海洋曲霉属真菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

海洋微生物由于其独特的生存环境造就了许多结构新颖、具有特殊生物活性的代谢产物。随着科学技术的发展,科学界掀起了对海洋微生物代谢物的研究浪潮。近年来的研究表明,海洋曲霉属真菌及其次级代谢产物具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等生物活性。通过查阅文献与资料,对近年来海洋曲霉属真菌及其次级代谢产物的化学结构及生物活性研究与开发的进展进行综述总结,以期有助于后续研究及应用。     

基于微生物共培养的隐性基因簇激活策略

微生物次级代谢产物是药物先导化合物的重要源泉之一。随着测序技术的迅猛发展,越来越多的微生物基因组得以测序完成。伴随着测序技术的进步,生物信息学也得到了快速发展。基因组序列分析发现,链霉菌和丝状真菌等微生物中存在大量的已知的或未知的次级代谢物生物合成基因簇(secondary metabolite-biosynthetic gene clusters,SM-BGCs)。然而,在实验室培养条件下大部分基因簇无法表达或表达量很低,导致难以发现这些基因簇所对应的代谢产物,人们将这类基因簇称为“隐性基因簇”或“沉默基因簇”。通过调节基因簇中特异调控基因或基因簇外全局性调控基因的表达,对代谢途径的定向改造,以及将基因簇导入异源宿主等策略,能够激活部分隐性基因簇的表达。通过激活隐性基因簇的表达,能够发现通过常规实验室培养无法获得的具有独特生物活性的新结构代谢产物,成为创新药物的重要来源之一。然而,这些基因簇激活策略都严重依赖于对特定菌株或宿主的遗传操作。近年来,通过模拟自然混合培养中微生物间相互作用,开发了通过混合特定微生物菌株在厌氧或好氧条件下激活隐性基因簇的方法,称之为共培养激活策略。这种策略不...     

海洋动物来源微生物分离培养的新方法

海洋动物体内有着丰富的微生物,它们可以帮助动物宿主合成一些营养物质或者抵御其他动物侵害所需的化合物。在海洋动物来源微生物的生物活性化合物中,目前已有功能较好且应用于临床治疗的化合物。由于实验室分离培养条件的限制,目前仅有小部分的微生物被分离利用。因此开展新颖而有效的海洋动物来源微生物分离培养方法的研究十分必要。本文概括了近些年从海洋动物中分离微生物的新方法的结果和不足,这些方法包括原位培养技术、电回收法和培养基的改良等,重点介绍了扩散盒技术、I-tip技术和微囊包埋技术等。这些新方法的应用有助于获得更多新的微生物菌种和微生物次生代谢产物,了解微生物与动物宿主之间的关系,以及扩大海洋微生物资源的开发和利用。     

构建高质量微生物天然产物库研究策略

微生物次级代谢产物历来是天然药物的重要来源,过去曾被称为"生物沙漠"的海洋,由于从中分离到大量新的微生物、基因及生物活性化合物,被重新认识逆转而成为一种"生物多样化的热带雨林".构建一个高质量微生物库及其天然产物库是保证药物和其他筛选成功的前提和关键.但如何高效建立高质量微生物天然产物库仍面临很多瓶颈问题.我们拟从:(1)扩大可培养微生物的多样性及去重复化;(2)扩大基因资源多样性及去重复化;(3)扩大微生物次级代谢产物多样性及去重复化;(4)寻找崭新次级代谢产物的新技术新方法,特别是针对多靶位药物的高通量互动筛选方面提出应对的研究策略.利用上述化学微生物学策略分离生物活性化合物不仅在生物技术和制药学应用中显现重要性,也增加了我们对微生物的多样性、生态系统功能和应用生物学的理解.     

海洋沉积物来源链霉菌属次生代谢产物及其生物活性研究进展

海洋沉积物是营养较为丰富的微生物栖息地,近年来从海洋沉积物中分离培养出了大量海洋链霉菌,从中还发现了一些新的属种。人们已从海洋沉积物来源链霉菌属中发现了许多具有药用价值的活性化合物,有力推动了海洋天然产物化学的发展,并为新药研发提供基础。本文就海洋沉积物来源链霉菌属次生代谢产物的结构类型及其生物活性进行简要综述。     

深海来源真菌次级代谢产物研究进展

深海环境复杂多样,微生物为了适应这种极端环境往往会形成独特的代谢途径,进而产生一些具有某种生理活性的结构新颖的次级代谢产物。真菌作为深海环境中的重要微生物类群之一,因其次级代谢产物出新率高、生物活性显著,近年来成为海洋天然产物研究的焦点,倍受研究者关注。本文综述了2004-2017年间发表的217个深海(50 m)真菌来源的新颖次级代谢产物,其来源菌株广泛分布在真菌18个属,主要集中在Penicillium属(30%)、Aspergillus属(24%)、Spiromastix属(13%)和Acremonium属(7%);其结构类型包括聚酮类(99个)、生物碱类(54个)、萜类(50个)、肽类(11个)、其他类(3个);活性研究主要集中在细胞毒性、抗菌、抗病毒、抗污损等方面。     

海洋链霉菌次级代谢产物研究进展

链霉菌作为最高等的放线菌,广泛分布于多种生态环境中,具有复杂而独特的形态分化周期和强大的次级代谢能力。链霉菌的次级代谢产物具有抗感染、抗肿瘤、抗炎抗氧化、免疫调节等生物活性,是天然活性产物的主要来源之一。近年来随着对海洋资源的开发,许多新型的海洋链霉菌及其丰富的次级代谢产物被发现。从海洋链霉菌的生物活性物质、育种和发酵培养3个方面综述了海洋链霉菌次级代谢产物的研究进展,以期为缩短海洋链霉菌的发酵周期,提高次级代谢产物产量活性以及开发新型的海洋药物等提供参考和借鉴。     

昆虫共生菌的次级代谢产物研究进展

微生物与昆虫的共生是一种普遍现象,昆虫种类繁多,与昆虫共生的微生物也多种多样。昆虫共生菌是活性次生代谢产物的重要来源。本文对自2008年以来已报道的177个昆虫共生菌的次级代谢产物进行了统计和分析,结果表明:61.6%的化合物为新天然产物(生物碱类新化合物最多),其中,约75%的新化合物来源于昆虫共生真菌,25%来源于细菌;醌酮类化合物是昆虫共生菌源天然产物的主要结构类型,占23.2%;47.5%的化合物具有显著的抗肿瘤、抗菌、除草和抗氧化等生物活性,且化合物中的主要活性类型是抗菌和抗肿瘤活性,活性范围覆盖面最广的结构类型是生物碱类。以上结果表明昆虫共生菌的次级代谢产物是先导性化合物的重要来源且具有丰富的生物活性类型。本文以天然产物的结构分类为切入点,结合其研究菌株来源、生物活性等进行综述,旨在为充分挖掘昆虫共生菌次级代谢产物提供重要参考。     

海洋微生物资源及其产生生物活性代谢产物的研究

海洋微生物,尤其海洋细菌以其分类的多样性和规模而言,作为生物活性物质产生菌的潜力是巨大的。海洋微生物研究依据分离菌的生境来源可分为海水、沉积物、共栖、共生和深海菌群。生境的不同,不但影响菌群的分布,而且影响微生物代谢产物的合成。从报道的研究结果看,沉积物细菌、共栖细菌和共生细菌是海洋微生物天然药物筛选的重要来源。目前海洋微生物生物活性代谢产物资源的研究仍主要限制在那些在“标准”条件下易于生长和培养的微生物类群。本文对海洋微生物资源产生的生物活性物质的研究进展进行了综述。     

微生物次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇的克隆与异源表达

微生物次级代谢产物结构、功能极为多样,具有抗感染、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等多种生物活性,是新药研发的重要来源.随着新一代DNA测序技术以及生物信息学工具的快速发展,微生物基因组中大量次级代谢产物的生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters,BGCs)被发现,BGCs克隆与异源表达在研究次级代谢产物中...     

Some results and prospects of studies in the area of marine biochemistry and biotechnology]

Recent studies on bioactive metabolites from marine macro- and microorganisms are reviewed with 83 refs. Structures of new sulphated and glycosylated secondary metabolites, which have been reported to have antifungal, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic properties, are given. Some peculiarities of biosynthesis of natural compounds in marine organisms are revealed. It was shown that some natural products, isolated earlier from sponges, are produced by microbial symbionts. Different physiological activities associated with 8000 marine microbial (mainly symbiotic) strains are discussed as well as some prospects of marine biochemistry and biotechnology development.     

Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: A potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery

Microorganisms have a long track record as important sources of novel bioactive natural products, particularly in the field of drug discovery. While microbes have been shown to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed that such organisms have the potential to yield even more structurally diverse secondary metabolites. Thus, many microbial gene clusters may be silent under standard laboratory growth conditions. In the last ten years, several methods have been developed to aid in the activation of these cryptic biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the techniques that demand prior knowledge of the genome sequences of the studied microorganisms, several genome sequence-independent tools have been developed. One of these approaches is microorganism co-culture, involving the cultivation of two or more microorganisms in the same confined environment. Microorganism co-culture is inspired by the natural microbe communities that are omnipresent in nature. Within these communities, microbes interact through signaling or defense molecules. Such compounds, produced dynamically, are of potential interest as new leads for drug discovery. Microorganism co-culture can be achieved in either solid or liquid media and has recently been used increasingly extensively to study natural interactions and discover new bioactive metabolites. Because of the complexity of microbial extracts, advanced analytical methods (e.g., mass spectrometry methods and metabolomics) are key for the successful detection and identification of co-culture-induced metabolites.     

微生物共培养在新活性化合物挖掘中的研究进展

微生物次级代谢产物结构新颖、活性多样,一直以来都是药物及其先导化合物的重要来源。但近年来在普通微生物纯培养中发现的新活性物质不断减少,重复发现逐渐增加;而微生物共培养因更加接近微生物生长的自然环境,在药物及其先导物挖掘方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文分析了近5年来利用真菌vs真菌、真菌vs细菌共培养挖掘新活性化合物的研究现状,以及研究中存在的问题。     

Major bioactive metabolites from marine fungi: A Review

Biologists and chemists of the world have been attracted towards marine natural products for the last five decades. Approximately 16,000 marine natural products have been isolated from marine organisms which have been reported in approximately 6,800 publications, proving marine microorganisms to be a invaluable source for the production of novel antibiotic, anti tumor, and anti inflammatory agents. The marine fungi particularly those associated with marine alga, sponge, invertebrates, and sediments appear to be a rich source for secondary metabolites, possessing Antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal and antiyeast activities. Besides, a few growth stimulant properties which may be useful in studies on wound healing, carcinogenic properties, and in the study of cancers are reported. Recent investigations on marine filamentous fungi looking for biologically active secondary metabolites indicate the tremendous potential of them as a source of new medicines. The present study reviews about some important bioactive metabolites reported from marine fungal strains which are anti bacterial, anti tumour and anti inflammatory in action. It highlights the chemistry and biological activity of the major bioactive alkaloids, polyketides, terpenoids, isoprenoid and non-isoprenoid compounds, quinones, isolated from marine fungi.     

源于微生物的海鞘天然产物

海洋动物是具有生物活性海洋天然产物的重要来源。海鞘中含有丰富的微生物类群,如细菌、放线菌、真菌和蓝细菌。越来越多的直接或间接证据表明,一些从海鞘中分离的天然产物并不是海鞘本身产生的,而是由其共生微生物产生的。本文对近些年来的海鞘天然产物的微生物来源的研究方法进行综述,包括可培养细菌的分离、不可培养细菌的粗提物检测、宏基因组学、全基因组测序等直接方法,以及化合物结构比对的间接方法。通过对海鞘-微生物共生体中天然产物生物合成来源的研究,不仅可以从根本上解决动物药源的问题,而且可为研究海鞘与微生物共生关系提供有力证据。     

Secondary metabolites from plant-associated Pseudomonas are overproduced in biofilm

Plant rhizosphere soil houses complex microbial communities in which microorganisms are often involved in intraspecies as well as interspecies and inter-kingdom signalling networks. Some members of these networks can improve plant health thanks to an important diversity of bioactive secondary metabolites. In this competitive environment, the ability to form biofilms may provide major advantages to microorganisms. With the aim of highlighting the impact of bacterial lifestyle on secondary metabolites production, we performed a metabolomic analysis on four fluorescent Pseudomonas strains cultivated in planktonic and biofilm colony conditions. The untargeted metabolomic analysis led to the detection of hundreds of secondary metabolites in culture extracts. Comparison between biofilm and planktonic conditions showed that bacterial lifestyle is a key factor influencing Pseudomonas metabolome. More than 50% of the detected metabolites were differentially produced according to planktonic or biofilm lifestyles, with the four Pseudomonas strains overproducing several secondary metabolites in biofilm conditions. In parallel, metabolomic analysis associated with genomic prediction and a molecular networking approach enabled us to evaluate the impact of bacterial lifestyle on chemically identified secondary metabolites, more precisely involved in microbial interactions and plant-growth promotion. Notably, this work highlights the major effect of biofilm lifestyle on acyl-homoserine lactone and phenazine production in P. chlororaphis strains.     

Natural products potential of Dictyoceratida sponges-associated micro-organisms

The marine environment represents one of the most underexplored environments in the world. Marine sponges have a higher taxonomic diversity according to definite environmental conditions. They have been considered interesting sources for bioactive compounds. Dictyoceratida sponges are divided into five families which are widely distributed and habituating different types of micro-organisms. However, some secondary metabolites are probably not produced by the sponges themselves, but rather by their associated micro-organisms. These secondary metabolites are characterized by different chemical structures and consequently different biological activities. This review outlines the reported secondary metabolites from micro-organisms associated with Dictyoceratida sponges and their investigated biological activities from 1991 to 2019. The increasing research studies in this field can play a major role in marine microbial natural products drug discovery in the future.