数字化测量技术及其应用

为便于与微处理机或数字显示仪表接口,目前常用的检测方法是通过A/D转换进行的。为此需要预先将信号进行放大。数字化测量技术则强调尽可能直接进行数字转换,从而省去放大部分和A/D转换部分,或用D/A来代替A/D,这样能够避免由此带来的误差,并减少检测装置的成本。本文详细介绍了若干数字化测量的实现技术。图5幅参3     

一种基于MATLAB技术的鸡蛋破损检测

本文设计了一种基于MATLAB技术的鸡蛋破损检测装置,敲击装置采集声音信号,通过A/D转换输入计算机后与数据库中的信号进行比较,从而判断出被测鸡蛋的好坏.     

一种适用于远场噪声抑制的电台话音采集装置

为降低远场噪声对机载超短波电台话音采集的影响,基于麦克风阵列放大器LMV1090和单片机AT89C51重新设计了电台的话音采集装置,在其控制器内增加了模拟的话音增强电路。相比较数字语音增强技术,模拟技术省去了传统的信号放大和A/D、D/A转换电路,对电台硬件改动更少。软件采用单片机控制采集放大器的增益,具备较大的灵活性。试用结果表明,该话音采集装置对远场噪声有较好的抑制效果。     

一种基于MATLAB技术的鸡蛋破损检测

本文设计了一种基于MATLAB技术的鸡蛋破损检测装置,敲击装置采集声音信号,通过A/D转换输入计算机后与数据库中的信号进行比较,从而判断出被测鸡蛋的好坏。     

纳米测量机传感器信号显示与切换系统的设计

为提高纳米坐标测量机的测量效率,降低因测头切换频繁引起的设备故障率,设计了一个具有测头测量信号/观察信号切换并能够实时显示测量信号电压值的装置,该装置主要以C8051F单片机为核心,通过A/D转换芯片和液晶显示模块实现信号电压值的显示功能,同时通过多路选通开关实现信号切换功能.试验表明,该装置的电压示值与输入电压的标准值之间的偏差为0.005 V,并且切换操作简便、准确安全,可以很好地实现显示和切换功能.     

传感器电路

<正> 把传感器信号输入到计算机进行处理,将使许多工作变得方便。而作为传感技术系统,A/D(模数)转换器是不可缺少的装置。因为传感器的输出信号几乎都是模拟信号。为此各公司已生产出很多的A/D转换器。本文就基本原理和误差以实际使用方法进行论述。     

便携式西瓜振动信号数据采集装置研制

设计了一种便携式的西瓜敲击音频信号数据采集装置,通过喇叭状拾音口和麦克风对敲击的声音信号进行收集,然后通过仪用放大器对信号放大,通过调节AD620的外置增益电阻的大小来调节放大倍数,再经高速串行A/D转换芯片MCP3202进行A/D转换,转换后的数据由单片机送入片外RAM存储器;选用可串口编程的STC89C52RC单片机来实现对数据的计算和分析,并将测量结果显示在数码管上,最终完成对西瓜振动信号的处理;试验阶段利用PC机进行波形特征分析,采集装置成熟以后系统脱离PC机独自实现数据的采集和处理,并将成熟度测量结果显示在数码管上.     

一种精度高,成本低的温度采集设计

本篇文章，着眼于提供一种成长低而精度高的温控采集装置的设计，温度传感器的信号不经过A/D转换，直接利用一个比较器就可以得到和8位A/D转换精度不相上下的温度采集装置。     

微小电阻(10-8Ω)检测技术的研究

本文介绍了微小电阻的测量技术,拟采用数字锁相环技术提取被噪声淹没的有用信号,通过多点测量及数据处理达到测试要求.该测量装置以计算机为核心,配以高精度A/D转换器、低噪声放大器和精密恒流源,对被测电阻上的信号电压进行放大、采样,最后利用数字锁相技术,计算出电阻的值,具有测量时间短,精度高,误差小等特点.已通过MATHCAD仿真试验,证明该方案可行,以及在全国电解铝行业中具有的社会经济效益.     

基于单片机和FPGA的电能质量监测装置的设计

设计并制作了一个以单片机C8051F020为核心,并结合FPGA及双路A/D数据采集模块的简易电能质量监测装置.输入信号经过信号变换与处理模块后,满足ADS7865的幅值要求.再利用FPGA设计四个双口RAM,同时采集并存储电压电流信号,且调用FPGA中的D触发器,用以判断电压电流信号的超前、滞后特性.然后通过MCU模块控制双路A/D对信号进行采样,读取双口RAM中数据并对其进行计算和处理,并将一系列测量参数显示在LCD显示屏上.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).