肠道菌群与肝脏疾病相关性

肠道菌群是一个复杂的微生态系统,其种类、数量、比例、定位等要素的平衡对宿主健康产生重大影响,尤其与消化系统关系紧密。肝脏是身体内以代谢功能为主的器官,大量研究显示,肠道菌群可对酒精性肝病、非酒精性肝病、肝性脑病、肝硬化、肝癌以及自身自身免疫性肝炎等肝病的发生发展产生重要影响。本文从肠道菌群与肝脏疾病的相关性,肠道菌群影响肝脏疾病的可能机制等方面进行综述,为以肠道菌群为靶点的肝病临床治疗研究提供借鉴。     

2型糖尿病足患者肠道菌群特征及与临床生化指标相关性研究

摘要 目的：通过16S rRNA测序技术检测研究对象肠道菌群,探讨2型糖尿病足患者肠道菌群特征及其与主要临床生化指标的相关性,为基于肠道菌群途径治疗糖尿病足提供新的理论基础。方法：选取研究对象分为糖足组（A组,n=32）、糖尿病组（B组,n=32）、对照组（C组,n=31）三组,收集三组研究对象粪便标本及空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、炎症指标等主要临床生化指标,采用16S rRNA测序技术检测受试者肠道菌群,分析2型糖尿病足患者肠道菌群特征及其与主要临床化验指标的相关性。结果：1.与糖尿病组和对照组比较,糖足组血糖、血脂水平、炎性指标明显升高（P<0.05）。2.糖足组物种丰富度明显小于其他两组（P<0.05）,三组间α多样性和?茁多样性存在差异（P<0.05）。3.糖足组中,弧菌属（尤以脱硫弧菌）、粪球菌属、厌氧棍状菌属等有害标志性物种丰度较其他两组增加,而双歧杆菌属、阿克曼菌属、普氏栖粪杆菌属、乳杆菌属等有益标志性菌种较其他两组减少。4.Spearman相关性分析表明瘤胃球菌属与FPG、HbA1c、WBC、NE%、CRP、 ESR等指标成负相关（P<0.05）,志贺菌属与WBC、NE%、CRP、ESR等指标成正相关（P<0.05）,脱硫弧菌属与FPG、HbA1c、TG、WBC、NE%、CRP等指标成正相关（P<0.05）。结论：糖足组肠道菌群更加紊乱,而紊乱的肠道菌群特征与糖足组更加紊乱的糖代谢、脂质代谢以及更严重的炎症状态有关。因此,肠道菌群紊乱可能与2型糖尿病足的发生发展密切相关。     

孕晚期肠道菌群与孕妇血糖血脂的临床相关性

[背景]孕期体重增长不当与孕妇血糖血脂水平紊乱密切相关,而血糖血脂水平与母胎代谢性疾病的发生密切相关.肠道菌群协调肠道细胞吸收营养物质,可能与母婴糖脂代谢疾病的发生具有密切关系.[目的]观察孕期增重不同的孕妇肠道菌群生物多样性、丰富度与功能间差异,探讨孕晚期肠道菌群与孕妇血糖血脂的相关性.[方法]收集34例孕晚期孕妇粪...     

2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者肠道菌群与肝肾指标的相关性

为进一步了解2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者肠道菌群与肝肾生化指标之间的相关性,收集了26例2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者和26例2型糖尿病患者的菌群数据和肝肾指标数据。采用单因素方差(one-way ANOVA)分析两者的肝肾指标的差异,采用线性回归分析肝肾指标与肠道微生物α多样性的关联,采用PERMANOVA程序分析肠道菌群β多样性结构差异,然后采用Spearman秩相关测试分析肝肾生化指标与肠道菌群的相关性。结果表明:两类人群肝肾指标中的甘油三酯(TG)、血尿素氮(BUN)具有显著性差异(P=0.006,P=0.003);2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者的血清胆红素的升高与肠道菌群的物种多样性的降低相关;2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者的拟杆菌、毛螺菌、普雷沃氏菌的含量降低,但瘤胃菌的含量明显增高;毛螺菌和瘤胃菌含量与血清胆红素呈正相关,与TG的降低有关,与BUN的升高无关。2型糖尿病合并腹泻患者的肝肾指标与肠道菌群存在相关性,可为治疗2型糖尿病合并腹泻提供新菌群靶点。     

圈养食叶猴的肠道菌群特征

充分认识圈养食叶猴的肠道菌群组成特征, 为饲养管理方法的改进提供参考依据。

通过MiSeq高通量测序平台对3个物种的19个个体[黑叶猴(n=5)、川金丝猴(n=9)和西非黑白疣猴(n=5)]的肠道菌群16S rRNA V4-V5区进行测序和分析。

食叶猴肠道菌群以厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌门, 瘤胃菌科、普氏菌科、理研菌科和毛螺菌科为优势菌科, 普氏菌属、密螺旋体属和瘤胃球菌属为优势菌属; 食叶猴物种间肠道菌群组成存在显著差异, 肠道菌群按照宿主物种聚类, 而不受环境因素的影响。

宿主物种是决定肠道微生物组成的重要因素, 食叶猴肠道菌群特征反映了宿主对其食性的适应。

     

不同程度颅脑疾病患者肠道菌群分析

检测不同程度颅脑疾病患者肠道菌群分布情况, 探讨患者肠道菌群分布与疾病的关系, 为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

通过MiSeq PE2x300 bp高通量测序技术对21例重度颅脑损伤患者(G1组, GCS≤8分)和14例轻度颅脑损伤患者(G2组, GCS > 8分)粪便样本中细菌的16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行定性分析, 并对两组患者肠道菌群进行生物学分类比较、多样性分析和组间物种差异分析。

两组患者肠道菌群多样性差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。G1组患者肠道厌氧球菌属(Anaerococcus)、埃希菌-志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)数量高于G2组(均P < 0.05)。

颅脑疾病患者肠道菌群紊乱, 其肠道菌群丰度及多样性显著下降, 有害菌数量升高, 有益菌数量下降。

     

乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者肠道菌群特征

初步分析乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）患者肠道菌群特征,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选取我院符合纳入标准的乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水患者45例为研究对象,其中24例合并SBP的患者为SBP组、21例未合并SBP的患者为NSBP组,另选同期20例健康人为HC组。应用16S rDNA测序技术检测患者肠道菌群,并使用生物信息学方法分析各组对象肠道菌群变化。

SBP组、NSBP组及HC组相比,其肠道菌群的物种多样性及丰富度差异均无统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。PCoA分析显示,NSBP组与HC组患者肠道菌群结构相似,SBP组与其他两组相比菌群结构较为不同。与NSBP组相比,SBP组患者肠道菌群中变形菌门（Proteobacteria,5.45% vs 13.50%,U = 161.000,P = 0.038）、软壁菌门（Tenericutes,0.019% vs 0.073%,U = 162.000,P = 0.035）、埃希—志贺菌属（Escherichia-Shigella,0.24% vs 9.53%,U = 103.000,P = 0.001）、柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrobacter,LDA＞2）等丰度均增加;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria,0.026% vs 0.015%,U = 152.000,P = 0.023）、罗氏菌属（Roseburia,2.55% vs 2.00%,U = 152.000,P = 0.023）、粪球菌属（Coprococcus,LDA＞2）等丰度下降。

乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水的发生发展与肠道菌群密切相关,在SBP患者肠道菌群中发现潜在病原体数量显著增加,并伴随有益细菌数量的减少。

     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群改变与HBV-DNA水平的关系

探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群变化与乙型肝炎病毒DNA（HBV-DNA）水平的关系,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选取2020年2月至2021年8月我院收治的65例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者为肝硬化组,57例慢性乙型肝炎患者为乙型肝炎组,另选取同期体检的55例健康志愿者对照组。采用Illumina MiSeq测序比较3组对象肠道菌群变化、肠道菌群丰度和多样性。采用荧光定量PCR检测肝硬化组、乙型肝炎组患者HBV-DNA水平。采用Pearson分析法分析肝硬化患者肠道菌群数量和HBV-DNA水平的相关性。

和对照组相比,肝硬化组、乙型肝炎组患者肠道双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属和瘤胃球菌属数量下降（均P＜0.05）,而肠杆菌属、肠球菌属、普雷沃菌属和梭菌属数量升高（均P＜0.05）。肝硬化组患者肠道双歧杆菌属数量低于乙型肝炎组（P＜0.05）,而乳杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、拟杆菌属、肠杆菌属、肠球菌属、普雷沃菌属和梭菌属对比差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。对照组患者肠道菌群Chao、Shannon指数高于乙型肝炎组和肝硬化组（均P＜0.05）,同时肝硬化组Chao、Shannon指数低于乙型肝炎组（均P＜0.05）。肝硬化组患者HBV-DNA水平高于乙型肝炎组（P＜0.05）。Chao指数、Shannon指数、双歧杆菌属数量与HBV-DNA水平呈显著负相关（均P＜0.05）,乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、肠杆菌属、肠球菌属、普雷沃菌属、梭菌属数量与HBV-DNA水平均无显著相关性（均P＞0.05）。

乙型肝炎患者存在不同程度的肠道菌群失调,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群变化更为显著,且乙型肝炎肝硬化患者Chao指数、Shannon指数、双歧杆菌属数量和HBV-DNA水平呈负相关。

     

慢性肝病与肠道菌群的研究进展

肝脏与肠道微生态可谓息息相关,互为影响。慢性肝病患者均存在不同程度的菌群失调,而菌群失调与血内毒素水平升高相关,且可诱发肝性脑病、二重感染的发生。肠道菌群失调促进了慢性肝病并发症的发生、发展,增加了患者的死亡率,且菌群失调与肝功能损害程度成正比。微生态制剂可通过恢复肠道菌群平衡,维持肠道屏障的完整性,抑制产生内毒素的G-数量,减少肠氨的产生,辅助治疗慢性肝病。     

肠道菌群与肿瘤的相关性

人类肠道中有500余种细菌,参与消化、代谢和免疫等生理活动。肠道菌群因其数量庞大、作用显著,被称为人体的"第二基因"。随着研究的不断深入,发现肠道菌群与多种疾病如心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、胃肠炎甚至肿瘤的发生息息相关。恶性肿瘤作为一种病死率极高的疾病,近年来与其相关的研究也越来越丰富。研究者们发现,肠道菌群在肺癌、黑色素瘤、消化道肿瘤和血液系统肿瘤等的发生、发展及治疗中发挥着重要的作用,已成为近年来的研究热点。因此,本文对肠道菌群与各类肿瘤的关系研究进展进行综述。     

Modulation of bile acid profile by gut microbiota in chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a global epidemic disease that may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of the liver‐bile acid‐microbiota axis in CHB remains unclear. The aims of this study are to elucidate the alteration of the gut microbiota and its functions in bile acid homeostasis in CHB patients with different degrees of fibrosis. In the present study, we evaluated serum and faecal bile acid profiles in healthy controls and CHB patients with biopsy‐proven diagnosis: patients had stage 0‐1 fibrosis were classified as mild CHB and patients had stage 2‐4 fibrosis were classified as moderate/advanced CHB. The levels of serum total bile acids (BAs) and primary BAs were increased in CHB patients with moderate/advanced fibrosis, whereas faecal total and secondary BAs levels were significantly lower. Analyses of gut microbiota exhibited a trend of decreased abundance in bacteria genera responsible for BA metabolism in CHB patients with moderate/advanced fibrosis. CHB is associated with altered bile acid pool which is linked with the dysregulated gut microbiota. The higher level of FGF‐19 may act in a negative feedback loop for maintaining the bile acid homeostasis.     

Associations of physical activity with gut microbiota in pre-adolescent children

[Purpose] To determine whether physical activity (PA), primarily the recommended 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA, is associated with gut bacterial microbiota in 10-year-old children.[Methods] The Block Physical Activity Screener, which provides minutes/day PA variables, was used to determine whether the child met the PA recommendations. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on stool samples from the children to profile the composition of their gut bacterial microbiota. Differences in alpha diversity metrics (richness, Pielou’s evenness, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity) by PA were determined using linear regression, whereas beta diversity (unweighted and weighted UniFrac) relationships were assessed using PERMANOVA. Taxon relative abundance differentials were determined using DESeq2.[Results] The analytic sample included 321 children with both PA and 16S rRNA sequencing data (mean age [SD] =10.2 [0.8] years; 54.2% male; 62.9% African American), where 189 (58.9%) met the PA recommendations. After adjusting for covariates, meeting the PA recommendations as well as minutes/day PA variables were not significantly associated with gut richness, evenness, or diversity (p ≥ 0.19). However, meeting the PA recommendations (weighted UniFrac R² = 0.014, p = 0.001) was significantly associated with distinct gut bacterial composition. These compositional differences were partly characterized by increased abundance of Megamonas and Anaerovorax as well as specific Christensenellaceae_R-7_group taxa in children with higher PA.[Conclusion] Children who met the recommendations of PA had altered gut microbiota compositions. Whether this translates to a reduced risk of obesity or associated metabolic diseases is still unclear.     

Effects of ultra-strong static magnetic field on the gut microbiota of humans and mice

To explore the effect of ultra-strong static magnetic field on gut microbiota, 16 T static magnetic field was used to study the changes in the structure and composition of human and mouse gut microbiota in this environment. In the mouse gut microbiota, at the genus level, the magnetic field significantly decreased the relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Parasutterella, and Ralstonia and significantly increased those of Parabacteroides, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Odoribacter, Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Sutterella, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001. Similarly, at the genus level, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Romboutsia, and Streptococcus significantly decreased in the human gut microbiota. Contrary to the changing trend of the abundance in the mouse gut, the abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the human gut were significantly reduced under magnetic field. The BugBase phenotypic prediction analysis showed that the relative abundances of five phenotypes, including anaerobism, mobile elements, potential pathogenicity, stress-tolerant, and biofilm formation, changed significantly in the mouse gut microbiota, while the relative abundances of two phenotypes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative phenotypes, changed significantly in the human gut microbiota. The 16 T magnetic field could differently affect the composition, structure, and phenotypes of gut microbiota in human and mice, suggesting the importance of model selection in studying the biological effects of magnetic field.     

肠道菌群与乙型肝炎病毒感染相关肝病的研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)可引起人体急性或慢性感染,甚至导致肝硬化或肝癌,其作用机制目前仍未完全阐明。近年来,肠-肝轴受到广泛关注,肠道微生态的相关研究迅速发展,越来越多的实验结果表明,肠道菌群(gut microbiota, GM)与HBV相关肝病的发生和发展具有一定关联。GM可能是了解HBV感染发病机制的一个新视角,并为HBV相关疾病的治疗提供新靶点,这将对未来的治疗策略产生积极影响。本文就HBV感染者肠道菌群与乙型肝炎相关肝病的研究进展进行综述。     

不同身体质量指数人群肠道菌群结构及共存网络解析

[背景] 人体能量稳态失衡表现为体重过轻、超重和肥胖,肠道菌群与人体能量稳态的维持有关,但不同身体质量指数（Body Mass Index,BMI）人群的肠道菌群特征仍需进一步探究。[目的] 基于美国肠道计划公开数据库,解析4类BMI人群肠道菌群的特征,并探究4类BMI人群肠道菌群共存网络特征及差异,为基于肠道菌群来干预肥胖及体重过轻等不健康状态提供新的理论依据。[方法] 从美国肠道计划数据集中筛选具有BMI信息的肠道菌群样本,并根据世界卫生组织规定的BMI划分标准将筛选后的样本分为4类：体重过轻（BMI<18.5 kg/m²）,正常体重（18.5 kg/m²2）,超重（25 kg/m²2）,肥胖（BMI>30 kg/m²）;通过计算和比较肠道菌群的α多样性和β多样性探究4类BMI人群肠道菌群的整体结构特征及差异;通过多元线性回归模型对不同BMI分类与肠道菌群进行相关性分析,并且将地域、年龄、性别因素作为混杂因素加入到模型中进行校正;采用SparCC分别计算4类BMI人群肠道菌群中菌属相关性,并分别构建肠道菌群共存网络。[结果] 经过Wilcoxon秩和检验,发现体重过轻、超重、肥胖人群的肠道菌群α多样性都显著低于正常体重人群;β多样性分析结果表明4类BMI人群肠道菌群的整体结构存在显著差异;4类BMI人群肠道中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对含量无显著差异;通过MaAsLin分析,并且将地域、年龄、性别因素作为混杂因素加入到模型中进行校正,共得到49个与BMI类型显著相关的物种;4类BMI人群肠道菌群共存网络的拓扑结构具有一定差异,体重过轻和正常体重人群肠道菌群共存网络的复杂度较高,超重和肥胖人群肠道菌群共存网络的复杂度较低。[结论] 4类BMI人群肠道菌群的多样性、整体结构和共存网络间均存在差异。     

银杏双黄酮和银杏内酯B与人体肠道菌群体外互作研究

[目的]银杏提取物在防治心血管系统和神经系统疾病方面发挥重要功能.鉴于肠道菌群已被认定为一个新兴的药物作用靶标,研究银杏双黄酮和银杏内酯与人体肠道菌群之间的相互作用具有非常重要的意义,这将为进一步理解银杏提取物的功能和作用机制奠定基础.[方法]本研究使用人体肠道菌群体外批量发酵、细菌总量测定、细菌16S rDNA高通量...     

用于蜜蜂和熊蜂肠道微生物分类的细菌16S rRNA数据库优化

蜜蜂和熊蜂是重要的传粉昆虫, 对农业生产及生态平衡的维持具有重要作用。近年来, 研究发现蜜蜂及熊蜂肠道内含有大量微生物, 其组成简单、特异。正常的肠道微生物群落对蜜蜂的生长、激素调节、致病菌抵抗等具有重要作用。随着高通量测序的发展, 研究者们也可快速获得传粉蜂肠道微生物组成, 这给生物多样性和物种保护及蜂类健康等的研究带来了便捷。但是由于蜜蜂和熊蜂肠道微生物群落均由特殊菌种组成, 目前的细菌16S rRNA数据库无法对其进行准确的分类, 并且部分东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)特有的肠道微生物菌种缺乏16S rRNA序列信息。本文从来源于5个不同省份的东方蜜蜂肠道中分离得到在东方蜜蜂中普遍含有的Apibacter菌属纯菌, 获取其全长16S rRNA序列, 并对目前蜜蜂和熊蜂肠道的5个核心菌种的分类进行了综述, 对其分类和命名进行了修正。根据蜜蜂肠道微生物的明确分类, 在目前常用的SILVA细菌分类数据库基础之上对其进行了命名及分类优化, 并加入东方蜜蜂中普遍含有的Apibacter序列, 从而获得了优化数据库Bee Gut Microbiota-Database (BGM-Db)。通过1组东方蜜峰及1组西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的肠道菌群高通量测序结果, 分析不同数据库的表现, 我们发现相比于SILVA和Ribosomal Database Project (RDP), BGM-Db对蜜蜂肠道16S rRNA高通量测序短序列实现了菌种级别的分类, 分辨率更高。     

Diet strongly influences the gut microbiota of surgeonfishes

Intestinal tracts are among the most densely populated microbial ecosystems. Gut microbiota and their influence on the host have been well characterized in terrestrial vertebrates but much less so in fish. This is especially true for coral reef fishes, which are among the most abundant groups of vertebrates on earth. Surgeonfishes (family: Acanthuridae) are part of a large and diverse family of reef fish that display a wide range of feeding behaviours, which in turn has a strong impact on the reef ecology. Here, we studied the composition of the gut microbiota of nine surgeonfish and three nonsurgeonfish species from the Red Sea. High‐throughput pyrosequencing results showed that members of the phylum Firmicutes, especially of the genus Epulopiscium, were dominant in the gut microbiota of seven surgeonfishes. Even so, there were large inter‐ and intraspecies differences in the diversity of surgeonfish microbiota. Replicates of the same host species shared only a small number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), although these accounted for most of the sequences. There was a statistically significant correlation between the phylogeny of the host and their gut microbiota, but the two were not completely congruent. Notably, the gut microbiota of three nonsurgeonfish species clustered with some surgeonfish species. The microbiota of the macro‐ and microalgavores was distinct, while the microbiota of the others (carnivores, omnivores and detritivores) seemed to be transient and dynamic. Despite some anomalies, both host phylogeny and diet were important drivers for the intestinal microbial community structure of surgeonfishes from the Red Sea.