气体钻井钻杆冲蚀规律研究

针对气体钻井岩屑造成钻柱严重冲蚀的问题,基于气 固两相流和冲蚀理论,建立了环空岩屑运移模型。在Eulerian坐标系下求解气体连续相流场,在Lagrangian坐标系下对离散相岩屑粒子进行了碰撞求解,采用Grant和Tabakoff公式求解岩屑粒子冲蚀速率,借助实验数据验证了仿真模型。利用该模型研究了气体钻井中钻杆居中以及不同钻杆偏心率、井径扩大率、注气量和机械钻速下环空岩屑粒子运移规律和钻杆冲蚀特性。研究表明,岩屑对钻杆接头及下坡面本体的冲蚀比钻杆本体及接头上坡面严重;钻杆偏心和井径扩大都使局部冲蚀速率峰值增大,且偏心越严重,井径扩大越大,局部冲蚀速率峰值增速越大;机械钻速增大,导致钻杆局部冲蚀速率峰值近乎线性增加;在工程常用注气量范围内,注气量对冲蚀速率峰值和冲蚀速率平均值的影响很小。根据冲蚀规律提出如下建议：减小钻杆斜坡坡度可减少钻杆接头及下坡面的局部冲蚀;采用低转速的空气锤钻井工艺可减缓因偏心引起的局部冲蚀;井眼扩大较大时,增大注气量,通过改变岩屑粒子轨迹,可减少岩屑对钻杆本体的多次冲蚀。     

气体钻井井口装置冲蚀规律研究及优化配置

针对气体钻井中携岩气固两相流对井口装置中多功能四通造成的严重冲蚀问题,提出在原配置基础上加装排砂四通的井口优化配置方案。在结合气-固两相流和冲蚀理论,应用耦合运算模型对原配置下多功能四通的冲蚀情况进行仿真计算,并与实际检测的冲蚀情况吻合较好的基本上,利用该模型研究两种配置在放喷工况
下所用四通受放喷量、旁通出口压力、岩屑质量流量以及岩屑粒径大小影响的最大冲蚀速率和最大流体速度变化规律。研究表明,多功能四通和排砂四通内最大冲蚀速率都随放喷量和岩屑质量流量的增大而增大,随旁通出口压力和岩屑粒径的增大而减小;而最大流体速度都随放喷量增大而增大,随出口压力的增大而递减,受岩屑质量流量和岩屑粒径的影响基本不大。而优化后的配置相比原配置能大幅降低井口装置内的最大冲蚀速率和最大流体速度,可有效降低冲蚀风险,避免冲蚀破坏,提高井口装置整体的使用安全和工作寿命。     

气体钻井钻杆冲蚀规律研究

针对气体钻井岩屑造成钻柱严重冲蚀的问题,基于气固两相流和冲蚀理论,建立了环空岩屑运移模型。利用该模型研究了气体钻井中钻杆居中以及不同钻杆偏心率、井径扩大率、注气量和机械钻速下环空岩屑粒子运移规律和钻杆冲蚀特性。     

气体钻井中气体携岩对钻杆的冲蚀机理研究

气体钻井中气体携岩冲蚀钻杆是引起钻杆快速失效的主要原因之一。基于此,文中采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法建立了圆形规则井眼、钻杆居中情况下的高速气体携岩冲蚀钻杆的两相流模型。通过对环空气体流场、钻杆表面冲蚀速度和岩屑颗粒对钻杆的冲蚀过程及其运动轨迹的分析后发现,与钻杆接头斜坡碰撞的岩屑颗粒对钻杆有冲蚀作用,最大冲蚀速度发生在钻杆接头斜坡面上,其次在公接头以上0.2～1.8m长度范围内的钻杆本体表面上。这些区域可能形成严重的冲蚀坑,也可能出现微裂纹,在受到钻井过程中的弯、扭、拉等动载荷联合作用下可能发生裂纹扩展、失效现象。     

基于气体钻井工艺参数的钻具冲蚀模型

针对气体钻井中钻具冲蚀磨损严重而造成钻具过早降级和报废的问题,基于微切削理论,建立了钻井环空中钻具的冲蚀模型,并依据该模型推导出了气体钻井中钻具冲蚀强度的数学模型,该数学模型把气体钻井中钻具的冲蚀强度同井下状态参数、钻具材料、井身结构,以及注气量、机械钻速等钻井工艺参数联系起来。通过钻具冲蚀模拟实验确定了数学模型中的常数,并对数学模型进行了修正,为气体钻井作业中合理选择钻井工艺参数和预测钻具的冲蚀磨损提供了依据。利用该数学模型分析表明,气体钻井中的注气量应以保持排屑顺畅即可,过分加大注气量,不仅会造成能源浪费,而且会加剧钻具的冲蚀磨损,导致钻具过早降级或报废。     

钻井液对钻杆接头冲蚀规律的试验研究

钻杆受到钻井液的冲蚀会有不同程度的损伤,若在钻杆接头部位出现冲蚀坑就可能使钻杆失效,引发钻井事故。鉴于此,通过试验分析了钻井液流量、粘度、密度、钻井液中固相颗粒体积分数及固相颗粒粒径对钻杆接头冲蚀量的影响规律。结果表明,钻井液密度对钻杆接头的冲蚀影响基本可以忽略;钻井液流量与粘度的增大会导致冲蚀量增大;固相颗粒是造成钻杆接头冲蚀的主要原因,固相颗粒体积分数的增大与粒径的减小均会导致冲蚀量增加。冲蚀量较大的位置在钻杆内外接头结合处、公接头与钻杆本体焊接后端台阶处以及公接头出口处。因此,应在强度等条件允许的情况下,改进钻杆接头部分的结构与尺寸,使流动平稳地过渡,防止因截面突变而引起涡流的产生或流速的加快,以尽量减少冲蚀量;在钻井过程中,应当采取切实有效的措施加强对固相的控制。     

空气水平井中钻柱冲蚀模型与分析

空气钻水平井中,水平段携岩是一技术问题,但携带岩屑颗粒的高速气体对水平段钻柱的冲蚀也非常引人关注。利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件计算了给定偏心距条件下水平井水平段环空中气体的速度分布和环空中岩屑的运移轨迹。通过分析了岩屑对钻柱及下井壁的冲蚀,给出不同偏心距下岩屑对钻柱的冲蚀速率,从而定性上得到岩屑颗粒对钻柱的冲蚀规律。结果表明,大环空中空气流速随着计算段长度的增大而增大,小环空中则呈现相反的规律;小部分岩屑将滞留在小环空中;岩屑对钻柱的冲蚀速率随着偏心距的增大而增大,而且偏心距在0.04m～0.06m范围内冲蚀速率达到最大。     

气体钻水平井岩屑运移数值模拟研究

针对气体钻水平井过程中的井眼净化问题,开展了水平段岩屑运移特征研究。基于气固两相流动模型,采用FLUENT软件模拟了气体钻井条件下不同粒径、不同注气量、不同钻杆转速和不同钻杆偏心距下单颗粒岩屑和岩屑颗粒群在水平环空的运移特性。模拟结果表明,单颗粒岩屑在水平环空的运移以跃移形式为主,而岩屑颗粒群的运移主要包括蠕移和跃移两种形式;粒径5.0 mm岩屑在注气量50,70和90 m3/min下的首次跳跃距离分别为0.55,0.90和1.50 m;在注气量为50 m3/min时,粒径1.5 mm岩屑的首次跳跃距是粒径3.0 mm岩屑的1.5倍;粒径7.0 mm岩屑在钻杆静止和转速为60 r/min下的第3次跳跃距离分别为0.43和0.62 m;粒径6.0 mm岩屑在偏心距0,10和15 mm条件下的第2次跳跃距离分别为0.55,0.44和0.28 m。研究表明,注气量越大、粒径越小、偏心距越小、钻杆转动越快,则岩屑运移的距离越远。建议采取适当提高注气量、安装水平井井眼净化工具、提高钻杆居中度等措施,以提高井眼净化效果。      

氮气钻井多功能四通冲蚀磨损计算与预测

高产储层在采用氮气钻井时,由于气体流量大、携岩能力强、作业时间长,从井底返回的高压、高速和高携岩量气固两相流极易使多功能四通产生冲蚀。应用流体动力学与冲蚀磨损模型耦合计算方法,计算了实际放喷工况下多功能四通的流体特征和冲蚀磨损情况,并将计算结果与四通的实际冲蚀损伤检测结果进行对比;依据多功能四通的冲蚀磨损深度与工作时间的关系曲线,结合实际的主要冲蚀区域分布,对作业过程中的多功能四通冲蚀磨损情况进行了提前预测。分析结果表明,多功能四通的旁通冲蚀损伤最为严重,旁通的损伤主要是在放喷工况下造成;冲蚀磨损计算结果与实际冲蚀检测结果吻合,说明冲蚀磨损计算能准确地揭示放喷工况下高速、高压、高携岩量气固两相流对多功能四通的磨损情况。     

氮气钻井多功能四通防冲蚀结构改进

针对氮气钻井中高速携岩气固两相流对井口多功能四通旁通流域造成的严重冲蚀破坏,运用Fluent软件模拟四通流体域在测试、放喷工况下(携带岩屑气固两相流)的冲蚀情况。基于仿真分析结果,对氮气钻井井口装置中损伤最为严重的四通旁通管路进行防冲蚀结构改进。改进后的防冲蚀结构在旁通管路增加了法兰短节和内嵌的硬质合金套,并在四通旁通入口段采用堆焊625镍基合金替代了原来Ni45合金材料,有效地保护四通的旁通段。基于仿真结果中气体速度和湍流动能分布规律优选出法兰短节长度为600 mm,避免了下游平板阀因靠近四通旁通段流域的易冲蚀区域而造成的冲蚀破坏,提高了井口装置的整体安全性,延长了其使用寿命。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.