电磁声换能器性能测试研究

本文简单地介绍了纵波电磁换能器产生和检测超声的机理，设计与制作考虑。对所研制开发的纵波ＥＭＡＴ的方向性，非接触脱离特性、分辨率和务灵敏度等性能的测试方法进行了系统研究和测试，并给出了其测试结果。     

声表面波换能器激励的有限元仿真

采用有限元法分析了声表面波换能器电极上的激励问题。从声场波动方程、麦克斯韦方程以及压电本构方程出发,利用哈密顿原理,推导了在压电介质中声表面波有限元方程,然后采用Newmark法对有限元方程进行时域变换。分析了换能器电极上的静态电荷分布和动态电荷分布。对压电介质中声表面波振动振幅进行计算并分析了质点振动振幅随深度的变化情况。     

电磁超声单向表面波对铝板微小缺陷的检测

电磁超声表面波被广泛用来检测表面或近表面缺陷。双向表面波电磁超声换能器(ElectromagneticAcoustic Transducer, EMAT)会在两侧同时产生能量较低且均衡的超声波,而微小缺陷(缺陷深度远小于表面波波长)的反射信号非常微弱,易被噪声淹没,根据回波信号,难以识别和定位缺陷。为此基于惠更斯叠加原理设计了单向表面波EMAT,对其声场进行了有限元分析;研究了增强侧表面波遇到不同缺陷的响应特性,得出缺陷深度、角度与反射波幅值的关系;并对含不同微小缺陷的铝板进行了实验研究。仿真和实验结果表明,所提方法提高了表面波检测微小缺陷的灵敏度,并实现了缺陷位置及深度的量化。     

基于有限元法的声表面波换能器电荷分布的静电解

从麦克斯韦方程和声场波动方程出发，在准静态近似的条件下，建立分析声表面波换能器的有限元方程，计算声表面波换能器表面的静电荷分布，并把有限元计算结果和格林函数法结果进行了比较，为声表面波器件的结构优化和设计提供精确的参数。     

设计用于圆环链裂纹检测的表面波EMAT

电磁声传感器是一种非接触式的电磁能与声能的换能装置,象运动圆环链这类带有锈蚀的粗糙表面上,常规的压电晶体传感器无法使用的场合,电磁声传感器充分显示出了它的优越性。本文介绍了所设计研制的表面波电磁声传感器的结构、工作原理以及部分试验结果分析。     

电磁泵声学特性研究

对单通道CLIN-3/28和流向旋转180°的CLIN-4/32的流体金属电磁液压系统,在低传递和轻微受阻 传递条件下,对振动和噪声及其产生低噪声的可能性进行了研究。声学特征的初步研究结果表明:这种冷却系统 的电磁泵的振动级和声级都相当低。     

声表面波温度传感器抗干扰技术研究

目的设计一种声表面波(SAW)温度传感器抗干扰技术,以提高温度测量的稳定性。方法分析SAW谐振器(SAWR)回波特性,建立SAWR回波信号熵能量模型,发现SAWR回波信号的衰减过程与熵能量的上升过程对应。当回波信号达到噪声水平时,熵能量的单调上升过程消失。为了抑制正弦干扰设计一种改进型自相关算法,利用该算法对信号进行去噪的同时使谐振器回波信号的衰减特性和正弦干扰的等幅特性得到保持。结果根据模拟仿真结果设置了SAWR回波信号的检测阈值(V_(thre)=1),并对该阈值进行了蒙特卡罗仿真实验。仿真结果表明,当信号信噪比大于4dB时,SAWR回波信号的检测率达到86%,而正弦干扰误检率小于0.5%。最后应用该算法对实际的正弦信号和SAWR回波信号进行了检测,得到的误检率接近于0。结论实验结果显示,所设计的算法可以用作声表面波温度传感器的抗干扰技术。     

超声换能器的宽带阻抗匹配器研究

在功率超声领域，换能器的阻抗匹配占有相当重要的地位，但有关在较宽频带内都能适用的匹配方案尚少有报道。为满足实验室研究工作需要，我们研制了两套简易匹配装置，可分别对２０～５０ｋＨｚ和０．２～２．０ＭＨｚ频率范围内的超声换能器实现阻抗匹配。     

声表面波传感器结构模型与敏感特性研究

本文主要从声表面波传感器基础理论出发,首先分析了声表面波技术的发展,对声表面波传感器结构模型和工作模式特性做了必要的分析和研究,进而展开了对声表面波传感器敏感特性研究。并对仿真效果进行了扼要的总结,对声表面波技术在相关感领域的应用,本文也展开了一定的探讨。     

LiNbO3声表面波特性及其应用

LiNbO3因其优异的压电性能和声表面波特性被广泛应用于声表面波器件中.着重介绍LiNbO3的压电性能、声表面性能及其薄膜制备技术,对通过不同制备工艺生长出的LiNbO3薄膜的质量和声表面波性能进行了比较,并简要介绍了LiNbO3在声表面波领域应用的新进展.     

掺铁氧体和石墨水泥基复合材料吸收电磁波性能

研究了添加铁氧体和石墨水泥基复合材料(F/G/C)的吸波性能。通过改变铁氧体、石墨的配比,分析了影响该材料电磁吸收效能的主要因素,并探讨了其影响机制。结果表明:石墨添加量20 vol%时材料出现逾渗现象,逾渗区内介电损耗有较大值;0.5～4 GHz范围内影响吸收深度的最主要因素是石墨,影响吸收宽度的最主要因素是铁氧体,最佳水平组合为20 wt%60μm铁氧体、10 wt%250μm铁氧体、30 vol%石墨,吸收深度可达-32 dB且明显优于单组分复合;吸收主要机制是磁损耗,石墨的加入改善了材料空间波阻抗。     

Surface acoustic wave measurements of surface cracks in ceramics

An investigation of scattering from surface cracks has been conducted. In particular, the change in the reflection coefficient of a Rayleigh wave incident on a surface indentation crack has been measured as the sample is stressed to fracture. The acoustic measurements have been correlated with the stable crack extension that precedes final failure. The crack extension behavior of as-indented specimens was found to differ appreciably from that of annealed specimens. Cracks in the annealed samples exhibited partial crack tip closure, but little stable extension, whereas cracks in the as-indented samples displayed both crack closure and irreversible crack growth. This behavior has been rationalized by invoking concepts based upon the residual stresses created by indentation.     

Fatigue load monitoring in steel bridges with Rayleigh Waves

Fatigue load monitoring is a useful tool for safety assessment of highway bridges. Monitoring has been conventionally done using strain gages. Installation of these gages is labor-intensive and requires safety precautions. Noncontact electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) offer an attractive alternative. EMATs were used to transmit and receive Rayleigh Waves (RW). Changes in time of flight of RW due to the acoustoelastic effect can in principle be used to monitor stresses resulting from vehicular traffic. We have performed proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Specimens were subjected to bending to simulate the load environment in bridges. RW EMATs were used to measure the relatively low stresses (less than 14 MPa) typically experienced by bridge girders. The signal-to-noise ratio achievable with our system should allow adequate stress resolution for fatigue load monitoring. Factors which could impede technology transfer were considered. The primary obstacle appears to be variability in time of flight (TOF) due to magnetostriction. If the magnetic state is changed (e.g., by scanning of the EMATs) the TOF can change, even at constant stress. We have characterized this effect. If a proper installation procedure is followed, fatigue load monitoring with RW EMATs is feasible.Contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.     

Design methods and basic characteristics for molecular electronic transducers

Dynamic processes, design methods, and characteristics are considered for molecular electronic transducers, whose working principle is based on physical processes and phenomena occurring in the contact zones of chemical elements differing in properties and composition. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 13–16, January, 2008.     

带声学放大器的行波热声发动机声阻抗特性

通过分析带有声学放大器的行波热声发电系统中直线发电机的电-力-声类比图,发现直线发电机的最佳工作状态与行波热声发动机的输出声阻抗特性相关。采用DeltaEC软件计算带有声学放大器的行波热声发动机（以下简称系统）的输出声阻抗特性。计算结果发现,输出声阻抗虚部X_a为-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3时,系统的最大输出声功率545.47 W,最大热声转换效率为7.2%;当输出声阻抗虚部X_a在-3.9×10⁶~-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间变化,实部R_a在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间时,等效位移在1.89~6 mm之间变化,符合直线发电机的位移要求;结合输出声阻抗对压力与体积流率的相位差及系统工作频率的影响,发现声阻抗实部R_a应在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间,声阻抗虚部X_a在-7.5×10⁶~-1.0×107 Pa·s·m^-3之间时,系统具有较好的工作状态。     

多层式金刚石薄膜的制备工艺研究

利用热丝化学气相沉积(HFCVD)技术,通过逐次调整气压、碳源浓度等生长参数,沉积了晶粒尺寸逐层减小的多层式金刚石薄膜.场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)测试显示其表层晶粒平均尺寸约为20nm,厚度和表面平均粗糙度分别为35.81μm和18.8nm(2μm×2μm),皆能满足高频声表面波器件用衬底的要求.实验结果表明,多层式生长方法是制备声表面波器件用金刚石衬底的理想方法.     

A surface acoustic wave technique for monitoring the growth behavior of small surface fatigue cracks

The theory of Kino and Auld which relates the reflection coefficient of acoustic waves from a crack to its size is summarized. A scattering model is evaluated from this theory concerning the reflection of surface acoustic waves (SAW) from a small surface fatigue crack at a frequency such that the crack depth is much smaller than the acoustic wavelength. Acoustic predictions of crack depth are compared to postfracture measurements of depth for small surface cracks in Pyrex glass, 7075-T651 aluminum, and 4340 steel. Additionally, the minimum detectable crack depth as limited by the acoustic noise level is determined for several typical aluminum and steel alloys. The utility of SAW reflection coefficient measurements for inferring crack depth, crack growth, and crack opening behaviorin situ during fatigue cycling is discussed.     

声表面波谐振器型振荡器的研制

本文介绍了金属条射栅双端对声表面波谐振器型的原理和结构特点，给出了一种采用声表面波谐振器稳频的低噪声，高稳定性的振荡器电路设计方案。对影响振荡器频率稳定度的因素进行了分析讨论，并探讨改善声表面波振荡器频率稳定性的方法。该声表面波谐振器的中心频率为１２０ＭＨｚ，无载Ｑｖ，大于２０，０００，插入损耗小于６．０ｄＢ，经测试，秒级频率稳定度为１０＾－１０数量级，在自由室温下的日平均波动为１０＾－６／ｄ数量     

Structural Health and Strain Monitoring Sensing through Fourier-Based Transducers

The article reports on the design of a novel class of transducers for structural health monitoring and strain sensing designed using a Fourier-based approach. The design procedure formulates the problem considering an arbitrarily shaped distribution of the sensing surface. Interrogation of the sensors is based on the generation of guided and surface acoustic waves generated in the region surrounding the transducers. The representation of the distribution of the sensing material is analyzed and designed in the spatial Fourier domain, where the emission characteristics of the transducer in relation to the interrogating wave can be tailored to a specific application. For structural health monitoring, the sensing material distribution can be defined to provide the transducers with frequency-dependent directional properties, which can be employed as part of an interrogation scheme based on generation and processing of guided waves in the structure. For strain sensing, one-dimensional and two-dimensional grating configurations monitor frequency shifts of radiation associated to local straining of the gratings. These frequency shifts can be related to the local strain components, so that a rosette-like configuration can be implemented. The article illustrates the commonalities of the design procedure, which leads to novel Lamb wave and strain transducers, and suggests the potential integration of the two sensing modalities as a single device for health and usage monitoring of structural components.     

车轮电磁超声探伤技术的研究

我国铁路相关部门对车轮的检测主要采取定期检修的方式，即在规定的时间里集中大量的人力，对车轮有计划地进行检修，这样就需要很大的人力和物力。为了改善这种情况，我们研制了车轮动态自动探伤系统，本文主要介绍电磁超声表面波的激发和接收机制，利用电磁超声表面波对车轮探伤的原理，并分析了一些重要的探伤参数和缺陷波的处理方法。