,用SEM、XRD对复合材料的显微组织和物相组成进行观察分析,应用热、动力学原理对原位合成TiC的热、动力学过程进行了分析.热力学计算结果表明,在1138℃热处理能够原位合成TiC,体系中TiC优先于Fe3C和Fe2Ti形成,且在热力学上比Fe3C和Fe2Ti稳定.动力学分析结果表明,Ti-C反应受动力学过程控制,C的扩散是反应的控制步骤.     

Microstructural characterization of in situ TiC/Al and TiC/Al–20Si–5Fe–3Cu–1Mg composites prepared by spray deposition

An innovative spray-deposition technique has been applied to produce in situ TiC/Al and TiC/Al–20Si–5Fe–3Cu–1Mg composites. This technique provides a new route to solve the problems of losses and agglomeration of the reinforcement particles when they are injected into the spray cone of molten droplets during spray forming process. Experimental results have shown that the presence of needle-like Al₃Ti and Al–Si–Fe compounds, which are detrimental not only to the fracture toughness, but also to the stability of the microstructure, can be eliminated completely from the final product by using a proper Ti:C molar ratio of 1:1.3 in the Ti–C–Al preforms and adding 5 wt% TiC particles to Al–20Si–5Fe–3Cu–1Mg alloy. Moreover, another major problem of coarsening of silicon particles usually encountered in the hypereutectic Al–Si alloys has also been solved by the technique. The silicon particles in the spray-deposited 5 wt% TiC/Al–20Si–5Fe–3Cu–1Mg composite were much refined (∼2 μm) compared to those (∼5 μm) obtained in the matrix alloy without TiC addition. The formation and elimination mechanisms of Al₃Ti phase in TiC/Al composites can be explained based on thermodynamic theory. The modification of the microstructures in the spray-deposited Al–20Si–5Fe–3Cu–1Mg alloy can be interpreted in the light of the knowledge of atomic diffusion. The experimental results also showed that the ultimate tensile strength of the TiC/Al composites was improved over that of the unreinforced Al matrix.     

升温速度对自蔓延高温合成Al／TiC复合材料的影响

利用自蔓延高温合成的热爆方式，采用Ｔｉ、Ｃ和Ａｌ三种粉末原料，合成了Ａ１／ＴｉＣ复合材料。研究了升温速度对试样的尺寸变化、热爆开始温度、反应最高温度、产物的相组成、密实度以及微观结构的影响     

电场激活原位合成(TiC)pNi/TiAl/Ti功能梯度材料

运用电场激活压力辅助合成(FAPAS)和原位合成技术制备了(TiC)pNi/TiAl/Ti功能梯度材料,研究了电场对材料合成及层界面扩散连接的作用。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱和X射线衍射仪分析了梯度材料各层及界面微观组织、相组成和元素分布。结果表明,电场的施加以及TiAl的燃烧反应是合成材料的关键;经原位合成的TiC颗粒均匀细小;金属陶瓷层/TiAl/Ti基板的界面区产生了成分的互扩散并形成了良好的冶金结合。钛板到金属陶瓷层的显微硬度呈梯度变化且具有较好的抗热震性。     

原位自生TiC和(Ti,W)C增强Fe基复合材料的研究

利用块体原材料原位合成10%TiC-Fe和(Ti,W)C-Fe两种复合材料,采用扫描电镜分析了复合材料的微观结构,利用X射线分析了相组成.结果表明,在TiC-Fe复合材料中,TiC作为唯一的第二相呈现粒状和条状两种形态.分析认为,粒状相为亚共晶相,而条状第二相为共晶相.通过用W替代部分Ti,成功地制备了10%(Ti,W)C-Fe复合材料,其中(Ti,W)C作为唯一的第二相比较均匀地分布在Fe基体中,其形态大部分呈粒状,条状相较少.在粒状(Ti,W)C相中,中心富Fe,而边缘W、Ti和C元素的分布是均匀的.与TiC相比,(Ti,W)C的密度更接近Fe,更适合作为大型铸件的增强相.     

High-temperature compressive properties of TiC–TiB_2/Cu composites prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

TiC–TiB2 /Cu composites were prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with pseudo hot isostatic pressing using Ti, B4 C, and Cu powders. The compressive deformation of the composites at high temperature was investigated. It is found that the maximum compressive strength decreases with the increase of temperature and Cu content. The deformation of the composites includes the steps of elastic, stable rheology, and inaction. The maximum strain is in the range of 5 %–10 %. Before fracture, TiC–TiB2 /40Cu becomes drum-shaped at 1123 K; however, TiC–TiB2 /20Cu only has a brittle fracture along the axial direction of 45°. The results show that the compressive strength of TiC–TiB2 /Cu decreases from 823 to 1223 K. However, the maximum compressive strength of TiC–TiB2 /20Cu reaches 1850 MPa at 823 K, which predicts that this series of composites could be applied to high-temperature compressive materials.     

Effects of Joining Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of C_f/Al Composites and TiAl Alloy Combustion Synthesis Joints

Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloy were joined by combustion synthesis in different joining conditions.Effects of additive Cu,joining temperature and holding time on joint microstructure and shear strength were characterized by employing DTA,SEM,EDS,XRD and shear test.Results show that the additive Cu in the Ti–Al–C interlayer could significantly decrease the reaction temperature owing to the emergence of Al–Cu eutectic liquid.Reaction degree of the interlayer was influenced by joining temperature and holding time.Due to the barrier action of formed TiAl3 layer,reaction rate of Ti and Al was determined by the atoms diffusion.The reaction between Ti and Al was more sensitive to the joining temperature rather the holding time.The joints shear strength was influenced by joining condition directly.The maximum shear strength of CS joints was 25.89 MPa at 600 °C for 30 min under 5 MPa.Interface evolution mechanism of the CS joint was analyzed based on the experimental results and phase diagram.     

机械合金化结合热压烧结制备(TiC+TiB2)/Cu复合材料

通过对体系进行机械合金化,随后将其与Cu粉进行混合和热压烧结制备了(TiC+TiB_2)/Cu复合材料。研究表明,机械合金化促使B_4C粉末分解并向Ti粉末中的固溶形成Ti-C-B的三元混合体系,有效降低了体系的反应温度,并在随后的热压烧结中生成(TiC+TiB_2),其原因是在Ti-C-B体系中生成TiB_2相比TiB具有更低的吉布斯自由能变。当增强相含量较低时,强化相颗粒细小弥散地分布在铜基体中,且与基体界面结合良好,可显著提高复合材料的硬度;但随着含量的增加,强化相的团聚现象加剧,与基体的界面结合方式也转变为简单的机械包裹,其强化效应并不能得以体现。此外,由于机械合金化提高了体系反应的活性,有效地避免了Ti向铜基体中的固溶,当增强相的设计含量为15vol%时所制备的(TiC+TiB_2)/Cu复合材料与直接混合Cu-Ti-B_4C粉末制备的复合材料相比导电率大幅提升。     

TiC-Ti复合材料自蔓延高温合成中的组织转变

用燃烧波淬熄法研究了TiC-Ti金属陶瓷自蔓延高温合成（SHS法）中的组织转变和反应机理。淬熄试样中保留了未反应区、反应区及已反应区。用扫描电子显微镜观察了燃烧反应中的显微组织转变过程，用能谱仪分析了各微区的成分变化，测量了燃烧温度Tc，并用XRD分析了反应产物的相组成。实验结果表明：TiC-Ti复合材料的自蔓延高温合成机理可以用溶解-析出机制来描述：Ti首先部分熔化，C溶解在Ti液中，并和Ti发生反应生成TiCx，随着温度的升高，TiCx熔化，形成Ti-C熔体，在降温过程中，细小的TiC大量从Ti-C熔体中析出并聚集，最终形成TiC增强Ti基复合材料。     

Interface microstructure and formation mechanism of diffusion-bonded joints of TiAl to steel 40Cr

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Combustion synthesis of TiC–TiB2 composites

An experimental study on formation of TiC–TiB₂ in situ composites with a broad range of compositions was conducted by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using the reactant compacts from different combinations of Ti, B₄C, C, and B powders. Direct reaction of Ti with B₄C at stoichiometry of Ti:B₄C = 3:1 yields a TiB₂-rich composite with TiC:TiB₂ = 1:2. Formation of the products containing 20, 33.3, and 50 mol% of TiB₂ was achieved by the Ti–B₄C–C reactants. In addition, the test specimen composed of Ti, B₄C, and B was employed for the synthesis of a composite with 80 mol% TiB₂. Among three different types of the powder compacts, the boron-containing sample was characterized by the fastest combustion wave and the highest reaction temperature. The lowest combustion temperature and wave velocity were observed in the Ti–B₄C compact. When fine Ni particles were added to the Ti–B₄C reactant, it was found that the propagation rate of the reaction front was increased and the densification of the end product was enhanced significantly. This was attributed to formation of the Ti–Ni eutectic liquid during the reaction. As a result, the relative density of a TiC + 2TiB₂ composite increases from 30 to 86% with the Ni content from 0 to 20 mol%. Based upon the XRD analysis, small amounts of TiNi₃ and TiB were detected in the Ni-reinforced TiC–TiB₂ composites.     

Microstructural evolution,mechanical and thermal properties of TiC-ZrC-Cr3C2 composites

Dense TiC-ZrC-Cr₃C₂ composites with various TiC content from 19.6 mol% to 78.4 mol% have been fabricated by hot-pressing sintering at 1950 °C using 2.0 mol% Cr₃C₂ as sintering aid. The effect of TiC content on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of TiC-ZrC-Cr₃C₂ composites are investigated systematically. The single (Zr, Ti, Cr)C solid solution is obtained when TiC content is 19.6 mol%, while with increasing TiC content, the composites begin to consist of Zr-rich (Zr, Ti)C solid solution and Ti-rich (Ti, Zr, Cr)C solid solution phase. SEM and EDS analysis confirm that Cr element is not favorable to diffuse into ZrC lattice to form (Zr, Cr)C solid solution. Flexural strength and Vickers hardness increase gradually with increasing TiC content, but fracture toughness does not improve significantly. Fracture toughness are in the range of 3.34–4.01 MPa∙m^1/2 for all composites, and the optimum value reaches 4.01 MPa·m^1/2 with 49.0 mol% TiC. Experimental results of the thermal expansion coefficient reveal that the addition of TiC raises the thermal expansivity of TiC-ZrC-Cr₃C₂ composites. Noticeably, the thermal conductivities of TiC-ZrC-Cr₃C₂ composites show a decrement trend with increasing TiC content, not as theoretical predicting by the rule of mixtures. For instance, the thermal conductivity at 25 °C ranges from 18.0 W/m∙K for 8Z2T2C composite down to 10.6 W/m∙K for 2Z8T2C composite.     

In Situ TiC/FeCrNiCu High-Entropy Alloy Matrix Composites: Reaction Mechanism,Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

In situ TiC particles-reinforced FeCrNiCu high-entropy alloy matrix composites were prepared by vacuum induction melting method.The reaction mechanisms of the mixed powder(Ti,Cu and C) were analyzed,and the mechanical properties of resultant composites were determined.Cu_4Tiwere formed in the reaction of Cu and Ti when the temperature rose to 1160 K.With the temperature further increased to 1182 K,newly formed Cu_4Tireacted with C to give rise to TiC particles as reinforcement agents.The apparent activation energy for these two reactions was calculated to be 578.7 kJ/mol and 1443.2 kJ/mol,respectively.The hardness,tensile yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the 15 vol% TiC/FeCrNiCu composite are 797.3 HV,605.1 MPa and 769.2 MPa,respectively,representing an increase by 126.9%,65.9% and 36.0% as compared to the FeCrNiCu high-entropy base alloy at room temperature.However,the elongation-to-failure is reduced from 21.5 to 6.1 %with the formation of TiC particles.It was revealed that Orowan mechanism,dislocation strengthening and load-bearing effect are key factors responsible for a marked increase in the hardness and strength of the high-entropy alloy matrix composites.     

添加TiC对燃烧合成Ti2AlC粉体的影响

实验表明，以Ti,Al和碳黑单质粉末为反应物原料，按Ti2AlC化学计量比为原料摩尔配比，得到的燃烧产物主晶相为Ti3AlC2，而Ti2AlC的含量很少。当保持总原料各组分配比不变，加入TiC时，燃烧产物中的Ti2AlC相却变为主晶相，而Ti3AlC2和TiC相的含量急剧减少。燃烧产物Ti2AlC相的含量随添加的TiC质量分数（0－25％）的增加而增加。从动力学和热力学的角度探讨了TiC对燃烧合成Ti2AlC的影响机理。     

钛/铝爆炸焊接界面扩散行为分子动力学模拟

为揭示钛/铝爆炸焊接界面原子的扩散行为,采用分子动力学模拟从原子尺度分析了钛/铝爆炸焊接界面原子的微观扩散机理。利用Materials Studio建立了钛/铝爆炸焊接焊点处的分子动力学模型,结合爆炸焊接的物理过程,将爆炸焊接过程分为加载和卸载2个阶段,通过LAMMPS程序计算了爆炸焊接钛、铝原子的均方位移、径向分布函数、扩散层厚度等,利用OVITO软件再现了不同阶段界面原子的扩散行为。在爆炸焊接加载阶段,钛、铝原子不发生扩散,只在平衡位置做振动,铝原子振动要比钛原子振动强。爆炸焊接卸载开始时,钛、铝原子发生互扩散。钛/钛原子键能高,不易破坏,铝/铝原子键能低,容易破坏产生空位、间隙等缺陷,有利于钛原子深入扩散到铝晶格内部,但铝原子难以进入钛的晶格内部。采用扫描电镜和EDS能谱表征了钛/铝爆炸焊接复合材料界面元素分布,与模拟结果有很好的一致性。     

电场作用下Fe含量对Fe-Ti-C体系低温燃烧合成的影响

采用Gleeble-15001)热模拟机，对电场作用下Fe含量对Fe-Ti-C体系低温燃烧合成过程和产物显微结构特征的影响进行了研究。结果表明：在电场和大热流密度作用下，体系的点火温度可以大幅降低；Fe含量越高，其对体系低温燃烧合成过程的影响越大。随Fe含量增加，体系点火温度升高，点火延迟时间缩短，所达到的最高温度也升高；与高温燃烧合成类似，低温燃烧合成的产物由TiC，Fe，少量Fe2Ti组成；当Fe含量为45％时(质量百分数，下同)，产物中的TiC量最多，且颗粒细小。     

SiCf/Ti-60热稳定性研究

本文对采用磁控溅射先驱丝法制备的SiC_f/Ti-60复合材料进行不同温度下长时间热暴露实验,分析了热等静压态和热暴露态复合材料界面区结构稳定性及元素扩散规律。研究结果表明,界面反应层主要产物为TiC,纤维中C、Si元素和基体中Ti及其它合金元素进行互扩散;C元素扩散速率较快,在界面处和基体内形成TiC,基体中的TiC主要集中分布在α相晶界处。SiC_f/Ti-60复合材料反应层长大受扩散控制并遵循抛物线定律,界面反应层长大指数因子为2.27×10_-4 m/s_1/2,界面反应层长大激活能为118 kJ/mol。     

TiC-Al金属陶瓷自蔓延高温合成中的显微组织转变

用燃烧波淬熄法研究了TiC-Al金属陶瓷自蔓延高温合成中显微组织的转变,淬熄试样中保留了未反应区、反应区及反应完成区.用扫描电子显微镜观察了燃烧反应中的显微组织转变过程,用能谱仪分析了各微区的成分变化,测量了燃烧温度和燃烧波蔓延速度,并用XRD分析了反应产物相的组成.结果表明,Ti-C-Al系燃烧反应起始于铝粉熔化后与固态钛粉反应生成Al3Ti,并随着反应温度的升高,TiC颗粒从溶有钛和碳的铝熔体中析出;当Al3Ti熔化后,从熔体中也析出TiC颗粒,最终产物组织中除大量的TiC颗粒分布于铝基体中外,还发现有少量的Al3Ti存在,可能与使用的钛粉和铝粉的原料颗粒较粗有关.