职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

接触铅工人骨密度与接铅工龄、血铅、血钙关系的研究

目的探讨接触铅工人骨密度与接铅工龄、血铅、血钙之间的相互关系,为慢性铅中毒防治提供科学依据。方法采用Lexxos型双能X射线骨密度仪(DEXA,法国DMS公司生产),测量男性接触铅工人220例(20～60岁)的骨密度,并测定血铅、血钙含量;另选择男性非接触铅工人109例(20～60岁)作为对照组。结果接触铅工人各年龄组中的骨密度值明显低于对照组(P<0.05);接触铅工龄与骨密度值呈明显的负相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。血铅值的高低与骨密度值部分呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论低骨密度的发生与职业接触铅可能有关。     

职业性铅接触者血铅剂量—反应关系

血铅是衡量机体近期内铅吸收的一个良好参数,国外普遍用作铅接触的健康监护指标,並作为确定其它生物指标限值的基准。但有关血铅的正常上限目前说法还不一,血铅与其它生物指标的关系国内研究不多。本文从研究血铅剂量-反应关系的角度,探讨了血铅的正常上限及其在工人健康监护中的意义。     

职业性铅接触者生物学效应分析

对蓄电池厂铅作业工人的检测结果表明:铅接触者除出现卟啉代谢障碍、幼稚红细胞增多外,染色体畸变率亦高于对照组;红细胞游离原卟啉和染色体畸变在无铅中毒表现的接触工人中均有升高,提示这两项指标能灵敏地反映铅的损伤。建议增加染色体畸变分析作为健康监护指标,以观察铅作业工人的遗传学效应。本文还对血铅、尿铅与卟啉代谢指标间的关系进行了相关分析。     

某冶炼厂铅职业接触者血铅水平的影响因素分析

目的分析某冶炼厂影响铅职业接触者血铅水平的因素。方法采集观察对象静脉血,用原子吸收光谱法测定血铅浓度,用SPSS16.0统计软件进行血铅影响因素的分析。结果铅职业接触者的血铅水平显著高于非职业接触者;不同年龄、性别、工龄、工作车间和岗位的职业接触者血铅水平差异均有统计学意义。结论该冶炼厂铅职业接触者血液中铅水平显著升高;铅职业接触者的年龄、性别、工龄、作业车间和岗位均为影响血铅水平的因素。     

三明市非铅作业工人血铅调查

三明市非铅作业工人血铅调查王建平黄福模陈秀旗张虹血铅作为反映近期铅接触水平的敏感指标，正越来越多地应用于铅作业工人的健康监护和铅中毒的诊断。为确定本市的血铅正常参考值，我们采用微分电位溶出法对２０７名非铅作业工人的血铅含量进行了测定，结果如下。１对象...     

无锡市某私营铅蓄电池厂铅作业危害分析

目的监测与评价某私营铅蓄电池厂铅作业相关的职业病危害因素,为后续铅作业人员的个人防护和健康监护提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查方法了解该企业职业卫生管理现状,按GBZ159—2004、GBZ／T160．10～2004和GBZ2．1—2007等对工作场所中铅烟、铅尘进行检测和分析并结合职业健康检查分析影响工作人员血铅浓度的潜在因素。结果该企业存在铅烟、铅尘等职业病危害因素;铅烟、铅尘超标率为92．1％,铅作业人员血铅浓度增高比例为77．5％;铅作业人员血铅浓度与工龄、学历、下班前是否沐浴以及铅作业相关卫生知识知晓率有关（均P〈0．05）。结论该私营企业存在明显的铅作业危害,应改善工作环境,加强作业人员健康宣教及健康防护。     

职业性铅接触与尿γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活性关系的研究

目的　探讨铅接触者尿γ 谷氨酰转肽酶 (γ GT)活性变化及其意义。方法　对两个蓄电池厂共112名铅作业工人进行血铅及尿γ GT活性测定。 71名非铅接触者为对照。血铅含量用微分电位溶出法进行测定 ;γ GT活性用对氨基苯磺酸比色法进行测定。结果　铅接触者尿γ GT活性升高 ,与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;随着血铅水平的升高 ,尿γ GT活性有升高趋势 ;小于 1年工龄组及大于 5年工龄组尿γ GT活性明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而 1～ 5年工龄组尿γ GT活性与对照组相比差异无显著意义(P >0 0 5 )。结论　尿γ GT活性升高是反映铅中毒的敏感指标 ,其变化可反映铅接触者肾损害的程度     

职业性铅接触工人血铅及肝功能指标的变化

[目的]研究职业性铅接触对工人的肝脏毒性,探讨血铅浓度变化和肝脏损害效应指标之间的关系,寻找铅对肝毒性的早期敏感指标。[方法]以蓄电池制造企业108名铅作业工人作为接触组,以同一企业非铅接触的76名工人和行政人员作为对照组。车间空气中铅烟、铅尘的短时接触浓度采用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测。选择丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和总胆红素（TBIL）作为肝毒性的效应指标,分析不同血铅水平和肝损害效应指标的变化。[结果]①车间空气中铅烟和铅尘的短时接触浓度分别为0.89mg/m3和0.25mg/m3,超标率分别为50.00%和60.00%。②随着环境铅接触水平的增加,ALT和TBIL的异常率增加无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两者平均浓度变化也无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。③超职业限值组存在血铅超标现象,异常率为31.03%。超职业限值组和职业限值组血铅平均浓度明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）。④随着铅作业工龄的增加,血铅、ALT和TBIL的异常率无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。⑤血铅水平的变化和ALT、TBIL异常率的变化不存在相关关系。[结论]职业性铅接触引起血铅明显升高,肝功能效应指标ALT和TBIL不能敏感的反映铅对肝脏的毒性。     

职业性铅接触者唾液铅与血铅含量的研究

<正> 铅及其化合物广泛应用于工业生产中,随着预防工作不断加强,铅对健康影响正转入亚临床水平。血铅被公认是测定机体铅负荷的最佳指标,但在实际工作中有一定的局限性。P'an认为唾液铅可以代替血铅作为职业性铅中毒的诊断指标,为此,作者对62名职业性接触者测定了血铅和唾液铅含量,并将53名非铅作业工人唾液铅、血铅水平与职业性铅接触者进行了比较,现将结果报告如下。     

Predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, tibial lead, and blood lead in 802 Korean lead workers

OBJECTIVES—To examine the interrelations among chelatable lead (by dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA), tibial lead, and blood lead concentrations in 802 Korean workers with occupational exposure to lead and 135 employed controls with only environmental exposure to lead.
METHODS—This was a cross sectional study wherein tibial lead, DMSA chelatable lead, and blood lead were measured. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of the three lead biomarkers, evaluating the influence of age, job duration, sex, education level, alcohol and tobacco use, creatinine clearance rate, and body mass index.
RESULTS—DMSA chelatable lead concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 2102.9 µg and were positively associated with age, current smoking, and creatinine clearance rate. On average, women had 64 µg less DMSA chelatable lead than men. When blood lead and its square were added to a model with age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, and creatinine clearance rate, blood lead accounted for the largest proportion of the variance and sex became of borderline significance. Tibial lead concentrations ranged from −7 to 338 µg/g bone mineral and were positively associated with age, job duration, and body mass index. Women had, on average, 9.7 µg/g less tibial lead than men. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 85.7 µg/dl and were positively associated with age and tibial lead, whereas current smokers had higher blood lead concentrations and women had lower blood lead concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—The data suggest that age and sex are both predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, blood lead, and tibial lead concentrations and that tibial lead stores in older subjects are less bioavailable and may contribute less to blood lead concentrations than tibial lead stores in younger subjects. Although blood lead concentrations accounted for a large proportion of the variance in DMSA chelatable lead concentrations, suggesting that measurement of both in epidemiological studies may not be necessary, the efficacy of each measure in predicting health outcomes in epidemiological studies awaits further investigation.


Keywords: dimercaptosuccinic acid; bone lead; x ray fluorescence     

Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with neurobehavioral test scores in South Korean lead workers

The authors performed a cross-sectional study to evaluate associations between blood lead, tibia lead, and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-chelatable lead and measures of neurobehavioral and peripheral nervous system function among 803 lead-exposed workers and 135 unexposed controls in South Korea. The workers and controls were enrolled in the study between October 1997 and August 1999. Central nervous system function was assessed with a modified version of the World Health Organization Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery. Peripheral nervous system function was assessed by measuring pinch and grip strength and peripheral vibration thresholds. After adjustment for covariates, the signs of the beta coefficients for blood lead were negative for 16 of the 19 tests and blood lead was a significant predictor of worse performance on eight tests. On average, for the eight tests that were significantly associated with blood lead levels, an increase in blood lead of 5 microg/dl was equivalent to an increase of 1.05 years in age. In contrast, after adjustment for covariates, tibia lead level was not associated with neurobehavioral test scores. Associations with DMSA-chelatable lead were similar to those for blood lead. In these currently exposed workers, blood lead was a better predictor of neurobehavioral performance than was tibia or DMSA-chelatable lead, mainly in the domains of executive abilities, manual dexterity, and peripheral motor strength.     

Interrelationships between lead in blood, lead in urine, and ALA in urine during lead work

Selander, S., and Cramér, K. (1970).Brit. J. industr. Med.,27, 28-39. Interrelationships between lead in blood, lead in urine and ALA in urine during lead work. One hundred and seventy-seven workers from a storage battery factory were examined for lead in blood and lead and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine. The workers were selected at random from those who had been employed for more than one month;most had been employed for several years at the same job. Thirty-six workers were from departments with no lead exposure. In three departments with high exposure a rotating system with three weeks' exposure and three weeks' non-exposed work was applied. As the aim of the study was to establish the relationships between the three parameters during constant exposure, the values from these men were treated separately.

The relationship between lead in blood and urinary ALA was best described by a curvilineat function: ALA = 10^0·0157 Pb_b-^1·0985, while the regression lines for ALA on lead in urine, and lead in urine on lead in blood were straight.

Workers from the departments with the rotating system showed lower values for urinary lead and ALA, compared with non-rotating workers with the same level of lead in blood. All these workers were examined during their second or third week of lead work, i.e., with an accumulating lead body burden. This system may be beneficial, especially in departments where prophylactic measures are difficult to install, or for notoriously careless workers.

Those who showed comparatively high ALA and urinary lead values in relation to their blood lead level were found to be workers with repeated incidents of metabolic lead influence, in whom the ALA values had seldom been normal.

The mean values from different factory departments were of the same order as would be expected from previous studies in storage battery plants.

The results are discussed in relation to present concepts of lead absorption and poisoning.

     

Home refinishing, lead paint, and infant blood lead levels.

We measured the blood lead levels of 249 infants semi-annually from birth to two years of age; we sampled the home paint and recorded any recent home refinishing activity. Mean blood lead from birth to age 2 years did not vary systematically with age but did correlate significantly with the amount of lead in the indoor paint (p less than .01). Refinishing activity in homes with high lead paint was associated with elevations of blood lead averaging 69 per cent.     

Dental lead, blood lead, and pica in urban children.

Lead storage in teeth was evaluated by examining the lead concentration in deciduous teeth of 32 children whose habits of pica and state of lead exposure had been studied when they were between 1 and 3 years of age. Concentratios of lead in their teeth depended on the reported amount of paint or plaster intake and the duration of exposure. The mean dental concentration of lead in exposed children was significantly higher than the mean value in 36 controls, who presumably did not have undue exposure to lead. A difference in dental lead concentration related to living area was noted. The significant difference in lead content of teeth between the two groups, even though the concentrations of lead in blood at 8 years of age were similar, emphasizes the importance of dental lead measurments for retrospective studies of lead exposure.     

Cadmium, lead and endometriosis

Objectives: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have been demonstrated to exert endocrine disrupting activities. Their possible role in endometriosis, an oestrogen-dependent disease, is unknown. Methods: We compared cadmium urinary excretion (CdU) and blood concentration of cadmium (CdB) and lead (PbB) in 119 patients with peritoneal endometriosis and/or deep endometriotic (adenomyotic) nodules of the rectovaginal septum and 25 controls. Results: The mean levels of cadmium in urine and blood did not differ among the groups. Women suffering from endometriotic diseases showed lower levels of PbB than controls. Conclusions: These data do not support a role for cadmium in the onset or the growth of endometriotic diseases but suggest a possible relationship with lead.