调强放疗中小野剂量学特性研究

目的对加速器小野的剂量学特性进行研究,以指导调强放疗在临床上的应用。方法计算西门子primusM加速器小野条件下的总散射因子并比较相对剂量分布的测量和计算结果。结果在小野测试中,当治疗计划系统计算精度优于0.2 cm时,>2 cm×2 cm射野的总散射因子的计算值误差<3%,所有射野的计算与测量的相对剂量分布均较为吻合,但<2 cm×2 cm的射野在边缘低剂量区有一定的偏差。结论对于治疗计划系统计算的小射野剂量分布的误差在调强计划设计上应加以考虑,多叶准直器的到位精度对小射野剂量影响不容忽视。     

脑肿瘤立体定向放射外科中有无均整器模式剂量学比较

目的 比较有均整器(FF)和无均整器(FFF)模式下非共面VMAT单发脑肿瘤剂量学参数,探索加速器进行立体定向放射外科(SRS)的合适评估方法。方法 对10例单发颅内肿瘤患者进行回顾分析,均采用非共面VMAT技术,处方剂量25 Gy。配对t检验两种治疗方案适形指数(CI)、梯度指数(GI50、GI25)、梯度、正常脑组织V10和V12、照射时间差异。结果 FFF-VMAT和FF-VMAT的GI50分别为2.91±0.34和3.07±0.35,GI25分别为6.91±0.28和7.35±0.27,梯度分别为(0.57±0.07) cm和(0.61±0.08) cm (P<0.05),CI相近(P>0.05);正常脑组织剂量分别为(160.64±43.64) cGy和(174.27±53.98) cGy,V10分别为(45.35±30.32)%和(48.37±30.88)%,V12分别为(36.69±25.15)%和(39.48±25.37)%(P<0.05)。结论 FFF模式非共面VMAT脑瘤时可获得比较好的剂量分布,能较好地保护正常组织,同时增加GI指数及梯度参数可以对SRS治疗计划进行更全面评估。     

脑肿瘤立体定向放射外科中有无均整器模式剂量学比较

目的 比较有均整器(FF)和无均整器(FFF)模式下非共面VMAT单发脑肿瘤剂量学参数,探索加速器进行立体定向放射外科(SRS)的合适评估方法。方法 对10例单发颅内肿瘤患者进行回顾分析,均采用非共面VMAT技术,处方剂量25 Gy。配对t检验两种治疗方案适形指数(CI)、梯度指数(GI50、GI25)、梯度、正常脑组织V10和V12、照射时间差异。结果 FFF-VMAT和FF-VMAT的GI50分别为2.91±0.34和3.07±0.35,GI25分别为6.91±0.28和7.35±0.27,梯度分别为(0.57±0.07) cm和(0.61±0.08) cm (P<0.05),CI相近(P>0.05);正常脑组织剂量分别为(160.64±43.64) cGy和(174.27±53.98) cGy,V10分别为(45.35±30.32)%和(48.37±30.88)%,V12分别为(36.69±25.15)%和(39.48±25.37)%(P<0.05)。结论 FFF模式非共面VMAT脑瘤时可获得比较好的剂量分布,能较好地保护正常组织,同时增加GI指数及梯度参数可以对SRS治疗计划进行更全面评估。     

立体定向放射外科Zap-X与CyberKnife治疗单发脑转移瘤的剂量学比较北大核心CSCD

目的评价立体定向放射外科(SRS)的Zap-X系统和射波刀(CK)G4系统治疗单发脑转移瘤的剂量学特性。方法回顾性选取12例已行CK治疗的单发脑转移瘤患者,计划靶区(PTV)的处方剂量为18~24 Gy,治疗1~3次。PTV为0.44~11.52 cm^(3)。应用Zap-X计划系统以相同的处方剂量和危及器官限量对该12例患者进行重新计划,且Zap-X和CK的PTV处方剂量均归一到70%。将两组计划的计划参数、靶区和危及器官相关参数进行比较并评价。所有数据均在MIM Maestro读取。应用配对Wilcoxon符号秩检验进行统计分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果靶区的覆盖率方面,CK显著高于Zap-X(99.14%±0.57%∶97.55%±1.34%,P<0.01),但Zap-X的适形指数更高(0.81±0.05∶0.77±0.07,P<0.05),Paddick梯度指数较CK低(2.98±0.24∶3.15±0.38,P=0.117),剂量梯度评分指数(GSI)更高。Zap-X的总机器跳数(MU)显著低于CK(11627.63±5039.53∶23522.16±4542.12,P<0.01),并且治疗时间更短[(25.08±6.52)∶(38.08±4.74)min,P<0.01]。对于脑组织的受量,Zap-X的剂量体积显著低于CK(P<0.05)。Zap-X脑干的D_(mean)和D_(max)值较低(P<0.05),眼球和晶状体的D_(mean)和D_(max)较高。对于视神经和视交叉,两组计划之间没有差异。在对皮肤的保护方面(V_(22.5 Gy)),Zap-X比CK更好[(4.15±4.48)∶(4.37±4.50)cm^(3),P<0.05]。结论对于单发脑转移瘤的SRS治疗,Zap-X能够提供与CK相当的甚至更优的高质量计划,尤其是可以缩短治疗时间。随着Zap-X系统的不断完善和升级,Zap-X有可能成为治疗脑转移瘤的新SRS平台。     

X线立体定向治疗系统的剂量测量—小野剂量分布测量方法

目的 :本文叙述我院利用半导体探头测量X射线立体定向治疗的剂量学参数 ,并对其结果给予评价 ,说明小野剂量分布的特点。材料与方法 :由于半导体探头具有体积小 ,灵敏度高等优点 ,我们选择P型半导体探头 ,以测量准直器 5m～ 5 0mm直径照射野的百分深度剂量 (PDD) ,离轴比 (OAR)及射野输出因子 (Sc ,p) ,所得结果与其他测量方法诸如电离室 ,胶片等 ,以及有关文献报导进行比较。结果 : 1 0和 3 0准直器的PDD值 ,在 5cm～ 2 0cm深度范围内 ,测量值与文献 7报道值的差别在± 0 .6以内。将PDD转换为TMR(组织最大剂量比 ) ,外推法计算 6MV -X线零野的有效线性衰减系数为 0 .0 5 1 0cm- 1。测量射野输出因子 ,在常规用照射野范围 ,半导体探头与NE2 5 71电离室所得数值 ,偏差为± 0 .4%以内 ,但当射野直径小于电离室直径的 2倍时 ,偏差增大。而用半导体测量准直器直径在 1 2 .5～ 2 7.5所得值 ,与报导用MonteCarlo方法计算值基本相吻合。对于射野离轴比 ,半导体和我们自行设计的胶片法组出的结果 ,差别在 1mm以内 ;半导体所测得的照射野半影区宽度 (90 %～ 1 0 % )与报导值极其接近。结论 :对于小野 ,由于照射野边缘剂量梯度过大和缺少侧向电平衡 ,选用探头的大小和测量位置 ,是影响精确测量极为重要的因素。     

X—刀治疗脑肿瘤临床报道：物理特性和质量保证

Ｘ┐刀治疗脑肿瘤临床报道——物理特性和质量保证伏少华张可领肖作平刘永明钱国桢关键词立体定向放射外科直线加速器脑肿瘤剂量学质量保证作者单位：第二军医大学长海医院放疗科（上海２００４３３）立体定向放射外科近几年得到迅速发展，直线加速器Ｘ线立体定向放射外科...     

立体定向放射外科Zap-X与CyberKnife治疗单发脑转移瘤的剂量学比较

目的评价立体定向放射外科(SRS)的Zap-X系统和射波刀(CK)G4系统治疗单发脑转移瘤的剂量学特性。方法回顾性选取12例已行CK治疗的单发脑转移瘤患者, 计划靶区(PTV)的处方剂量为18～24 Gy, 治疗1～3次。PTV为0.44～11.52 cm3。应用Zap-X计划系统以相同的处方剂量和危及器官限量对该12例患者进行重新计划, 且Zap-X和CK的PTV处方剂量均归一到70%。将两组计划的计划参数、靶区和危及器官相关参数进行比较并评价。所有数据均在MIM Maestro读取。应用配对Wilcoxon符号秩检验进行统计分析, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果靶区的覆盖率方面, CK显著高于Zap-X(99.14%±0.57%∶97.55%±1.34%, P<0.01), 但Zap-X的适形指数更高(0.81±0.05∶0.77±0.07, P<0.05), Paddick梯度指数较CK低(2.98±0.24∶3.15±0.38, P=0.117), 剂量梯度评分指数(GSI)更高。Zap-X的总机器跳数(MU)显著低于CK(11 627.63±5 039...     

脑转移立体定向放射外科中共面与非共面模式下剂量学分析

目的:比较脑转移立体定向放射外科中共面与非共面模式下剂量学差异,对单组非共面模式在脑转移立体定向放射外科中的应用进行可行性分析。方法:回顾性分析14例脑转移患者,采用容积旋转调强放疗与无均整块技术技术,处方剂量25 Gy,在计划设计中用共面弧、单组非共面弧、多组非共面弧3种模式,比较3种模式下靶区剂量、适形指数(conformity Index,CI)、梯度指数(gradient index,GI)和脑组织受量以及出束时间、执行效率等差别。结果:共面计划无论相对于单组非共面计划还是多组非共面计划而言,出束时间以及CI差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3种模式都能达到临床要求,但剂量分布上差异有统计学意义。共面计划中GI(GI₅₀=4.84±0.52,GI₂₅=16.13±2.73),要远远高于单组非共面计划GI(GI₅₀=3.66±0.44,GI₂₅=9.94±1.41)(P <0.001,P <0.001)和多组非共面计划GI(GI₅₀=3.73±0.42...     

立体定向消融放射治疗(SABR)医用直线加速器的相关剂量学研究

目的:研究ELEKTA Synergy加速器SABR临床治疗的相关剂量学特点。方法:根据IAEA TRS277报告(97年版)和《医用电子加速器验收和周期检验规程》(GB/T 19046-2003)相关内容测量ELEKTA Synergy加速器相关剂量指标。对ELEKTA Synergy加速器实施SABＲ治疗病人的临床治疗计划进行剂量分布验证。结果:ELEKTA Synergy的临床剂量学相关指标符合IAEA TRS277报告(97年版)和《医用电子加速器验收和周期检验规程》（2003年版）的指标要求;临床治疗计划剂量分布的验证满足SABR治疗的临床要求。结论:ELEKTA Synergy 加速器剂量相关指标和临床治疗计划剂量分布数据的偏差范围可以满足SABＲ临床治疗的要求。     

全脑放疗联合立体定向分割放疗治疗脑转移瘤30例

[目的]探讨全脑放疗加立体定向分割放疗治疗脑转移瘤患者的疗效。[方法]30例1～4个脑转移瘤患者接受全脑放疗30~36Gy/（15~30f·3~3.5w）后加立体定向分割放疗25Gy/（5f·1周）（WBRT＋SRT组）。30例1～4个脑转移瘤患者接受单纯全脑放疗30Gy/（10f·2周）（WBRT组）。分析两组患者的1年局控率和1年生存率。[结果]WBRT＋SRT组和WBRT组1年局控率分别为76.3%、23.5%（P〈0.01）,1年生存率分别为46.7%、13.3%（P〈0.05）。两组均未出现严重毒副反应。[结论]全脑放疗加立体定向分割放疗（WBRT＋SRT）治疗脑转移瘤患者安全有效,可提高1～4个脑转移瘤病灶患者的1年局控率和1年生存率。     

The physics of small megavoltage photon beam dosimetry

The increased interest during recent years in the use of small megavoltage photon beams in advanced radiotherapy techniques has led to the development of dosimetry recommendations by different national and international organizations. Their requirement of data suitable for the different clinical options available, regarding treatment units and dosimetry equipment, has generated a considerable amount of research by the scientific community during the last decade. The multiple publications in the field have led not only to the availability of new invaluable data, but have also contributed substantially to an improved understanding of the physics of their dosimetry. This work provides an overview of the most important aspects that govern the physics of small megavoltage photon beam dosimetry.     

Experimental small field 6 MV output ratio analysis for various diode detector and accelerator combinations

Background and purpose

The goal of this work was to measure 6 MV small field, detector specific, output ratios (OR_det) using the IBA stereotactic field diode (SFD) and the PTW T60008, T60012, T60016 and T60017 field diodes on both Varian iX and Elekta Synergy accelerators, to establish estimates for the experimental uncertainty and characterize the measurement precision under various conditions.

Materials and methods

Data were acquired at depths of 1.5, 5.0 and 10.0 cm for square field sizes of 3.0, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 cm. Three isocentric measurements comprised of five readings were made to calculate an experimental output ratio OR_det with respect to a field size of 5.0 cm. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to characterize the precision associated with each detector-linac combination. Another measurement set was made to investigate the influence of jaw position accuracy.

Results

As expected for field sizes smaller than 3.0 cm, the measured OR_det were not consistent across all detectors. The standard percent uncertainty in measured OR_det was found to be nearly consistent across all detector-linac combinations: less than ±0.25% for the 3.0 cm field size, increasing to approximately ±1.25% for the smallest field sizes. As the field size was reduced to 0.5 cm the CV increased to 0.10% and 0.15% on the Varian and Elekta linacs, respectively.

Conclusion

Experimental small field OR_det measured with the diode detectors used in this study are reproducible to within ±1.25% (standard uncertainty), with the precision of any one set of measurements can be characterized with a CV between 0.10% and 0.15%.     

Development and application of a dose verification tool using a small field model for TomoTherapy

Helical TomoTherapy® is a radiation delivery technique that uses the superposition of many small fields to precisely deliver the prescribed dose to the patient. This work presents a dose verification tool that can be used as part of a quality assurance program for a tomotherapy system. This tool is based on a small field model that takes into account the two main effects that influence the dose distribution in small fields: the extended shape of the radiation source and the loss of lateral charged particle equilibrium (CPE) within the field. The dose verification tool was implemented for simple beam configurations and used to study the influence of temporal beam parameter variations on the delivered dose. After comparing measured and calculated output factors (OFs) and dose profiles for different field configurations, it was found that they agree well to within the globally-defined gamma acceptance criteria of 2%/2mm. The study demonstrated that none of the studied systematic and random variations applied resulted in failed gamma scores using gamma acceptance criteria of 3%/3mm. The developed model implemented in the verification tool allows to evaluate the performance of devices applying narrow photon beams in the treatment delivery and, in particular, to evaluate the delivery performance of a tomotherapy unit.